Index
➢ Introduction
➢ Theory
➢ Step down transformer
➢ Step up transformer
➢ Material required
➢ Procedure
➢ Efficiency
➢ Observation
➢ Aim
➢ Precautions
➢ Energy loss
➢ Circuit diagram
➢ Uses of transformer
➢ Result
➢ Source of error
INTRODUCTION
Background and Principle
[Link] fundamental principle of a transformer is mutual
induction, a process based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction . This principle allows a transformer to efficiently transfer
electrical energy between two or more circuits without a direct electrical
connection and it is why a transformer only work with an alternating
current (Ac ).
2. A transformer, which relies on mutual induction. An alternating
voltage is applied to the primary coil, creating a continuously changing
magnetic flux. This changing flux then induces an alternating voltage in
the secondary coil, based on the principle of mutual induction. The
transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the
Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
3.A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones. In a transformer,
the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts.
4.A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current
THEORY
1. When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary.
2. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary.
3. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and:
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant,
we have
Ep= -Np dф/dt .................................(1) And
Es = -Ns dф/dt…………………….. (2) So by dividing
2 by 1, we get:
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
4. As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary
coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the Instantaneous values
of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is Given by:
Ip= E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip×Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore:
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence final equation can be written as: Es / Ep = Es / E =
output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant , called turn or transformation ratio.
5. The transformer can transfer energy in both directions,
from HV to LV side as well as inversely. That is the reason why it
can work as a voltage step-up or step down transformer. Both
transformer types have the same design and construction.
6. Theoretically, we can operate any transformer as a
stepup as well as a step-down type. It only depends on the energy
flowing direction.
7. The HV windings contain a huge number of turns
compared with the LV windings. An LV winding wire has a
bigger cross-section than HV wire because of the higher current
value on the LV side.
8. Usually, we place the LV windings close to the
transformer core, and over them, we wound the HV windings. The
transformer turns ratio (n) for a step up transformer is
approximately proportional to the voltage ratio.
𝒗𝒔 𝑵𝒔
𝒏= ×
𝑽𝒑 𝑵𝒑
9. Where VP,S are voltages, and NP,S are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary (HV) sides
respectively. The primary side of a step-up transformer (LV side)
has a smaller number of turns than the secondary side (HV side).
That means energy flows from the LV to the HV side. The voltage
is stepped up from the primary voltage (input voltage) to the
secondary voltage (output voltage).
10 . This equation can be rearranged for the formula for
the output voltage (i.e. secondary voltage). This is sometimes
referred to as the step up transformer formula:
𝑵𝒔 𝑽𝒑
𝑽𝒔 = ×
𝑵𝒑 𝑵𝒑
11. A transformer calculator can help you easily calculate
the transformer turns ratio and whether the device is a step up or
step down transformer. The most important application of a step-
up transformer is a generator step-up (GSU) transformer used in
all generating plants.
12. Those transformers usually have large turns ratio
values. The voltage value produced in energy generation is
increased and prepared for the long-distance energy transmission.
13. The energy produced in generating plant is at low
voltage and high current values. Depending on the generating
plant type, the GSU transformer has a nominal primary voltage
value from 6 up to 20 kV
Historical Context
Transformers were developed in the late 19th
century and enabled long-distance AC power distribution.
Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, and
Nikola Tesla popularized AC systems. Transformers allow
voltage to be increased for transmission (reducing resistive
losses) and decreased for domestic and industrial use. The
history of the electrical transformer spans from the discovery of
electromagnetic induction in the 1830s to the development of
efficient, commercial systems in the 1880s that made modern AC
power distribution possible. The operating principle of the
transformer, electromagnetic induction, was discovered
independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831
and 1832.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
1. A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that
converts the high voltage (HV) and low current from the primary
side of the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high current
value on the secondary side of the transformer. The reverse of this
is known as a step up transformer.
2. A transformer is a type of static electrical equipment
that transforms electrical energy (from primary side windings) to
magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic core) and again to the
electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side).
3. A step-down transformer has a wide variety of
applications in electrical systems and transmission lines. When it
comes to the operation voltage, the step-up transformer
application can be roughly divided into two groups: LV (voltages
up to 1 kV) and HV application (voltages above 1 kV). Just as
transformers can step down the voltage – going from a higher
primary side voltage to a lower secondary side voltage – they can
also step up the voltage, going from a lower primary side voltage
to a higher secondary side voltage.
[Link]-down transformers are very efficient and can
give the desired output with an efficiency of up to 99 percent. We
can get the desired output voltage easily without loss of much
[Link] are less expensive and more [Link] can be used
to provide high currents and low voltages.
Es<E so K<1 hence Ns<Np
If , Ip = value of primary current at the same instant and
Is = Value of secondary current at the same instant then,
Input power at this instant =Ep×Is
Output power at this instant = Es×Is
If there are no losses in the power in the transformer then ,
Input power = Output power
Ep× Ip =Es×Is
Es / Ep = Ip / Is
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
1.A step-up transformer is an electrical device that
increases an alternating current (AC) voltage while decreasing the
current, using electromagnetic induction. It achieves this by
having more turns of wire on the secondary coil than on the
primary coil, a principle crucial for efficient long-distance power
transmission from power plants to substations.
[Link] changing magnetic field then induces a higher
voltage in the secondary coil, which has more windings, according
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic [Link] output power
remains roughly equal to the input power, meaning the increased
voltage is offset by a decrease in current, which minimizes power
loss over long distances.
[Link] converts low voltage (LV) and high current (HC) on
the primary side to high voltage (HV) and low current (LC) on the
secondary side Step-up transformers.
[Link] transformer increases voltage (Vs>Vp), which
means the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil
(Ns>Np).To conserve power, the current must decrease
proportionally (Is<Ip). As you noted, "whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio".For this reason, a
step-up transformer effectively "steps down the current Es
Es> E so K > 1 hence ,
Ns > Np As, k> 1,
so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
[Link], whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
[Link] it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the
same ratio. . Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.A step-up
transformer increases the voltage of an alternating current (AC)
supply by using two coils, a primary and a secondary, wound
around a magnetic core.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Iron rod
Copper wire
AC Ammeter
AC voltmeter
Thick sheet of paper
PROCEDURE
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on it (say 60). This
constitutes the primary coil of the transformer.
[Link] the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wind
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down
transformer.
[Link] p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
S1 and [Link] connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of stepup
transformer.
5. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
EFFICIENCY
1. Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e. η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
2. Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency, (η) = × 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓− 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
= 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
=1−
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
OBSERVATIONS:
[Link] output voltage across the secondary coil depends on
the turn ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
[Link] output current is inversely proportional to the number
of turns, so the ratio of output to input current is the inverse of the
ratio of turns (Ip/Is=Ns/Np). There is some power loss between
the input and output coils due to factors like heating and eddy
currents.
AIM / OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
[Link] and input voltage and
[Link] of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self-designed transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
[Link] safe yourself from high voltage.
[Link] taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
[Link] a laminated iron core and wind a small number [say
about 2000] of turns of thick insulated copper wire uniformly on
it leaving two free ends P1 P2.
[Link] a large numbers of turns [say 100] of thin insulated
copper wire on the opposite arm of the core leaving two free end
S1 & S2.
[Link] the primary coil to a variable a.c. supply source
and secondary to a.c. volt meter of suitable range.
[Link] an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to measure
the input voltage Keep yourself safe from the high [Link]
taking the readings of current and voltage, the a.c main supply
should remain constant.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:-
[Link] loss:- Is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss:-Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
[Link] loss :- Is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.
[Link] of magnetic flux:-Occurs in spite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2. Flux leakage happens when the
magnetic lines of primary coil arc not completely linked with
secondary coil. Energy loss due to this flux leakage is minimized
by winding coils one over the other.
5. Dielectric Loss: Occurs in the insulating materials
used within the transformer, such as the oil or the insulation on the
windings.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
USES OF TRANSFORMER
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.... A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and neon advertisement.
[Link] are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power [Link] are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small transformers are
used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc...
CONCLUSIONS:
[Link] output voltage of the transformers across the
secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to input voltage
[Link] output current of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to input voltage .There is loss of power between input and output
coils transformer.
RESULT :
[Link] result of the investigation is that the ratio of the
output voltage to the input voltage is directly proportional to the
ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of
turns in the primary coil.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
[Link] of current can be changed due to heating effect.
[Link] setting up of eddy currents in the core of the self
designed transformer may affect the result . The number of turns
in the two coils might not have counted accurately
BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
THANK YOU!