DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES
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STRUCTURAL
BACKGROUND
Define
Analysis
Design
Drawing
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
• To make students capable to design ordinary steel structures.
• To prepare students for advanced knowledge on design of complex steel structures.
STEEL STRUCTURES
DIFFERENT FROM
REBAR
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REBAR VS STEEL STRUCTURE

• Purpose • Reinforces concrete• Structural member
• Shape • Round with ribs • I/H/C/L shapes
• Load Type • Mainly tension • Bending, Compression/Tension,
• Works With • Concrete Shear

• Finish • Deformed surface • Independent Steel Structure

• Smooth surface
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SYLLABUS
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Connections in Steel Structures
Chapter 3. Tension Members
Chapter 4. Flexural Members
Chapter 5. Compression Members
Chapter 6. Design of Roof Trusses
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BOOK NOT TO BE
USED
CODES TO BE USED
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[Link]
Steel Structures
A steel structure consists of a collection of
structural elements intended to resist assigned
loads and convey them safely to the ground.
Based on the orientation and role of each
element, it may experience axial force, flexure,
torsion, or a mix of these stresses.
Rolled to a basic cross section in a mill to
obtained desired shape
Less control over desire shape
Bolts or welds are used to connect the
elements and the connection so formed are
called joints
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SCOPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE

• Industrial and commercial buildings- Factory buildings, Warehouses and
storage buildings
• High-rise structures
• Bridges and Transportation Structures - Highway and Railway bridges
• Infrastructure Projects - Transmission line towers, Telecommunication towers
Airport hangars, Stadium roofs
• Industrial Plants and Equipment Support Structure - Steel tanks, Chimneys,
Conveyor galleries
• Temporary and Modular Structures
• Large-span roofs
TYPES OF
MATERIAL USED
APART FROM
STEEL
STRUCTURES
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ADVANTAGES
• Strength to weight ratio
• Ductile material
• Conveniently handled and transported
• Long life span
• Easy additions and alterations
• High scrap value
• Ease of dismantling or demolition and replacement of structural members
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DISADVANTAGES
• Risk of corrosion
• Frequent maintenance and painting
• Fireproof Treatment
• Loss of strength at high temperature
• Fatigue
• Skilled manpower are needed
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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL
BASED ON GRADE
Grade A Steel:
used in structures subject to normal
conditions.
Grade B Steel:
used in structures subject to non-
critical applications, where service
temperature does not fall bellow 0°C.
Usually, specified for structural parts
prone to brittle fracture or subject to
severe fluctuation of stresses.
Grade C Steel:
has guaranteed low temperature (up
to – 40°C) and impact properties.
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PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Physical properties of structural steel irrespective of its grade
may be taken as:
1. Modulus of elasticity (𝐸) = 2 × 10^5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚^2
2. Shear modulus (𝐺) = 0.769 × 10^5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚^2
3. Poisson’s ratio (𝜇) - Elastic range = 0.3
4. Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12×10^(–6) / °𝐶
5. Unit mass of steel (𝜌) = 7.85 × 10^3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚^3
[IS 800: 2007 Clause [Link]]
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Depending upon the manufacturing process, these sections are classified as :
• Flat Hot rolled Products
• Bolts
• Welding electrodes
• Hot rolled section
• Cold rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot Rolled Steel
• Hot rolled steel is made by heating steel to very high temperatures
(above 1700°F). At this temperature, the steel becomes soft, so it can be
easily rolled and shaped.
• When the steel cools down, it shrinks, so the final size is not perfectly
accurate. Because of this, the process is cheaper than cold rolling.
• Hot rolled steel is used in places where exact size, smooth finish, and
perfect shape are not very important—like beams, channels, and plates
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
The types of steel shapes rolled are described as follows.
1. Rolled steel I-Sections
2. Rolled steel channel sections
3. Rolled steel angle sections
4. Rolled steel T-Sections
5. Rolled steel tube sections
6. Rolled steel bars
7. Rolled steel flats
8. Rolled steel plates
9. Rolled steel sheets
10. Rolled steel strips
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Hot rolled section
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
Cold Rolled Steel
• Is made by taking hot rolled steel and processing it further.
• It is heated, then cooled at room temperature, and later goes through
annealing and tempering.
• These extra steps help to produce steel with a better and cleaner finish.
• Smooth and clean surface
• Greasy or oily coating (to prevent rust)
• Very sharp and well-defined edges
• More accurate size and shape
• Cold rolled steel is mostly used for machine parts or places where a high-
quality finish and precise dimensions are required.
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[Link]
hot-and-cold-rolled-steel/
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DESIGN PROCESS AND BASIS

FOR DESIGN
Design process is the process to decide shape,
size and connection details of the members so
that the structure being designed will perform
satisfactorily during its intended life.
Section 3.1 of IS 800: 2007 explains the basis for
design.
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DESIGN PROCESS AND BASIS

FOR DESIGN
A structure must meet the following requirements to be
considered safe:
• It should carry all the loads that are expected to come on it.
• It should be able to handle deformations (changes in shape)
during construction and after it is completed.
• It should have good durability, meaning it should last long
without major damage.
• It should have enough resistance to misuse (unexpected
use) and also be safe against fire.
• The structure should be stable and have alternate load
paths, so that even if one part fails, the whole structure does
not collapse under accidental loads.
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STEPS IN STEEL STRUCTURE

DESIGN
1. Problem Definition & Data Collection
2. Load Assessment
3. Load Combinations
4. Structural Analysis
5. Member Design
6. Connection Design
7. Design of Special Components
8. Serviceability Checks
9. Detailing & Drawing Preparation
10. Final Documentation
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CONCEPT OF FEM
Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique in which a complex structure or
continuum is divided into a large number of small, simple, interconnected elements, and
the behavior of the entire structure is obtained by assembling the behavior of these
individual elements.
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CONCEPT OF FEM
• SAP2000(Structural Analysis Program – 2000)
• ETABS(Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems)
• [Link] (Structural Technical Analysis And Design Pro)
• ANSYS(ANalysis SYStem)
• ABAQUS
• Tekla Structural Designer (TSD)
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According to section 4.4 to 4.6 of

IS 800: 2007, following are the
method of analysis:
• Elastic Analysis
• Plastic Analysis
• Frame Buckling Analysis

STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

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CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTH
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METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Design • Working Stress Method
Philosophies • Ultimate Strength Method
• Limit State Method
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WORKING STRESS METHOD

• Traditional Method of Design (1950s)
• RCC and Timber Design
• Is 800-1984 code is largely based on the working stress philosophy
• IS 800:2007 Section 11
• Assumption
1. Linear elastic manner
2. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.
3. Factor of safety is applied only for material.
4. Adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in the material
induced by the expected working loads (service loads) on the structure.
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WORKING STRESS METHOD

• Restrict the stress in the material due to expected working load (Service loads)
• Working Stress <= Permissible Stress
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
• Permissible(Allowable) Stress = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦

• Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of yield stress to the maximum expected stress
• Factor of safety is also defined as ratio of strength of the member to the expected
force.
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WORKING STRESS METHOD

5.1 Permissible stresses in steel structural member

S.K Duggal
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WORKING STRESS METHOD

Factor of safety
• The structure may experience loads greater than those originally anticipated.
• Errors or limitations arising from simplifications made during structural analysis can
negatively affect performance.
• Members may not meet the intended geometric dimensions due to inaccuracies.
• Residual stresses and localized stress concentrations can create unfavorable conditions in the
structure.
• The material may exhibit mechanical or physical properties lower than the expected values.
• Variations in workmanship quality and other unforeseen factors can influence structural
behavior.
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WORKING STRESS METHOD

Limitations
• Unrealistic assumption of material having linear elastic behavior and the stress under
working loads can be kept within permissible stress.
• The failure mode of the structure cannot be visualized.
• Doesn’t account the long-term effects of creep and shrinkage residual stress, effect of
stress concentration and other secondary effect.
• Does not provide a realistic measure of the actual factor of safety underlining a design
• Fails to discriminate between different types of loads that act simultaneously but have
different degree of uncertainty.
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ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD

• Overcome limitation of WSM
• Also called Load Factor Method or Ultimate Strength and also in case of steel
structure as Plastic Design Method.
• Design criteria is the ultimate strength and hence the behavior of member beyond the
yield stress in the inelastic or plastic range is considered.
• This approach for the design is based on failure conditions rather than working load
conditions; failure implies collapse or extremely large deformations.
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ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD

• Simple analysis approach for redundant structures and results in smaller size section
compared to WSM
• The failure mode can be visualized

Table 5.2 Load Factor

Dead load 1.7
S.K Duggal
Dead load + Imposed Load 1.7
Dead load + wind/seismic Load 1.7
Dead load + Imposed Load +wind/seismic Load 1.3
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ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD

Limitation of Plastic Design Approach
• Does not consider serviceability condition (deflection, vibration, Fatigue etc)
• No safety factor is applied to the material
• Variability of the design parameters involved (such as material properties and
strength) has not been considered
• In the load combination, all the loads are considered to act simultaneously with their
maximum value, maintaining the same load factor.
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LIMIT STATE METHOD

• Approach considers most critical limit states of strength and serviceability
• A limit state is a state of impending failure beyond which a structure ceases to perform
its intended function satisfactorily.
• Amis for comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem by considering
safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working load.
• Strength limit states are based on the load carrying capacity of structures and include
plastic strength, overturning, fatigue, fracture etc
• Serviceability limit states refer to the performance of the structure under service loads
and include deflection, vibration, deteriorations, corrosion etc
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LIMIT STATE METHOD

• Objective of design is to achieve a structure that will not become unfit for use with
acceptable target reliability.
• Working loads are factored using appropriate partial safety factors and the factored
loads are used in the design load combination.
• The nominal strength of the member also known as the ultimate capacity is
determined and the design strength is computed by dividing it by appropriate
partial safety factor.
• This factor accounts for material, poor workmanship and error in construction and
fabrication.
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LIMIT STATE METHOD

• This design method recognizes that the design parameters are variable and do not have
unique values.
• Uncertainty is reflected in both loading and material strength rater than a single factor
of safety as in WSD and load factor in USM
• Different partial factors are used to account for uncertainty in loads and material
strength of the member depending upon the confidence level in their estimation
• Is 800:2007 section 5
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LIMIT STATE OF STRENGTH

The limit states of strength are those associated with failures (or imminent failure), under the
action of probable and most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using the
appropriate partial safety factors, which may endanger the safety of life and property. The limit
state of strength includes;
• Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or any of its parts or components.
• Loss of stability of the structure (including the effect of sway where appropriate and
overturning) or any of its parts including supports and foundations.
• Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or components,
• Fracture due to fatigue,
• Brittle fracture.
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LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY

The limit state of serviceability include:
• Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or effective use of the
structure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or services or may cause damages to finishes
and non-structural members.
• Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to people, damages to the
structure, its contents or which may limit its functional effectiveness. Special consideration shall be
given to systems susceptible to vibration, such as large open floor areas free of partitions to ensure that
such vibrations are acceptable for the intended use and occupancy (see Annex C).
• Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue.
• Corrosion, durability.
• Fire.
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DESIGN LOADS
• The Design Actions, 𝑄𝑑 is expressed as 𝑄𝑑 =∑𝛾𝑓𝑘 𝑄𝑐𝑘
Where 𝛾𝑓𝑘 = partial safety factor for different loads k, given in Table 4 of IS 800:2007 to account for:
• Possibility of unfavorable deviation of the load from the characteristic value,
• Possibility of inaccurate assessment of the load,
• Uncertainty in the assessment of effects of the load, and
• Uncertainty in the assessment of the limit states being considered.
• The loads or load effects shall be multiplied by the relevant ~f factors, given in Table 4, to get the
design loads or design load effects.
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DESIGN STRENGTH
• The Design Strength, 𝑆𝑑, is obtained as given below from ultimate strength, 𝑆𝑢 and partial safety
factors for materials, 𝛾𝑚 given in Table 5 of IS 800: 2007.
𝑆𝑢
• 𝑆𝑑=𝑆𝑢
𝛾𝑚
• where partial safety factor for materials, 𝛾𝑚 account for:
• Possibility of unfavorable deviation of material strength from the characteristic value,
• Possibility of unfavorable variation of member sizes,
• Possibility of unfavorable reduction in member strength due to fabrication and tolerances, and
• Uncertainty in the calculation of strength of the members
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PREVAILING CODES
Codes NAME

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN STEEL CODE OF

IS 800:2007
PRACTICE
DIMENSIONS FOR HOT ROLLED STEEL BEAM,
IS 808:1989
COLUMN, CHANNEL AND ANGLE SECTIONS

IS 875,3:2015 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

NBC 104 : 1994 NEPAL NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Wind

NBC 111 : 1994 NEPAL NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Coming Soon

THANK
YOU
QUESTIONS
1. Advantages of steel building over RCC building.
2. Advantages of LSM over WSM
3. Types of limit states and their differences