DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL RUBY PARK

KOLKATA

Mathematics
Class IX

2020 – 2021

0
 Mathematics
Contents

1. Number system

2. Polynomials

3. Lines and Angles

4. Triangles

5. Coordinate Geometry

6. Linear Equations

7. Heron’s Formula

8. Statistics

9. Quadrilaterals

10. Probability

11. Construction

12. Surface Area and Volume

1
 Real Numbers
Real numbers can be defined as the combination of both the rational and irrational numbers.
Real numbers can be both positive and negative, and they are denoted by the symbol “R”.

Classification of Real Numbers

. Below chart will help us to understand in a better way:

Category Definition Example

Natural Contain all counting numbers which Includes all numbers such as 1, 2, 3,
Numbers starts from 1. 4,5,6,…..…

Whole Includes all numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3,

Collection of zero and natural number.
Numbers 4,5,6,…..…

Collective result of whole numbers and

Includes: -infinity,……..-4, -3, -2, -1, 0,
Integers negative of all natural numbers. All are
1, 2, 3, 4, ……..+infinity
real numbers.

Rational Numbers that can be written in the form Examples of rational numbers are ½, 5/4
Numbers of p/q, where q≠0. and 12/6 etc.

Irrational numbers are non-terminating

Irrational All the numbers which are not rational and non-repeating in [Link],
Numbers and cannot be written in the form of p/q.
3

2
Important points for irrational numbers
1. The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
2. The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational
number. e. g. 2√3
3. The sum of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.

4. The product of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.

Laws of indices

Important points for number line

• A number line is a line which represents all the number. A number line is a picture of
a straight line on which every point is assumed to correspond to a real number and
every real number to a point.
• We show the integers as specially-marked points evenly spaced on the line. but the
line includes all real numbers, continuing forever in each direction, and also numbers
not marked that are between the integers.
Important points for rational numbers
• Every integers, natural and whole number is a rational number as they can be
expressed in terms of p/q
• There are infinite rational number between two rational number
• They either have termination decimal expression or repeating non terminating decimal
expression. So if a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-
terminating recurring then it is rational

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 • The sum, difference and the product of two rational numbers is always a rational
number.
• The quotient of a division of one rational number by a non-zero rational number is a
rational number.
• Rational numbers satisfy the closure property under addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

Level 1
1. Find an irrational number between (a) √2 and 2 (b) 3 and 5 (c) √2 and √5
2. Which of the following numbers will change into a nonterminating and nonrecurring
decimal and why?

625 3
(a) (b) − 18 8 (c)
81 16
−1 1
3. Find three rational numbers between (a) and . (b) 5.5 and 5.6
4 3
4. Find the values of a and b
3+ 5 5+2 3
(a) =a+b 5 (b) =a+b 3
2 5 +3 4 3+7
5. Convert the following recurring decimals into fractions:-
̅̅̅̅ (b) 3.14
(a) 1.042 ̅̅̅̅
2 5
6. Rationalize:- (a) (b)
11 − 6 4 + 11
1 1
7. If x + = 2 √2 find x −
x x

1 1 1
8. If x = 3 + 2√2 find (a) x3 + (b) x3 − (c) x4 −
x3 x3 x4

9. If x = √3 + √2 y = √3 − √2 calculate x3 + y3 and x3 − y3
10. If x + y = √3 and x –y = √2 find 8xy(x2 + y2).
11. Represent each of the following numbers on different number lines.
(a)√6 (b) −2√5
12. Simplify (√6 + √10 −√21 − √35)((√6 − √10 + √21 − √35)

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Level 2
1 1
1. Rationalise:- (a) (b)
3 + 2 −1 3−2 2 + 5

1+ 2 1− 2
2. Simplify +
5+ 3 5− 3

3. If a (2 − 2 ) = b(2 + 2 ) = 1 then find (a) a2 + b2 (b) a2 − b2

3− 2 3+ 2
4. If x = and y = find 3x2 – 5xy + 3y2
3+ 2 3− 2

5. If (p + q) :√𝑝𝑞 = 2 : 1 calculate p : q.

6. Prove that:

1 1 1 1 1
(a) + =1 (b) b−a c−a
+ c −b a −b
+ a −c
=1
1+ x a −b
1 + xb −c 1+ x +x 1+ x +x 1+ x + x b −c

3− 2 3+ 2 a2 b2
7. If a = and b = find the value of +
3+ 2 3− 2 b a

4 3 30 18
8. Simplify:- − −
2− 2 4 3 − 18 3−2 3

a6 + a4 + a2 +1
9. If a = 3 + 2√2 find the value of
a3
10. If a + b = √5 and a − b = √3 find a2 + b2.

Answers
Level 1 : 4. (a) a = 1/11, b = 3/11 (b) a = 11, b = − 6 5. (a) 1032/990 (b) 311/99

2( 11 + 6 )
6. (a) b) 4 − √11 7) ±4 ; 8)(a) 198 (b)140√2 (c) 816√2 ;
5
9) 18√3 , 22√2 ; 10) 5 ; 12) 10

Level 2 : 1) (a) 6 + 2 − 2 , b) 1 − 2 + 5 + 10 ; 2) √5 − √6 ; 3) a) 3 b) 2√2 ;

4 12

4) 289; 5) 1: 1; 7) 970 ; 8) 4√6 ; 9) 204 ; 10) 4

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 Polynomials
Definition of a polynomial:- The algebraic expression in which the variables involved have
only non-negative integral powers or whole numbers as exponents is called a polynomial.

A polynomial in a single variable x of degree n can always be written in the form

where a0, a1, a2,........ an are constants

Example:- 5x3−4x2 + 6x – 6 is a polynomial in one variable x.

In this case all variables have non-negative integral powers.

But 6 + 7x 3 2 + 5x2 is not a polynomial because it has a term 7x 3 2 where power of x is

not an integer.

Degree of a polynomial:-

(a) Polynomial in one variable :-The highest power of the variable.

(b) Polynomial in more than one variable :- The sum of powers of the variables in each term
is taken and the highest sum is so obtained.

Classification of polynomials according to degrees

Type Degree Example
Linear 1 2x + 6
Quadratic 2 2x2 + 6
Cubic 3 2x3 + 6
Biquadratic 4 2x4 + 6

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Classification of polynomials according to number of
non-zero terms
Name No. Of terms Example
Monomial 1 2x, 6
Binomial 2 2x + 6, xy + y2
Trinomial 3 2x3 + 6 + z

Constant polynomial:- Polynomial containing one term only which is a constant.

Example:- 8

Degree:- zero

Zero polynomial:- The term of the polynomial is zero only.

Degree:- Undefined.

Remainder Theorem:- The Remainder Theorem states that when a polynomial, p(x) of
degree ≥ 1 is divided by a linear polynomial (x – a), where a is a real number,
the remainderof that division will be p(a).

Factor Theorem:-The Factor Theorem states that when a polynomial, p(x) of degree ≥ 1 is
divided by a linear polynomial (x – a), where a is a real number, then

(i) (x –a) is a factor of p(x) if p(x) = 0.

(ii) p(x) = 0 if (x – a) is a factor of p(x).

Algebraic identities
(i) (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(ii) (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
(iii) x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
(iv) (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
(v) (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(vi) (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
(vii) (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y)
(viii) x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = [(x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)]
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(ix) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 − xy + y2)
= (x + y)3 −3xy(x + y)
(x) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
= (x – y)3 + 3xy(x – y)

Factorisation:-In algebraic factorisation the given expression is written as a product of

several factors. Generally factorisation is the opposite process of expansion.
For example, expanding brackets would require 2(x+1)to be written as (2x+2). Factorisation
would be to start with (2x+2) and end up with 2(x+1).

The two expressions 2(x+1)and 2x+2 are equivalent; they have the same value for all values
of x.

Level 1
1. Find the constant k if 2x – 1 is a factor of f(x) = 4x2 + kx + 1. Using this value of k
factorise f(x) completely.
2. Using remainder theorem find the remainder when x3 − ax2 + 6x – a is divided by
x − a.
3. Use factor theorem to factorise the following polynomials completely.
(a) x3− 3x2 – 10x + 24 (b) x3 + x2 – 4x – 4
4. Find p(−3) for each of the polynomials:-
(a) p(x) = 2 + x + 2x2 – x3 (b) p(x) = x4 + x2 – 7
5. Factorise each of the following:-
(a) 27y3 + 125z3
(b) P8 + p4 + 1
(c) (x – 1)(x + 11) + 20
(d) 99x2 – 202xy + 99y2

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6. If x + y + z = 6, xyz =6 and xy+ yz + zx = 11 find x3 + y3 + z3

7. Determine the value of k such that (𝑥 + 3) is a factor of the polynomial

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 − 21

8. When x3 + 3x2 – px + 4 is divided by (x – 2) the remainder is 2p. Find the value of

the constant p.

9. Without calculating the cubes find the value of the following:-

(a) (-66)3 + (32)3 + (34)3

(b) (59)3 + (42)3 + (−101)3

(c) (−99)3 + (89)3 + (10)3

(d) (−19.5)3 + (10.5)3 + (9)3

(e) (22.3)3 + (−10.5)3 + (−11.8)3

10. If x = 2y + 6 find the value of (x3 – 8y3 – 36xy -216)

11. Factorise (a) 2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) −5

(b) 3(p + q)2 +5(p + q)(p − q) + 2((p−q)2

12. If a3 + b3 + c3= 3abc then prove that a = b = c.

Level 2

1. Show that (x + 3) is a factor of 2x2 + x – 15. Hence factorize 2x2 + x – 15 .

2. Simplify:

[(4𝑥2 − 9𝑦2 )3 + ( 9𝑦2– 16z2 ) 3 + (16𝑧 2 − 4𝑥2 ) 3 ]

÷ [(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) 3 + (3𝑦–4z )3 + (4𝑧 − 2𝑥 )3].

3. Factorise the following:-

(a) a2x2 + ax – (a + 2)(a + 1)

(b) x( x – 1)(2x – 1)(2x – 3) – 6

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 (c) (x+3)(x+1)(x-4)(x-6) +24

(d) 14x6 – 45x3y3 – 14y6

(e) (x + 4)3 - 9x – 36

(f) 2x2(x + 1) − 4x

(g) (1−2x− x2)(1−2x+3x2) + 4x4.

4. Using factor theorem factorise:-

(a) x3 – 7x – 6

(b) x3 – 6x + 4

(c) 8a3 + 4a – 3

(d) a3 – a2 – 18

(e) x3− 3x2 – 9x – 5

5. Find the remainder when (x31 + 31) is divided by (x + 1).

6. Using suitable identity factorise:-

(a) 10 + 24 + 60 + 40 (b)𝑥 6 − 5 𝑥 3 + 8

7. Without expanding find:- (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3

8. If l + m + n = 9, l2 + m2 + n2 = 27 and l3 + m3 + n3 = 81 then find lmn.

9. If 2x3 + ax2 + bx – 2 has a factor (x + 2) and leaves a remainder 7 when divided by

(2x + 3), find the values of a and b and also factorise the polynomial completely.

10. Factorise a2( b + c) + b2( c + a) + c2(a + b) + 3abc

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Answers

Level 1 :
1) – 4 ; 2) 5a
3) (a) (x + 3)( x – 2) (x − 4)
(b) ( x –2) (x + 1)( x + 2)
4) (a) 44(b) 83
5) (a) ( 3y + 5z)(9y2 – 15yz +25z2) (b) (p2 + p +1)( p2 − p +1) (c) (x + 9) (x + 1)
(d) ( 11x – 9y)(9x – 11y)
6) 36 ; 7) 2 ; 8) 6 ; 9) (a) −215424 (b) – 750834 (c) −264330 (d) −5528.25
(e) 8288.91 10) 0 ; 11) (a) (x + y – 5)(2x + 2y + 1) (b) 2p(5p + q)

Level 2 :
1) (x + 3)( 2x – 5)
2) (2x + 3y)(3y + 4z)(4z +2x)
3) (a) (ax + a + 2)(ax – a – 1)
(b) (x – 2)(2x + 1)(2x2 – 3x + 3)
(c) (x2 – 3x – 16)(x2 – 3x – 6)
(d) ( 2x3 – 7y3)( 7x3 + 2y3)
(e) (x + 4)(x + 1)(x + 7)
(f) 2x( x – 1)( x – 2)
(g) (x-1)4
4) (a)(x + 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)
(b) (x – 2) (x2 + 2x – 2)
(c) (2a – 1) (4a2 + 2a + 3)
(d) (a – 3)( a2 + 2a + 6)
(e) (x + 1 )2(x − 5)
5) 30
6) (a) ( 5 + 3 + 2 )
2

(b) (x2 + x + 2)( x4 − x2 + 4 − x3− 2x )

7) 3(a − b)(b − c)(c − a) ; 8) 27
9) a= 3, b = −3 , (x + 2)( x – 1)(2x + 1) ; 10) ( a + b + c)( ab + bc + ca)

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 Lines and Angles
In this chapter you have studied the following points:

1. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180 and vice
versa. This property is called as the Linear Pair Axiom
2. If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
3. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then
• each pair of corresponding angles is equal ( corresponding angles axiom)
• each pair of alternate interior angles is equal
• each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary
4. If a transversal intersects two lines such that, either
• Any one pair of corresponding angles is equal or
• Any one pair of alternate interior angles is equal, or
• Any one pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary,
then the lines are parallel.
5. Lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel to each other
6. The sum of three angles of a triangle is 180
7. If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.

Level – 1
A
B
50
1. In the given figure find x
O
4x

C
E
D
2. In the given figure find y
2y
3y y

A C B

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 P
A B
60
3. In the given figure, if AB CD, APQ = 60 y
and PRD = 130, then find x and y.
x 130

C Q R D
l

2 1
m
4. If m n and 1 and 2 are in the ratio 3 : 2, then 3 4
determine all the angles shown in the figure.

6 5
n
7 8

p q

5. In the given figure, m n and p q. If 1=75 then prove m

1 1
that 2 = 1 + 3 of a right angle.
2
n

6. In the given figure, 1 = 2, then the measurement of

3 and 4 are : 58
(a) 58, 61 (b) 61, 61
(c) 119, 61 (d) 119, 119 3 4
1 2

F
7. In the given figure, AB CD and F = 30.
Find ECD.
E B
A

C D

R B C S
100
8. In the given figure, PQ RS, PAB = 70, ACS = 100.
Find ABC, BAC
70
P Q
A

13
 A

1 2
9. In the given figure AB = AC, 1 = 2. Prove that
PBC = PCB

P
B C
10. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio [Link]. The triangle is :
(a) An acute angled triangle (b) An obtuse angled triangle
(c) A right angled triangle (d) An isosceles triangle

Level – 2
D

1. AE bisects CAD and B = C. Prove that AE BC E

A

B C
P X Q
50
2. If PQ RS and PXM = 50 and MYS = 120, find x (x – 20) M
120
R Y S
D
M

3. ABCDE is a regular pentagon and bisector of BAE E

P
C
meets CD at M. If bisector of BCD meets AM at P,
find CPM.
A B

B D
4. In the given figure, AB ED the value of x is : 62 F
A C x
(a) 26 (b) 36 (c) 62 (d) 54
36
E

A B

5. In the given figure, AD ⊥ CD, BC ⊥ CD. If AQ = BP

and DP = CQ, prove that DAQ = CBP

D C
P Q
B
y C
4 x
6. In the given figure, AB DC. If 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 and z
3
𝑦= 𝑧, find x, y, z.
8

14
A D
 A
7. In the given figure, AB = AC. D is a point on AC and E
on AB such that AD = ED = EC = BC. Prove that :
(i) A : B = 1:3 (ii) AED = BCE D
E

B C
Q
8. In the given figure, ABCD and BPQ are lines. BP = BC P
and DQ CP. Prove that : (a) CP = CD (b) DP bisects
x
CDQ. 4x
A B C D

A E B
9. In the given figure, 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 = 3 ∶ 2 and 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 100 a
and AB CD. Find a. x

F
y z
p
C G D

25
a U
S
10. In the given figure, TU SR and TR SV. T
Find a and b
R
50 b Q
P

Answers
Level – 1 : (1) 32.5 (2) 30 (3) 𝑥 = 60°, 𝑦 = 70° (4) 1 = 5 = 3 = 7 = 108
, 2 = 4 = 6 = 8 = 72 (7) 120 (8) ABC = 70, BAC = 30
(10) a

Level – 2 : (2) 270 (3) 36 (4) a (6) 𝑥 = 40°, 𝑦 = 30°, 𝑧 = 80°

(9) 44 (10) a = 115, b = 40

15
 Triangles
A triangle has three sides, three angles and three vertices.

For example, in triangle ABC, denoted by ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, AB, BC, CA are the three sides, ∠A, ∠B,
A
∠C are the three angles and A, B, C are the three vertices.

B C
Congruence of Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if the sides and the angles of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.

A 5 cm
R Q
4.5 cm 4 cm 4 cm 4.5 cm
B C
5 cm
P

Here ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ≅ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 i.e., PQ covers AB, QR covers BC and RP covers CA;

∠P covers ∠A, ∠Q covers ∠B and ∠R covers ∠C. There is a one-one correspondence

between the vertices.

P ↔ 𝐴, 𝑄 ↔ 𝐵, 𝑅 ↔ 𝐶

Criteria for Congruence of Triangles

• SAS (Side-Angle-Side) :Two triangles are congruent by SAS congruency if two
sides and included angle of one triangle are equal to the two sides and the included
angle of the other triangle.

16
• ASA(Angle-Side-Angle) :Two triangles are congruent by ASA congruency if
two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two triangles and the
included side of the other triangle.

• AAS(Angle-Angle-Side) :Two triangles are congruent by AAS congruency if

any two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding
angles and side of another triangle.

• SSS(Side-Side-Side) :Two triangles are congruent by SSS congruency if three

sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of another triangle.

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• RHS(Right Angle –Hypotenuse-Side) : Two right triangle are congruent
by RHS congruency if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other
triangle.

Theorem : i)Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangles are equal

ii) The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal

Inequalities in a Triangle

• If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is
larger(oor greater)
• In any triangle the side opposite to the larger(greater) angle is longer
• Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side
• Of all the line segments that can be drawn on a given line, from a point, not lying
on it, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest.

Level 1 :
1. In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, QR = PQ and ∠Q = 40° , then find ∠P.

2. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹, AB = FD, ∠A = ∠D. Find the third condition for
congruency of triangle.

3. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if ∠A = 45° and ∠B = 70° determine the shortest and largest side of
the triangle.

4. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠B = 35°, ∠C = 65° and the bisector of ∠BAC meets BC in P.

Arrange AP, BP and CP in descending order.
18
 5. CDE is an equilateral triangle formed on a side CD of a square ABCD. Show that
∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐵𝐶𝐸

6. Line 𝑙 is the bisector of an angle ∠X and P is any point on 𝑙. PA and PB are

perpendiculars from P on the arms of ∠X. Show that:

(i) ∆XPA ≅ ∆XPB

(ii) PA = PB or P is equidistant from the arms of ∠X.

7. A triangle ABC is right angled at A. AL is drawn perpendicular to BC.

Prove that ∠BAL = ∠ACB

A
8. Given ∠ACD = 20°, 𝑓ind ∠DAC from
120°
the given diagram
B D C

A
9. In the given figure, prove that AB > DC

70° 40°
B D C
10. Prove that the difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the third side.

Level 2 :

1. PQR is a triangle in which PQ = PR. If the bisectors of ∠Q and ∠R meet PR and

PQ at S and T respectively, prove that QS = RT.

2. PQRS is a square and X is any point inside it such that XQ = XS. Prove that PXR
is a straight line.

3. If the bisector of the exterior vertical angle of a triangle be parallel to the base, show
that the triangle is isosceles.

4. PQRS is a quadrilateral in which PQ=RS and ∠QPS= ∠PSR. Prove that

i) ∆QPS=∆PSR ii) QS=PR iii)∠PSQ = ∠SPR

19
5. P is a point on the bisector of ∠ABC. If the line through P, parallel to BA meets

BC at Q, prove that BPQ is an isosceles triangle .

6. If the bisector of an angle of a triangle also bisects the opposite side, prove that the
triangle is isosceles.

7. In the given figure, AB = AC. D is a point on AC and E on AB such that

AD = ED = EC = BC. Prove that ∠A :∠B = 1: 3.

A

D
E

B C

8. Prove that in a triangle other than an equilateral triangle, angle opposite the

2
longest side is greater than 3 of a right angle.

9. Prove that in a right-angled triangle, if one of the acute angles is double the other,

the hypotenuse is double the shorter side.

10. 1n the given figure, if AD and CE are the bisectors of

∠A and ∠C respectively, if ∠ABC = 90°,
then find ∠AOC.

Answers

Level 1: 1) ∠P = 70° ; 2) For SAS congruency AC = DE, For AAS

Congruency ∠B = ∠E or ∠C = ∠F ; 3) Shortest BC, largest AC;

4) BP, AP, CP ; 8) 40° ;

Level 2 : 10) 135°

20
 Linear Equations in Two Variables
A Linear Equation in two variables x and y are of the form ax +by+c= 0 where a, b and c are
real numbers. The pair of values, one for x and one for y, which satisfy the given equation is
called its solution. A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions. If x=𝛼
and y=𝛽 satisfy the equation ax+by+c=0, then we say that the ordered pair (𝛼, 𝛽) is its
solution.

Level 1
1. Write each of the following equations as an equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and
write the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 in each case.
i. 3𝑥 = 2
𝑦
ii. 2𝑥 − 5 + 6 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
iii. −6=1
5

iv. √2𝑥 + √3𝑦 = 5

v. 4𝑥 = 5𝑦
2. Find five different solutions of each of the following equations:
i. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6
2𝑥 3𝑦
ii. + 10 = 3
5

3. If 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 4 is a solution of the equation 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑘, find the value of 𝑘.

4. If 𝑥 = 3𝑘 + 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑘 − 1 is a solution of the equation 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0, find the
value of 𝑘.
5. The cost of 5 pencils is equal to the cost of 2 ballpoints. Write a linear equation in two
variables to represent this statement. (Take the cost of a pencil to be Rs 𝑥 and that of a
ballpoint pen be Rs y).
6. Draw a graph of the equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11. From your graph, find the value of 𝑦 when
𝑥 = 7 and 𝑥 = −8.
7. Draw graphs of the equations :3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0. On the same graph
paper, find the coordinates of the point where the two graph lines intersect.

21
8. Two students A and B contributed Rs 100 towards the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund to
help the earthquake victims. Write a linear equation to satisfy the above data and draw its
graph.
9. Draw the graph of the following pairs of lines on the same graph paper and hence
check whether they are parallel or not:
i. 2x+3y−6=0, 2x+3y+6=0
ii. 2x−y+3=0, x−2y+1=0
10. Draw the graphs of the linear equations x=−2, x=5, y=0, and y=4 on the same graph
paper. Hence find the area of the quadrilateral enclosed by these lines.

Level 2
1. A taxi charges Rs 20 for the first kilometer and at the rate of Rs 12 per kilometer for
subsequent distance covered. Taking the total distance covered as 𝑥 km and total fare as
Rs 𝑦, write a linear equation depicting the relation between 𝑥 and 𝑦. Draw the graph
between 𝑥 and 𝑦. From your graph, find the taxi charges for covering (a)12 km
and (b)20 km.
2. Draw the graph of 2x+3y=6 and use it to find the area of the triangle formed by the line
and the coordinate axes. Take 1 c.m. = 1 unit on both the axes.
3. The graph of a linear equation in x and y passes through A(-1,-1) and B(2,5). Find the
values of h and k if the graph passes through (h,4) and (12,k).
4. A triangle is formed by the lines x+2y−3=0, 3x−2y+7=0 and y+1=0. Find graphically (i)
the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle and (ii) the area of the triangle.
5. Draw the graphs of the following pairs of lines on the same graph paper. Hence find their
point of intersection. Are these lines perpendicular to each other?
i. x+y−3=0, x−y+7=0
ii. x+3y−4=0, 3x−y−2=0
6. Draw the graph of 2x−3y+6=0. Hence find the coordinates of the points where the graph
(line) meets the coordinate axes.
7. Draw the graphs of each of the following linear equations. Use the graph to prove that
the lines are concurrent in each case:
i. x+y=2, 2x−y=1, 4x−3y=1.
ii. x+y+5=0, x+4y=5, 3x+5y=1.

22
8. If the work done by a force applied on a body is directly proportional to the distance
travelled by the body, express this in the form of an equation in two variables, taking the
constant force as 3 units. Also, read from the graph the work done when the distance is
(i) 2 units, (ii) 0 unit.
9. There are two scales of measuring the temperature of a liquid, namely Kelvin (K) and
9
Fahrenheit (⁰F). The relation between the two scales is given by F = 5(K - 273) + 32.

i. Find the temperature of the liquid in Fahrenheit, when it is 313 K in Kelvin.

ii. If the temperature of the liquid is 158⁰F then express it in Kelvin.
9
iii. Draw the graph of the linear equation, F = (K - 273) + 32.
5

iv. Using the graph, fill in the blanks given below:

95⁰F = __ K and 300 K = __ ⁰F.
10. The force exerted to pull a cart is directly proportional to the acceleration produced in the
body. Express the statement as a linear equation of two variables and draw the graph of
the same by taking the constant mass equal to 6 kg. Read from the graph the force
required when the acceleration produced is (i) 5m/s2 and (ii) 6 m/s2.

Answers
Level 1 :
1 1 1
1. (i) a = 3, b = 0, c = −2 (ii) a = 2, b = −5, c = 6 (iii) a = 5, b = − 6, c = −1

(iv) a = √2, b = √3, c = −5 (v) a = 4, b =-5, c = 0 3. 𝑘=3 4.𝑘= −25. 5𝑥 = 2y

6.y = − 1 and y = 97. (2,1) 8. x+y=100

9. (i) parallel (ii) not parallel 10. 28 sq. units

Level 2 :
1. 12𝑥 – y + 8 = 0, Rs. 152, Rs.248

2. Area = 3 sq. units 3. H = 32, k = [Link] of vertices are (−1,2),(−3,− 1),(5,−1),

area = 12 sq. units 5. (i)Yes(ii) Yes 6. Y-axis at (0,2) and X-axis at (-3,0)

8. Work done is 6 units, 0 unit 9. (i)104⁰F , (ii)343K, (iv) 308K.

23
 Coordinate Geometry
We represent each point in a plane by means of an ordered pair of real numbers, called
the coordinates of that point. The branch of Mathematics in which geometric problems
are solved through algebra by using the coordinate system is known as coordinate
geometry. Y
Ist quadrant
IInd quadrant
(+ , + )
(−,+)

O X
𝑋′
IIIrd quadrant 4th quadrant

(−,−) ( +, -)

Level 1 Y’

1. On the plane of a graph paper draw X′OX and Y′OY as coordinate axes and plot each
of the following points:
i) A(5,3) ii) B(-5,3) iii) C(4,-6) iv) D( −3, −2)
v) E(2,0) vi) F(0,-4) vii) (3/2,3/2) viii) (−7/2,−9/2)
2. For each of the following points write the quadrants or axis on which they lie
i) (-6,-3) ii) (11,6) iii) (1,-4) iv) (-3,8)
v) (-7,-4) vi) (-4,0) vii) (0,-5) viii) (6, 0)
3. Write the coordinates of the following points and plot them on a graph paper.

i) Abscissa is −2 and ordinate is 4 ii) Ordinate is − 4 and abscissa is 0

iii) Ordinate is 4 and lies on y-axis iv) Abscissa is 5 and lies on x-axis
4. Plot the points A(2,5), B( −2,2) and C(4,2) on a graph paper. Join AB, BC and AC.
Calculate the area of ∆ABC.
5. Three vertices of a rectangle ABCD are A(3,1), B(−3,1) and C(−3,3). Plot these
points on a graph paper and find the coordinates of the fourth vertex D. Also find the
area of rectangle ABCD.
6. The three vertices of a square ABCD are A(3,2), B(−2,2) and D(−3,3). Plot these
points on a graph paper and hence, find the coordinates of C. Also find the area of
square ABCD.
7. Find the area of ∆AOB having vertices A(0,6), O(0,0) and B(6,0).
24
8. Plot the point P(-3,4). Draw PM and PN perpendiculars to x-axis and y-axis
respectively. State the coordinates of the points M and N.
9. Plot the points A(1,2), B(−4,2), C(−4,−1), D(1,−1). What kind of quadrilateral is
ABCD? Also find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.

Level 2
1. Plot the following points and check whether they lie on a straight line:
(3,1), (−2,2), (4,3).
2. Write the coordinates of the vertices of a rectangle which is 6 units long and 4 units
wide, if the rectangle is in the first quadrant, its longer side is on x-axis and one vertex
is at the origin.
3. Repeat the above question assuming that the rectangle is in the third quadrant with all
other conditions remaining same.

4. Find the values of x and y when:

i) (2x −1, y+2) = (3,2) ii) (2x+3y, 3x − y) = (7,5)
5. OAB is an isosceles triangle whose base is 4 cm in length. If the ordinate of the vertex
A is 5, find the coordinates of A and B, where O is the origin and triangle lies in the
first quadrant.
6. ABCD is a square. A is the point (2,1) and C is the point (6,5). P, Q, R and S are the
mid points of the sides AB, BC, CD and AD respectively. Find the coordinates of B,
D, P, Q, R and S. From the graph find the area of PQRS.

Answers
Level 1 : 2. (i) 3rd quadrant (ii) 1st quadrant (iii) 4th quadrant (iv) 2nd

quadrant (v) 3rd quadrant (vi) negative x-axis (vii) negative y-axis (viii) positive
y-axis 3.(i) (-2, 4) (ii) (0, -4) (iii) (0, 4) (iv) (5, 0) 4. 9 sq. units 5. D (3,3), 6 sq.
units 6. C (-2, -3), 25 sq. units 7. 18 sq. units 8. M(-3, 0), N(0, -4) 9. Rectangle,
15 sq. units

Level 2 : 2. (0, 0), (6, 0), (6, 4), (0, 4) 3. (0, 0), (-6, 0), (-6, -4), (0, -4) 4. (i) x = 2, y = 0

(ii) x = 2, y = 1 5. A (2, 5) B (4, 0) 6. B (6, 1), D(2,5), P (4, 1), Q(6, 3), R (4, 5), S (2, 3),
Area = 8 sq. unit.

25
 Heron’s Formula
Points to remember:-
1
• Area of triangle with a side and corresponding altitude:- b × h sq units
2

h h h

b b
b

√3
• Area of the equilateral triangle= a 2 sq units.
4

√3
• Height(altitude) of the equilateral triangle= 2 a units
a a
• Area of a triangle having sides as a units,b units,c units
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
is √s (s - a) (s- b) (s - c) ; s = semi perimeter =
2
1
• Area of Rhombus = 2 diagonal 1× diagonal 2 a
1
• Area of square =2 diagonal 2 = side 2

• Diagonal of a square = √2 side

• Area of parallelogram= side ×corresponding altitude
• Diagonal divides the parallelogram into two triangles of equal area .
• Pythagoras theorem :-For a given right angled
triangle the square of the hypotenuse is the sum h
p
of the squares of the arms of the right angle.
h2 =p2 +b2 b

Level -1
1. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 48 cm. Find its area and height .
(given √3=1.732)
2. The sides of a triangle are 30 m , 50m and 60 m respectively. Find the area of the
triangle.
3. Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD in which BC=12 cm ,CD=17 cm and
BD = 25cm. also find the length of altitude AE from the vertex A on the side BC.
26
 4. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 3 and its perimeter is

192 cm. Find its area.

5. The base and the height of a triangle are in the ratio 5 : 3. If the area of the triangle

is 67.5𝑚2 , find its base and height.

6. The area of an equilateral triangle is 169√3 𝑚2 , find its perimeter.

7. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 5cm,12cm and 13cm. Find the length of

the perpendicular from the opposite vertex to the side whose length is 13cm.

8. Find the perimeter of a parallelogram of area 288m2. Altitude on the smaller side

is twice the side and the larger side has an altitude of 8 m.

9. A triangle and a parallelogram have the same base and the same area. If the sides

of the triangle are 24cm,25cm and 7cm and the parallelogram stands on the base

7cm, find the height of the parallelogram.

10. .Find the perimeter and area of quadrilateral ABCD in which BC=12cm,

CD=9cm, C=90 , DA= 17cm and ABD=90.

Level - 2
1. ABCD is a square. F is the midpoint of AB and E is another point on BC such that
BE is one-third of BC. If the area of triangle FBE is 108cm2. Find the length of
AC.
2. The sides of a triangle are x, x + 1, 2x − 1 and its area is √10 . Find out the value
of 𝑥.
3. If the sides of the triangle are 42cm, 35cm and 49cm , then find out the area of
the triangle and hence find out ratio of areas if the sides will be
6cm,5cm and 7cm.

4. In a square field ABCD with side 100m , P and Q are mid points of AB, BC. Find

out the area of the  DPQ.

27
 5. The area of an equilateral triangle is numerically equal to its perimeter , find its

perimeter correct upto 2 decimal places.

6. Using Heron’s Formula, find the area of the equilateral triangle whose each side is

2
of length 𝑙 𝑐𝑚. Also, find its altitude. If 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑚 , then find altitude.
√3

7. The difference between the semi perimeter and the sides of a triangle ABC are

8cm,7cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the area of the triangle.

8. Find the area of a regular hexagon of side 6cm.

9. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 6√3 cm. P, Q and R are the midpoints of

AB, CA and BC respectively. What is the area of the equilateral triangle PQR?

10. If each side of a triangle is doubled, find the ratio of the areas of the triangles.

Answers

Level - 1

(1) 110.848 sq cm; 13.856cm, (2) 200√14 sq m, (3) 180 sq cm;15cm, (4) 1536 sq m ,
60
(5) 15m;9m , (6)78 m ,(7) 13 cm, (8) 96 m, (9) 12cm, (10) 46cm, 114 sq cm

Level - 2

(1) 36√2 cm, (2) 6 units, (3) 294√6 sq cm; 49:1, (4) 3750 sq m ,(5) 20.78 units ,
√3 2 √3 27
(6) 𝑙 sq cm ; 𝑙 cm; 1cm, (7) 20√14 sq cm, (8) 54√3 sq cm, (9) √3 sq cm,
4 2 4

(10) 1:4

28
 Statistics
Statistics
Collection Tabulation Analysis Representation
& Interpretation
Bar graph
Primary Ungrouped Mean Histogram
Secondary Grouped Median Frequency
polygon
Exclusive Mode
Inclusive

Terms & Definitions :

• Statistics : Statistics is the science that consists of collection, classification,

tabulation, presentation, analysis, interpretation and pre – estimation of data to draw
meaningful conclusions so that some objectives could be fulfilled.
• Primary data : When an investigator, for the first time collects the data from the
target group.
• Secondary data : If , for certain investigation, data is already available and the
collection of which might have been done by someone else.
• Variable / Variate : The quantity, different values for which data is collected with
respect to certain observation.
• Frequency : The number of times a variate occurs in the observation.
• Raw Data : The data obtained in the original form.
• Ungrouped frequency distribution : The distribution in which values of variable are
written with their corresponding frequencies. It is possible if the numbers of variable
are limited in the observations.
• Grouped frequency distribution : If the number of variables are large in the
observations, then the data is grouped into class intervals and written with their
respective frequencies.
29
 • Class mark : It is the mid value of the class intervals.
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Class mark = 2
• Exclusive or overlapping class intervals : In this form, upper limit of an interval is
same as the lower limit of the next interval.
• Inclusive or non-overlapping class intervals : In this form, the classes are discreet
and no overlapping is found between them.

Level – 1
1. In the study of the number of accidents occurring daily, the observations obtained in
30 days are as follows :
4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2, 6, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3, 0, 5, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 2, 6
Make a frequency distribution table.

2. Three coins were tossed 30 times. Each time number of heads occurring was noted as
follows :
0 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 0
1 3 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 1
3 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 2 0
Prepare a frequency distribution table for the data given above.

3. Thirty children were asked about the number of hours they watched T.V. programmes
in the previous week. The results were found as follows :
1 6 2 3 5 12 5 8 4 8
10 3 4 12 2 8 15 1 17 6
3 2 8 5 9 6 8 7 14 12
a) Make a grouped frequency distribution table for this data taking class width 5
and one class interval as 5 – 10.
b) How many children watched television for 15 of more hours in a week?

30
4. Time taken in seconds to solve one question by 25 students is as follows :
20 26 27 28 30 33 37 38 40 42 43
46 46 46 48 49 50 53 58 59 60 64
52 20 16
a) Taking class interval length as 10, make the frequency distribution table for
this data.
b) Make a histogram to represent the frequency distribution.
5.
Weight ( in Kg ) Number of students
30.5 – 35.5 9
35.5 – 40.5 6
40.5 – 45.5 15
45.5 – 50.5 3
50.5 – 55.5 1
55.5 – 60.5 2
Total 36

Prepare a histogram of the data given above.

6. In Mumbai, study of cancer patients was carried out and following data was obtained.
Construct a frequency polygon for this data.
Age ( in years ) Number of cancer patients
30 – 39 2
40 – 49 3
50 – 59 15
60 – 69 21
70 – 79 18

7. If 17 be the mean of 10, 12, 16, 20, p and 26, Find the value of p.

31
 8. Following are the distribution of marks of 50 students of a class :
Marks 7 19 31 40 49 62 73 83 91
Number of students 3 4 5 7 9 7 6 5 4

Find the average marks.

9. Mean of the following distribution is 7.5. Find the value of p.

x 3 5 7 9 11 13
y 6 8 15 p 8 4

10. Following data are in increasing order :

12 14 17 20 22 x 26 28 32 36.
If median of the data is 23, find the value of x. If in the above data 32 is replaced by
23, then find the median.

Level – 2
1. Mean of 13 observations is 14. If mean of first 7 observations be 12 and mean of last
7 observations be 16, then find the 7th term.

2. In a class, frequency table of the marks obtained by students is given below.

Represent the information by a graph.

Marks 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
Frequency 6 10 14 8 2

̅ If ( a – b) is added to each
3. The mean of n observations 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … . , 𝑥𝑛 is 𝑥.
observation, then prove that mean of new observations will be 𝑥̅ + ( a – b).

4. The mean of n observations 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … . , 𝑥𝑛 is 𝑥.

̅ If each observation is multiplied
̅
with p, prove that the mean of the new observations will be p𝑥.
5. Find the median of 24, 33, a, a – 1 , 12, 16 if mean of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 is a.

32
6. In an examination, marks obtained by 51 students out of 100, are given in the table
below
Marks Number of students
0 – 10 5
10 – 20 10
20 – 30 4
30 – 40 6
40 – 50 7
50 – 60 3
60 – 70 2
70 – 80 2
80 – 90 3
90 – 100 9
Total 51

Construct a frequency polygon corresponding to above frequency distribution.

7. For which value of k, 7 is the mode of the following data ?

3 5 5 7 3 6 7 9 6 7 3 5
3 k

8. The mean of 100 observations is 50, if one of the observations 50 is replaced by 150,
what will be the resulting mean.
9. The marks obtained by class 9 consisting of 80 students are given below. [Marks out
of 100]
Marks 10 - 20 20- 30 30 - 50 50 – 70 70 - 100
No. of students 6 17 15 16 26

Construct a histogram to represent the above data.

10. Mean of the following distribution is 7.5. Find the value of p

x 3 5 7 9 11 13
y 6 8 15 p 8 4

33
Answers

Level – 1
1. 2.
Number of Frequency
Accidents Frequency heads
0 2 0 6
1 3 1 10
2 6 2 9
3 4 3 5
4 4 Total 30
5 6
6 5
Total 30

4.
3(i)
Class – Frequency
Number of Frequency
interval
hours
10 – 20 1
0–5 10
20 – 30 5
5 – 10 13
30 – 40 4
10 – 15 5
40 – 50 8
15 – 20 2
50 – 60 5
Total 30
60 – 70 2
Total 25
(ii) From the table it is evident that 2 children watch the T.V. for 15 hours
3(i)
or more in a week.

7. 18 8. 52.48 9. p = 3. 10. x = 24; New median = 22.5

Level – 2
1. 14 6. 23.5 7. K = 7 8. 51 10. p = 3

34
 Quadrilaterals
A figure obtained by joining four points ( no three points out of four are collinear) in an order
is called a quadrilateral.

A quadrilateral has four sides, four vertices, four angles and two diagonals

D
A

B
C

In quadrilateral ABCD; AB , BC, CD, DA are four sides; A, B, C and D are four vertices and

∠A ,∠B, ∠C and ∠D are four angles, AC and BD are the two diagonals.

The sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°

Types of quadrilateral
❖ If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are parallel then it is called trapezium.

❖ If both pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

parallel then it is called parallelogram

❖ In a parallelogram if one angle is a right angle

then it is called rectangle

35
❖ In a parallelogram if all sides are equal
then it is called a rhombus

❖ A parallelogram having all sides equal and one

angle 90° is called a square

❖ In a quadrilateral if two pairs of adjacent sides

are equal it is called a kite
In a kite ABCD, AD = CD and AB = CB

Note : A Square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.

❖ A square is a rectangle and also a rhombus
❖ A kite is not a parallelogram
❖ A trapezium is not a parallelogram
❖ A rectangle or a rhombus is not a square

Theorem :
i) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles
ii) In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal
iii) If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is a
parallelogram
iv) In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal
v) If in a quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is equal, then it is a
parallelogram
vi) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
vii) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram

36
The Mid-point Theorem
❖ The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides is parallel to the third side

A
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if D is mid point of AB and
D E
E is mid point of AC then, DE || BC

B C

❖ The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side
bisects the third side

A
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if D is mid point of AB and
D E
DE || BC, then E is mid point of AC

B C

Level 1
1. If one angle of a parallelogram is 36° less than twice its adjacent angle, then find
the angles of the parallelogram.
2. ABCD is a rhombus with ∠ABC = 56° , find the measure of ∠ADC
4
3. In a parallelogram, one angle is 5 of its adjacent angle, then find the value of both

the adjacent angles.

4. Diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm respectively, find the lengths of its

sides.
5. In the adjacent figure, PQ || SR and PS = PR, find a 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏

37
 6. In the given figure ABCD is a parallelogram.
Find the value of x and y.

7. In a quadrilateral PQRS, ∠P +∠R= 2(∠Q + ∠S). If ∠P = 40°, then find measure

of ∠R

8. Prove that the bisectors of any two consecutive angles of a parallelogram

intersect at right angle.

9. ABCD is a trapezium in which ∠A = (x + 25)°,∠B = y°, ∠C = 95° and

∠D = (2x + 5)° then find the values of x and y

10. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, median AD is produced to X such that AD = DX. Prove that ABXC is a

parallelogram

Level 2
1. If AX and CY are respectively the bisectors of the opposite angles A and C of a

parallelogram ABCD show that AX || CY

2. PQRS is a parallelogram and the bisector of ∠P bisects QR at M. Show that

PS = 2PQ

38
3. A square is inscribed in an isosceles right angled triangle so that the square and the
triangle have one angle common. Show that the vertex of the square opposite the
vertex of the common angle bisects the hypotenuse.

4. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 10 cm and AD = 6 cm. The bisector of ∠A meets

DC in E. AE and BC produced meet at F. Find the length of CF.

5. In the given figure, ∠AOB = 90°, AC = BC, OA = 12 cm and OC = 6.5 cm. Find the
measure of OB.

39
6. In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus in which BC = 25 cm, and AO = 24 cm. Find
the sum of lengths of the diagonals.

7. ABCD is arhombus in which altitude from D to side AB bisects AB. Find the angles
of the rhombus.

8. Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of the diagonals of a trapezium is

parallel to each of the parallel sides and is equal to half the difference of these sides.

9. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. AD bisects the exterior angle PAC and

CD || BA. Show that (i)∠DAC = ∠BCA (ii) ABCD is a parallelogram

10. PQRS is a parallelogram in which ∠SPQ = 60°.If the bisector of ∠P and ∠Q meet

at A on RS, Prove that A is the mid- point of RS.

Answers

Level 1: 1) 108° , 72°, 108° , 72° ; 2) 124° ; 3) 100°, 80° ; 4) 10cm ;

5) a= 75°, b = 75° ; 6) x = 33°, y = 50° ;7) 200°; 9) x = 50°, y = 85°

Level 2: 4) 4 cm ; 5) 5 cm; 6) BD = 14 cm, AC = 48 cm, AC + BD = 62 cm

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 Probability
The concept of probability was developed in 17th and 18th centuries for guessing winning and
defeat in the game of gambling. Mathematicians like Blaise Pascal, Fermat and Galileo
developed the idea of probability. Further Mathematicians such as Laplace, Bernoulli, Euler
and Gauss advanced the work on this undeveloped idea.

Terms and Definitions

➢ Experiment : An activity having well defined outcomes is known as an experiment.
➢ Random Experiment : An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known
and the exact outcome cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
➢ Outcome : The result of an experiment is called an outcome.
➢ Probability : The chance of occurrence of a particular outcome in an experiment.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Obviously, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
➢ Sure event : An event which is sure to occur.
➢ Impossible event : An event which is impossible to occur.

Questions
1. In a school there are 750 boys and 250 girls. If a student is selected at random, what is

the probability that this student is a girl?

2. Two coins are tossed simultaneously 500 times, and we get

Two Heads : 105 times , One head : 275 times , No head : 120 times

Find the probability of occurrence of each of these events.

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 3. A die is thrown 1000 times with the frequencies for the outcomes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
as given below :
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 179 150 157 149 175 190

Find the probability of getting each outcome.

4. A bag contains 25 tickets bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, ….., 25. A ticket is drawn at

random from the bag. What is the probability that it bears a prime number ?

5. Marks obtained by 70 students are given in the following table:

Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
obtained
Number of 4 8 20 10 12 6 10
students

What is the probability of a student obtaining marks in the following class intervals :

i) 0 – 20 ii) 0 – 60

6. A bag contains 3 white, 4 black and 3 red balls. If a ball is drawn at random, find the

probability that the ball drawn is blue ?

7. What is the probability of getting a prime number, when a die is thrown once?

8. What is the sum of probabilities of all the events of trials?

9. What is the probability of a sure event?

10. In a bag, there are 6 red balls and some blue balls. If on drawing one ball, the

probability of drawing a blue ball is twice that of drawing a red ball, find the number

of blue balls in the bag.

Answers
1 21 11 6
1. 4 2. 100 , , . 3. 0.179, 0.15, 0.157, 0.149, 0.175, 0.19
20 25

9 6 27 0 1
4. 25 5. 35 , 6. 10 7. 2 8. 1 9. 1
35

10. 12

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 Constructions
Points to remember:-
• The sum of two sides is greater than the third side of a triangle.
• The difference of two sides is smaller than the third side of the triangle.
• The base angles of isosceles triangle are equal to each other.
• The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to sum of opposite interior angles.

Types of constructions:-
• Construction of triangles when the base and the sum of the other two sides and one
base angle are given.
• Construction of triangles when one base angle and the difference of the remaining
sides are given.
• Construction of triangles when its perimeter and the base angles are given.

Questions:-
1. Draw an equilateral triangle with side 6cm and justify your construction. Prove

that each angle equals to 60 .

2. Draw a perpendicular bisector of a line segment of 7cm and justify your

construction.

3. Construct  67.5 using ruler and compasses and bisect it.

4. Construct  105 using ruler and compasses and bisect it.

5. Construct  ABC where A =45 , C=60 and AB+BC+CA=10.5cm

6. Construct a triangle where one angle is 60o, one side adjacent to the given angle is

7cm and the difference of the other two sides is 2cm . Are you getting two

different triangles? Give reasons.

7. Construct a right angle triangle where one of the arms of the right angle is 6cm

and sum of the other two sides are 14cm.

8. Construct a right angled isosceles triangle having perimeter 11cm.

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9. Construct a triangle if its perimeter is 10.4cm and two angles are 45 and 120o

10. Construct an equilateral triangle with perimeter 16cm.

11. Construct a ABC in which BC =4.2cm, C=60 and the sum of the other two

sides is 8.3cm.

12. Construct a ABC in which BC =5.2cm, C=75 and AB-AC=1.5cm.

13. Construct a XYZ in which YZ =5.2cm, Y=60 and the sum of the other two

sides is 9.6 cm.

14. Construct a XYZ in which YZ =4.8cm,Y=45 and XY-XZ= 2.5 cm.

15. Give reasons to show that the construction of ABC is not possible

i) AB=7cm, A=45 and BC + AC=6.5cm.

ii) AB= 5cm, A=45 and BC − AC=5.5cm.

iii) AB=7cm, A=45 , B=75 and C=55

iv )AB=7cm, BC=4 and AC=3cm.

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 Surface area and volume
➢ Surface area : Surface area is the sum of the areas of all the exposed surfaces of a
solid.
➢ Volume: Volume is the space occupied by a solid.

SHAPE SURFACE AREA / DIAGONAL VOLUME

CUBE
Total surface area = 6a2
Lateral surface area = 4a2 Volume = a3
Diagonal = 𝑎√3

CUBOID Total surface area = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)

Lateral surface area = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) × ℎ Volume = lbh
( Area of 4 walls ) = Perimeter of the base
xh

CYLINDER
Curved surface area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ Volume = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)

CONE Curved surface area = 𝜋𝑟𝑙

1
Total surface area = 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙) Volume = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Slant height = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2

SPHERE
Curved/Total surface area = 4𝜋𝑟 2 4
Volume = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

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 SHAPE SURFACE AREA / DIAGONAL VOLUME

HEMISPHERE
Curved surface area = 2𝜋𝑟 2
2
Total surface area = 3𝜋𝑟 2 Volume = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

Common formula of volume for any prism ( cube, cuboid, cylinder) = Area of the base x
height .

𝟏
Common formula of volume for any pyramid ( cone) = 𝟑 area of the base x height.

Level - 1
1. A water tank is 4m long and 3.5m wide and it is filled with water. To lower down the
water level by 2cm, how much water have to be released?
2. A rectangular solid body is 80cm long, 75cm wide and 36cm high. Find the side of
cubical body whose volume is equal to that body.
3. What will be the expense of digging a well of radius 3 m and depth 7 m at the rate of
Rs 30 per m3.
4. The curved surface area of a right circular cylinder is 880cm2 and height is 20cm, find
the volume of the cylinder.
5. A right circular cylinder has height 7cm and radius of the base 12cm. How many
cubical dice of edge 2cm can be made by melting the cylinder.
6. Total surface area of a cone is 22m2. Its slant height is 6 times the radius of base. Find
the diameter of its base.
7. A conical hole of height 8cm and base radius 6cm is cut out from a solid cylinder of
the same dimension. Find the volume of the remaining solid.
8. How many spherical balls of 1cm radius can be casted from a sphere of radius 10cm.
9. A spherical stone has diameter 42cm and density of stone is 2 gm per cm3. If any
person can lift a weight of 100kg, then can he lift this stone?
10. A sphere is inscribed in a cube of side 6m. Find the volume of sphere.
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Level - 2
1. A closed box is made of 2.5cm thick wood. If external dimensions of the box be
1m, 60cm and 50cm, find the volume of the wood used in the box.
2. The circumference of the base of 10m high conical tent is 44m. Find the area of
the canvas used in making the tent.
3. The radii of two cylinders are in the ratio of 2 : 3 and their heights are in the ratio
of 5 : 3. Find the ratio of their volumes.
4. A sphere and a right circular cylinder of the same radius have equal volumes. By
what percentage does the diameter of the cylinder exceed its height?
5. Two solid spheres made of the same metal have weights 5920 gm and 740 gm
respectively. Determine the radius of the larger sphere, if the diameter of the
smaller one is 5 cm.
6. A right circular cylinder just encloses a sphere of radius ‘r’. Prove that the surface
area of sphere is equal to the curved surface area of cylinder.
7. An edge of cube measures r cm. If the largest possible right circular cone is cut
1
out of this cube, then prove that the volume of cone is 6 𝜋𝑟 3 .

8. A cone of height 24cm has a curved surface area 550cm2. Find its volume.
9. The diameter of a sphere is decreased by 25%. By what percent does its curved
surface area decreases?
10. 30 circular plates, each of radius 14cm and thickness 3cm are placed one above
the other to form a cylindrical solid. Find the total surface area and the volume of
the cylinder so formed.

Answers
Level – 1
1. 280000cm3 2. 60cm 3. Rs 5940 4. 3080cm3 5. 396 6. 2m
7. 192𝜋 cm3 8. 1000 9. Yes 10. 36𝜋 cm3

Level – 2
1. 64875cm3 2. 268.4m2 3. 20 : 27 4. 50% 5. 5 cm 8. 1232cm3

9. 43.75% 10. 9152cm2 ; 55440cm3.

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