Presentation content
I. INVERSION
1. What is inversion ?
- Inversion refers to the reversal of the position of an adverb and an auxiliary
verb, which appear before the subject. Inversion is typically used to
emphasize an action or quality of the subject and to make the sentence more
expressive.
- Basic inversion formula :
Adverb + Auxiliary verb + S + V
- Example 1 :
I haven’t ever felt so lonely. → Never had I felt so lonely.
Adverb: Never | Auxiliary verb: had
- Example 2 :
I met him only once. → Only once did I meet him.
Adverb: Only once | Auxiliary verb: did
2. Common inversion structures
2.1. Inversion with Negative Adverbs of Frequency
Negative adverbs such as barely, hardly, never, rarely, scarcely, seldom,
little trigger inversion.
Never / Rarely / Seldom / Little + auxiliary verb + S + V
- Example :
She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep = Scarcely had
she finished reading when she fell asleep.
Casper little knew that this was the end of his career. = Little did
Casper know that this was the end of his career.
★ She never goes out with strangers = Never does she go out with
strangers.
★ I hardly study English at night = Hardly do I study English at night.
2.2 Inversion with "No sooner...than" and "Hardly...when"
No sooner + auxiliary verb + S + V + than + S + V
Hardly + auxiliary verb + S + V + when + S + V
- Example :
★ No sooner did I arrive home than my family started eating lunch =
Hardly did I arrive home when my family started eating lunch.
★ No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang. = Hardly had I
arrived home when the phone rang.
2.3 Inversion with "Not only...but also"
Not only + auxiliary verb + S + V, but S also V
- Example :
★ Not only is he nice but he also plays football well.
★ Not only is she beautiful but also intelligent.
2.4 Inversion with Negative Phrases Containing "No"
Some negative expressions include:
● At no time
● In no way
● On no condition
● On no account
● Under no circumstances
● No longer
● No where
Negative phrase + auxiliary verb + S + V
- Example :
★ She didn’t have to do like that = On no account did you do like that.
★ He never goes out with strangers = At no time does he go out with
strangers.
★ Leaving home is always a bad idea = In no circumstances should you
leave home.
2.5 Inversion with "Until / Till”
Not until / till + clause / time + auxiliary verb + S + V
- Example :
★ Not until I helped could she carry the heavy bags.
★ Not till I told him did he realize that he left his phone at home.
★ Not until 12pm did I finish my homework.
2.6 Inversion with “So that” and “Such that”
Such + adjective + noun + that + clause
So + adjective/adverb + auxiliary verb + noun + that + clause
- Example :
★ Such an interesting movie that I have seen it 3 times = So interesting is
this movie that I have seen it 3 times.
★ Such a beautiful song that I have listened to many times = So beautiful
is this song that I have listened to many times.
3. Special inversion structures
3.1 Inversion in conditional sentences
Type 1 - Polite suggestions :
Should + subject + verb, subject + will/should/may + verb
- Example :
★ If an ice cube is melted, we’ll have water. = Should an ice cube be
melted, we’ll have water.
★ If he has a lot of money, he will help the poor = Should he have a lot of
money, he will help the poor.
★ If I leave, I won’t meet her again = Should I leave, I won’t meet her
again.
Type 2 - Hypothetical situations or polite advice :
Were + S + to V / Were + S, S + would/could/might + V
- Example :
★ If I were you, I would change my phone. = Were I you, I would change
my phone.
★ If I earned more money, I would buy that dress = Were I to earn more
money, I would buy that dress.
★ If I were you, I would help poor people = Were I you, I would help poor
people.
Type 3 - Past unreal conditions :
Had + S + past participle, S + would/should/might have + past participle
- Example :
★ If he had chosen to work in this company, he would have had a lot of
money. = Had he chosen to work in this company, he would have had
a lot of money.
★ If John had had a map yesterday, he would have found the way home.
= Had John had a map yesterday, he would have found the way home.
3.2 Inversion with “Only”
Structure Example
Only after + N/V-ing + aux + Only after lunch can we watch TV.
S+V
Only if / Only when + clause Only if he agrees would she go with me.
+ aux + S + V Only when I met him did he recognize
me.
Only in this/that way / Only Only in this way did he come back
then + aux + S + V home.
Only then did she receive my money.
Only with + noun/clause Only with effort was he able to escape.
Only in + time/place Only in recent years have we seen big
expression changes.
II. EMPHASIS
We can use different grammatical structures to add emphasis, either to a
whole sentence or to highlight one particular part of it.
1. Cleft sentence :
- Cleft sentences allow us to emphasise different parts of the sentence,
depending on which part is the most important.
- Cleft sentences are usually introduced by it or by a clause beginning with
what.
1.1 Cleft sentences beginning with it
- Example : You invited me to the party yesterday (no emphasis)
We can emphasise different elements of this sentence by 'fronting' them, that
is, moving them to the front of the sentence after it + be.
+ It was you who invited me to the party yesterday.
Emphasis: you (not another person)
+ It was yesterday that you invited me to the party.
Emphasis: yesterday (not another time)
+ It was the party that you invited me to yesterday.
Emphasis: the party (not another event)
1.2 Cleft sentences beginning with that
- What clauses + be are common in spoken English. They emphasise the
part of the sentence that is outside the what clause.
+ What I like best about going to the cinema is talking about the film
afterwards.
+ What drives me up the wall is people talking during the film.
+ What I found was that the films my friends liked were very different from the
ones I liked.
- This kind of cleft sentence can also begin with where, why, who, how, etc.
+ How the kids did this is still unclear to me.
- We can also put the what clause at the end of the sentence.
+ The game we played was what I liked the most.
Knowledge
Đảo ngữ
1. Đảo ngữ với trạng từ chỉ tần suất
Barely / Hardly / Never / Rarely / Scarcely / Seldom / Little + trợ động từ + S + V
(không bao giờ/hiếm khi ai đó làm gì)
Ví dụ :
She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep = Scarcely had she
finished reading when she fell asleep.
Casper little knew that this was the end of his career. = Little did Casper know
that this was the end of his career.
★ She never goes out with strangers = Never does she go out with strangers.
★ I hardly study English at night = Hardly do I study English at night.
2. Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc No sooner… than = Hardly…When
No sooner + trợ động từ + S + V + than + S + V
= Hardly + trợ động từ + S + V + when + S + V
(Ngay sau khi/Không bao lâu sau khi … thì…)
Ví dụ :
★ No sooner did I arrive home than my family started eating lunch = Hardly did I
arrive home when my family started eating lunch.
★ No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang. = Hardly had I arrived
home when the phone rang.
★ No sooner did I meet her than she started eating dinner with him.
★ No sooner did we leave home than the letter was delivered.
3. Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc Not only … but also
Not only + trợ động từ + S + V but S also V
(không chỉ… mà còn)
Ví dụ :
★ Not only is he nice but he also plays football well.
★ Not only are mothers not paid but also most of their boring or difficult work is
unnoticed.
★ Not only is she beautiful but also intelligent.
4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ phủ định có No
❖ At no time : Chưa từng bao giờ
❖ In no way : Không còn cách nào
❖ On no condition : Tuyệt đối không
❖ On no account = For no reasons : Không có bất cứ lý do gì
❖ Under / In no circumstances : Trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
❖ No longer : Không còn nữa
❖ No where : Không một nơi nào
Cụm phủ định có No + trợ động từ + S + V
Ví dụ:
★ She didn’t have to do like that = On no account did you do like that.
★ He never goes out with strangers = At no time does he go out with strangers.
★ Leaving home is always a bad idea = In no circumstances should you leave
home.
★ We can’t go to the bus stop in time = In no way can we go to the bus stop in
time.
★ She didn’t have to do like that = On no account did you do like that.
★ Leaving home is always a bad idea = In no circumstances should you leave
home.
★ She never goes out with strangers = At no time does she go out with
strangers.
★ This village grows the best corn = No where can you grow corn as good as in
this village.
5. Đảo ngữ trong tiếng Anh với cấu trúc “Until/ Till”
Not until/ till + (S+V)/ time + trợ động từ + S + V
(Cho đến khi… thì mới…)
Ví dụ:
★ Not until I helped could she carry the heavy bags.
★ Not till I told him did he realize that he left his phone at home.
★ Not until 12pm did I finish my homework.
6. Đảo ngữ với So that và Such that
Such + tính từ + N + that + S + V
So + tính/trạng từ + trợ động từ + N + that + S + V
Ví dụ:
Such an interesting movie that I have seen it 3 times = So interesting is this
movie that I have seen it 3 times.
Such a beautiful song that I have listened to many times = So beautiful is this
song that I have listened to many times.
7. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện If
7.1 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1 :
Should + S + V, S + will/should/may/shall + V…
Ví dụ:
If an ice cube is melted, we’ll have water. = Should an ice cube be melted,
we’ll have water.
If he has a lot of money, he will help the poor = Should he have a lot of
money, he will help the poor.
If I leave, I won’t meet her again = Should I leave, I won’t meet her again.
7.2 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2 :
Were S + to V / Were S, S + would/could/might + V
Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would change my phone. = Were I you, I would change my
phone.
If I earned more money, I would buy that dress = Were I to earn more money,
I would buy that dress.
If I were you, I would help poor people = Were I you, I would help poor
people.
7.3 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3 :
Had + S + P2, S + would/should/might have P2
Ví dụ:
If he had chosen to work in this company, he would have had a lot of money. =
Had he chosen to work in this company, he would have had a lot of money.
If John had had a map yesterday, he would have found the way home. = Had
John had a map yesterday, he would have found the way home.
If Helen had played volleyball yesterday, she would have won = Had Helen
played volleyball yesterday, she would have won.
8. Đảo ngữ với Only
Đảo ngữ Cấu trúc Ví dụ
Only after / Only after + N/V- Only after lunch can we watch TV
Only one ing (S+V) + trợ together. = Only after eating dinner
động từ + S + V does he go shopping with his friends.
(Chỉ sau khi…)
Only if Only if +(S+V) + trợ She would go with me if he agrees. =
động từ + S + V Only if he agrees would she go with
me
(Chỉ khi/ Nếu)
Only in this Only in this/that Only in this way did he come back
way / Only in way + trợ động từ home.
that way +S+V
Only in that way will he study harder.
(Chỉ bằng cách
này/cách kia)
Only then Only then + trợ Only then did she receive my money.
động từ + S + V
(Chỉ đến lúc đó)
Only when Only when + (S+V) Only when I met him did he
+ trợ động từ + S + recognize me.
Only when you study foreign
(Chỉ đến khi) languages will many opportunities
happen.
Only with + Only with + Only with a great deal of effort was
N/Clause N/Clause he able to escape.
Only in Only in + giới từ Only in recent years have we started
chỉ thời gian/ địa “breaking the walls” between the
điểm genders.
Đảo ngữ Cấu trúc Ví dụ
Only Only after + N/V-ing (S+V) + Only after lunch can we watch TV together.
after trợ động từ + S + V
(Chỉ sau bữa trưa chúng ta mới có thể xem TV
(Chỉ sau khi…) cùng nhau).Only after eating dinner does he
go shopping with his friends.
(Chỉ sau khi ăn tối xong cậu ấy mới đi mua
sắm với bạn bè).
Only by Only by + N/V-ing + trợ Only by studying English well can you have a
động từ + S + V good job.
(Chỉ bằng cách…) (Chỉ bằng cách học tốt tiếng Anh thì bạn mới
có thể có một công việc tốt.)Only by
production can a nation satisfy demands.
(Chỉ bằng cách sản xuất thì một quốc gia mới
có thể thỏa mãn các nhu cầu).
Only if Only if +(S+V) + trợ động từ Only if he agrees would she go with me = She
+S+V would go with me if he agrees.
(Chỉ khi/ Nếu) (Nếu anh ấy đồng ý, cô ấy mới đi với tôi).Only
if it isn’t cold can we eat out.
(Chỉ khi trời không lạnh, chúng tôi mới ra
ngoài ăn).
Only in Only in this/that way + trợ Only in this way can I study English.
this/ động từ + S + V
that way (Chỉ bằng cách này tôi mới học được tiếng
(Chỉ bằng cách này/đó) Anh).Only in that way will he pass the exam.
(Chỉ bằng cách đó anh ấy mới vượt qua kỳ
thi).
Only Only then + trợ động từ + S Only then did she receive my money.
then +V
(Chỉ đến lúc đó cô ấy mới nhận số tiền của
(Chỉ đến lúc đó) tôi).
Only Only when + (S+V) + trợ Only when I met him did he recognize me.
when động từ + S + V
(Chỉ đến khi tôi gặp anh ấy, anh ấy mới nhận
(Chỉ đến khi) ra tôi).Only when you study foreign languages
will many opportunities happen.
(Chỉ đến khi bạn học ngoại ngữ, những cơ hội
mới mở ra).
9. Đảo ngữ với “No” và “Not any”
No/Not any + N + Trợ động từ + S + V
Ví dụ :
★ No sneakers shall I buy for you = Not any sneakers shall I buy for you.
★ Not any chances will we work together in the future.