Biology Topic : Biomolecules

Q.1 With reference to enzymes, turnover number means – (1) Formic acid (2) Glycerol
(1) the number of substrate molecules that molecule of an (3) Glycolic acid (4) Glycine
enzyme converts into products per minute.
(2) the number of substrate molecules that molecule of an Q.9 Sugars are technically called carbohydrates, referring to
enzyme converts into products per day. the fact that their formulae are only multiple of C(H2O).
(3) the number of substrate molecules that molecule of an Hexoses therefore have six carbons, twelve hydrogens and
enzyme converts into products per hour. six oxygen atoms. Glucose is a hexose. Choose from
(4) the number of substrate molecules that molecule of an among the following another hexose.
enzyme converts into products per second. (1) Fructose (2) Erythrose
(3) Ribulose (4) Ribose
Q.2 With reference to enzymes, which one of the following
statements is true? Q.10 When you take cells or tissue pieces and grind them with
(1) Apoenzyme = Holoenzyme + Coenzyme an acid in a mortar and pestle, all the small biomolecules
(2) Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme + Coenzyme dissolve in the acid. Proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic
(3) Coenzyme = Apoenzyme + Holoenzyme acids are insoluble in mineral acid and get precipitated.
(4) Holoenzyme = Coenzyme – Apoenzyme The acid soluble compounds include aminoacids,
nucleosides, small sugars etc. When one adds a phosphate
Q.3 _____ are the most abundant proteins in the living world. group to a nucleoside one gets another acid soluble
(1) Ribozyme of plants and collagen of animals biomolecule called
(2) RuBisCO of plants and collagen of animals (1) Nitrogen base (2) Adenine
(3) PEP case of plants and keratin of animals (3) Sugar phosphate (4) Nucleotide
(4)Alcohol dehydrogenase of plants and melanin of
animals Q.11 When we homogenise any tissue in an acid the acid
soluble pool represents
Q.4 Identify this structure: (1) Cytoplasm (2) Cell membrane
O
(3) Nucleus (4) Mitochondria
H N
Q.12 The most abundant chemical in living organisms could be
O N (1) Protein (2) Water
(3) Sugar (4) Nucleic acid
H
(1) Adynylic Acid (2) Uracil
Q.13 A homopolymer has only one type of building block called
(3) Cholesterol (4) Adenosine
monomer repeated ‘n’ number of times. A heteropolymer
has more than one type of monomer. Proteins are
Q.5 What is the role of competitive inhibitor during enzyme
heteropolymers made of aminoacids. While a nucleic acid
action?
(1) It alters the active site of the enzyme and prevents the like DNA or RNA is made of only 4 types of nucleotide
monomers, proteins are made of
binding of substrate
(1) 20 types of monomers (2) 40 types of monomers
(2) It enhances enzyme action
(3) 3 types of monomers (4) only one type of monomer
(3) It inhibits breaking of chemical bonds of the substrate
(4) It declines the enzyme action
Q.14 Glycogen is a homopolymer made of
Q.6 In a polysaccharide, number of monosaccharides are
(1) Glucose units (2) Galactose units
linked by –
(3) Ribose units (4) Amino acids
(1) glycosidic bond (2) peptide bond
(3) hydrogen bond (4) phosphoester bond
Q.15 The number of ‘ends’ in a glycogen molecule would be
(1) Equal to the number of branches plus one
Q.7 Many elements are found in living organisms either free or
(2) Equal to the number of branch points
in the form of compounds. One of the following is not,
(3) One
found in living organisms.
(4) Two, one on the left side and another on the right side
(1) Silicon (2) Magnesium
(3) Iron (4) Sodium
Q.16 A pure protein should normally have
Q.8 Amino acids, as the name suggests, have both an amino (1) Two ends (2) One end
(3) Three ends (4) No ends
group and a carboxyl group in their structure. In addition,
all naturally occurring aminoacids (those which are found
in proteins) are called L-aminoacids. From this, can you
guess from which compound can the simplest aminoacid
be made?

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Q.17 Enzymes are biocatalysts. They catalyse biochemical Q.26 In a DNA molecule, the phosphate group is attached to
reactions. In general they reduce activation energy of ____ carbon of the sugar residue of its own nucleotide and
reactions. Many physico-chemical processes are enzyme carbon of the sugar residue of the next nucleotide by
mediated. Some examples of enzyme mediated reactions bonds.
are given below. Tick the wrong entry (1) 5', 3', phosphodiester (2) 5', 3', glycosidic
(1) Dissolving CO2 in water (3) 3', 5', phosphodiester (4) 3', 5', glycosidic
(2) Untwining the two strands of DNA
(3) Hydrolysis of sucrose Q.27 Pyrimidines have nitrogen atoms at _____ positions.
(4) Formation of peptide bond (1) 1', 3', 7', 9' (2) 1', 5', 7', 9'
(3) 1', 3' (4) 1', 9'
Q.18 Component present in both nucleotides & nucleosides is
(1) sugar (2) phosphate Q.28 The correct order of chemical composition of living
(3) nitrogenous base (4) both (1) and (3) tissues/ cells in term of percentage of the total cellular
mass is
Q.19 Which of the following statements about amino acids is (1) Nucleic acid > Proteins > H20 > Carbohydrates >
incorrect? Ions > Lipids
(1) Essential amino acids are not synthesized in the body, (2) H2O > Proteins > Nucleic acid > Carbohydrates >
therefore have to be provided in the diet. Lipids > Ions
(2) Leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine are essential amino (3) H2O > Proteins > Carbohydrates > Nucleic acid >
acids. Lipids > Ions
(3) Cysteine and methionine are sulphur containing amino (4) Lipids > Ions > Carbohydrates > H2O > Proteins >
acids.
Nucleic acid
(4) Lysine and arginine are acidic amino acids.
Q.29 An a helix is the example of which type of protein
Q.20 The sum total composition of acid soluble and acid
structure?
insoluble fraction represents the entire composition of
(1) Primary (2) Secondary
(1) dead cells (2) gene pool (3) Tertiary (4) Quaternary
(3) cellular pool (4) gene library
Q.30 The polysaccharides made up of glucose monomers are
Q.21 An example of aromatic amino acid is
(1) sucrose, lactose, maltose
(1) tyrosi ne (2) phenylalanine
(2) chitin, glycogen, starch
(3) tryptophan (4) all of these.
(3) starch, glycogen, cellulose
(4) starch, inulin, peptidoglycan.
Q.22 Given molecular formula belongs to which of the
following groups of biomolecules?
O Q.31 The regulation by an organism of chemical composition of
its blood and body fluids and other aspects of its internal
O CH2 – O – C – R1
environment so that physiological processes can proceed at
R2 – C – O – CH O
optimum rates is called
CH2– O – C – R3 (1) metabolism (2) enthalpy
(1) Carbohydrates (2) Proteins (3) entropy (4) homeostasis
(3) Nucleic acids (4) Triglycerides
Q.32 What is denoted by X and Y in the given graph?
Q.23 Biological molecules are primarily joined by Y
Potential energy

(1) peptide bonds (2) ionic bonds

(3) hydrogen bonds (4) covalent bonds X

Q.24 Which of the following is a triglyceride?

(1) Wax (2) Phospholipid
(3) Oil (4) Steroid Progress of reaction
(1) X = Activation energy without enzyme
Q.25 Select the option that correctly identifies the chemical Y = Activation energy with enzyme
bond: present in the given biomolecules. (2) X = Activation energy with enzyme
Polysaccharides - A, Proteins - B, Fats - C, Water- D Y = Activation energy without enzyme
(1) A-Ester, B-Peptide, C-Glycosidic, D-Hydrogen (3) X = Substrate concentration with enzyme
(2) A-Glycosidic, B-Peptide, C-Ester, D-Hydrogen Y = Substrate concentration without enzyme
(3) A-Glycosidic, B-Peptide, C-Hydrogen, D-Ester (4) X = Substrate concentration without enzyme
(4) A-Hydrogen, B-Ester, C-Peptide, D-Glycosidic Y = Substrate concentration with enzyme

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Q.33 Feed back inhibition of an enzyme is influenced by Q.41 Acidic amino acids have two – COOH groups and one
(1) enzyme itself (2) external factors – NH2 group per molecule. Select the pair that consists of
(3) end product (4) substrate acidic amino acids.
(1) Aspartic acid, glutamic acid
Q.34 Michaelis Menten Constant (Km) is equal to (2) Lysine, arginine
(1) the rate of reaction (3) Glycine, alanine
(2) the rate of enzymatic activity (4) Both (1) and (2)
(3) substrate concentration at which the reaction attains Q.42 Which of the following statements is not correct regarding
half of its maximum velocity chitin?
(4) substrate concentration at which the rate of reaction (1) It is a storage polysaccharide.
is maximum. (2) It is a homopolysaccharide.
(3) It is a constituent of arthropod exoskeleton and fungal
Q.35 Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate is an cell wall.
example of (4) It is the second most abundant carbohydrate on earth.
(1) non-competitive inhibition Q.43 Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct
(2) competitive inhibition option from the codes given below.
(3) allosteric inhibition Column-I Column-II
(4) negative feed back. A. Cotton fibre (i) Starch
Q.36 Enzymes are most functional at the temperature range of B. Exoskeleton of cockroach (ii) Glycogen
(1) 15 - 25°C (2) 20 - 30°C C. Liver (iii) Chitin
(3) 30° - 50°C (4) 50 - 60°C D. Peeled potato (iv) Inulin
E. Roots of Dahlia (v) Cellulose
Q.37 Which of the following is an example of isozyme? (1) A-(v), B-(iii), C-(ii). D-(i), E-(iv)
(1) -Amylase (2) Glucokinase (2) A-(v), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv), E-(ii)
(3) Lactate dehydrogenase (4) All of these (3) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(v), E-(iv)
(4) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(v), D-(iv), E-(i)
Q.38 Saturated fatty acids possess ____ bonds between carbon
atoms and are ____ at room temperature. Q.44 ______ is the most abundant protein in animal world and
(1) single, solids (2) double, solids _____ is the most abundant protein in the whole biosphere.
(3) single, liquids (4) double, liquids (1) Collagen, RuBisCO (2) Collagen, keratin
(3) Keratin, RuBisCO (4) Keratin, collagen
Q.39 Cytidine is a –
(1) nitrogenous base (2) nucleoside Q.45 An unknown liquid collected from a sample of peas, is
(3) nucleotide (4) nucleic acid added to a beaker of water and is vigorously shaken. After
few minutes, water and the unknown liquid made two
Q.40 Which of the following is the correct match? separate layers. To which class of biomolecules, does the
Acidic amino Basic amino Neutral amino unknown liquid most likely belong?
acid acid acid (1) Polysaccharides (2) Proteins
(1) Glutamic acid Lysine Valine (3) Lipids (4) Enzymes
(2) Lysine Valine Glutamic acid
(3) Glutamic acid Valine Lysine
(4) Lysine Glutamic acid Valine

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 Biology Topic : Biomolecules [SOLUTIONS]
(15) (1). All the branches of glycogen ends in non-reducing end
(1) (1). while the right end is reducing.
(2) (2). (1) = achlorophyllous (16) (1). Primary structure of a protein is simply the amino acid
(3) and (4) = are not thallophytes as they possess sequence of it which has two ends the carboxyl and
root and leaf amino terminals.
(3) (2). (4) (2). (5) (4). (6) (1). (17) (1). Dissolving CO2 in water does not require any enzyme.
(7) (1). Various mineral elements present in living organisms CO2 has higher solubility in water than O2.
include (i) major minerals (macro minerals)- Calcium
Solubility of CO2 in water can be increased with
(Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus
(P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Sulphur (5) and (ii) decrease in temperature, a principle used in carbonated
trace minerals (micro minerals)- Chromium (Cr), drinks.
Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), (18) (4). Nucleoside is a compound formed by the union of a
Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Me), nitrogen base with a pentose sugar. It is a component
Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn). of nucleotide. Each nucleotide is composed of three
(8) (4). Glycine is the simplest amino acid with hydrogen as R smaller units; a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar and a
group. Formic acid is simplest carboxylic acid phosphate group.
Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogenous base
molecule. It is chemically HCOOH. Glycerol is a group
polyol compound, which is chemically propane-1, 2, Nucleoside
3-triol and glycolic acid is chemically, 2- Nucleotide
hydroxyethanoic acid. The nucleoside combines with a phosphate group at 5'
(9) (1). Fructose and glucose, both are six carbon sugars position by an ester bond to form a nucleotide, or
having formula C6H12O6. Erythrose is a four carbon nucleoside monophosphate. For example, the
sugar. Ribulose and Ribose are both five carbon combination adenine ribose-phosphate and adenine-
sugars. deoxyribose-phosphate are nucleotides.
(10) (4). Nucleoside is basically sugar + nitrogenous base. (19) (4). Acidic amino acids have an extra carboxylic group
Nucleotide is sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate. (mono-amino dicarboxylic), e.g., glutamate (glutamic
DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides. acid, Glu), asparate (aspartic acid, Asp).
(11) (1). The acid soluble pool has roughly similar composition Basic amino acids have an additional amino group
as of cytoplasm. Biomolecules with molecular weights without forming amides (diamino monocarboxylic),
in the range of 18 - 800 Daltons come in acid-soluble e.g., arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys).
fraction (with the exception of lipids). Though, the Neutral amino acids have one amino group and one
macromolecules from cytoplasm and organelles carboxylic group (mono-amino mnocarboxylic) with
represent the acid-insoluble fraction. noncyclic hydrocarbon chain, e.g., glycine (Gly),
(12) (2). alanine (Ala), valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine
(13) (1). The function and shape of a protein is affected by (lie).
sequence of 20 types of amino acids, each having an (20) (3). Cellular pool is the aggregation of various kinds of
amino group – NH2, a carboxylic acid group – COOH, biomolecules in a cell. It comprises of over 5000
chemical both inorganic and organic. Inorganic
a hydrogen atom each attached to carbon located next molecules generally occur in aqueous pool while
to – COOH group and a side chain R which varies organic molecules are found in both aqueous and non
from one amino acid to other. (It can be hydrogen or aqueous pool.
an aliphatic group, an aromatic or heterocyclic group). (21) (4). Aromatic amino acids possess cyclic structure in the
H
| side chain e.g., phenylalanine, tryptophan (actually
H 2 N  C  COOH
| heterocyclic) or tyrosine (having OH group).
R (22) (4). The three hydroxyl groups of a glycerol molecule join
(14) (1). Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose. It is with the carboxyl groups of three fatty acid molecules
readily soluble in water. It consists of -D glucose to form a fat or triglyceride molecule. The chemical
units, mostly linked by 1-4 glycosidic linkage, and is linkage between the glycerol and fatty acids is called
highly branched via frequent 1-6 linkages. Glycogen is the ester bond. It results from the elimination of three
found mostly in muscles and livers of animals and is molecules of water (condensation or dehydration).
also called animal starch. It gives red colour with (23) (4).
iodine solution. It has about 30,000 glucose residues (24) (3). Hard fats (e.g. butter, ghee) and oils (e.g. sunflower
and a molecular weight of about 4.8 million. The oil, mustard oil, groundnut oil etc.) are the examples
straight part is helically twisted with each turn having of triglycerides.
six glucose units. The distance between two branching (25) (2). In polysaccharides, monosaccharides are linked
points is 10-14 glucose residues. In a polysaccharide together by glycosidic bond (C-O-C). It is formed by
chain of glycogen, the right end is called reducing end dehydration between two carbon atoms of two
and the left end is called non-reducing end.

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 adjacent monosaccharides. Water has hydrogen enzyme molecules (i.e. 50%) are bound with the
bonding. substrate molecules when the substrate concentration
(26) (1). DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) is a helically twisted equals the Km value. It was given by Leonor Michaelis
double chain polydeoxyribonucleotide macromolecule and Maud Menten (1913). Km value is a characteristic
which constitutes the genetic material of almost all
feature of a given enzyme. It is a representative for
organisms. A deoxyribonucleotide of DNA is formed measuring the strength of ES complex. A low Km
by cross-linking of three chemicals- deoxyribose sugar
(C5H10O4), a nitrogen base and phosphoric acid value indicates a strong affinity between enzyme and
substrate, whereas a high Km value reflects a weak
(H3PO4). The backbone of a DNA strand is built up of
affinity between them. For majority of enzymes, the
alternate deoxyribose and phosphoric acid groups. The
Km values are in the range of 10–5 to 10–2 moles.
phosphate group is connected to carbon 5' of the sugar
residue of its own nucleotide and carbon 3' of the Vmax C
sugar residue of the next nucleotide by phosphodiester

Velocity
bonds. B
1V
(27) (3). 2 max
A
(28) (2). The average composition of a living cell is water 70- Km
90%; proteins 10-15%; nucleic acids 5-7%;
Substrate concentration
carbohydrates 3%; lipids 2%; ions 1%. Fig. Effect of substrate concentration
(29) (2). on reaction velocity
(30) (3). (A-linear; B-curve; C-almost unchanged).
(31) (4). Homeostasis is the regulation by an organism of the (35) (2). In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor (I) closely
chemical composition of its body fluids and other resembles the real substrate (S), and is regarded as a
aspects of its internal environment so that substrate analogue. The inhibitor competes with
physiological processes can proceed at optimum rates. substrate and binds at the active site of the enzyme but
(32) (2). does not undergo any catalysis. As long as the
Transition state competitive inhibitor holds the active site, the enzyme
is not available for the substrate to bind. A competitive
Free energy

Activation energy
(Non-enzymatic reaction) inhibitor diminishes the rate of catalysis by reducing
Activation
the proportion of enzyme molecules bound to a
energy
(Enzymatic reaction)
substrate. At any given inhibitor concentration,
competitive inhibition can be relieved by increasing
Substrate (S)
the substrate concentration. Under these conditions,
Product (P)
the substrate successfully competes with the inhibitor
Progress of reaction for the active site. Thus, competitive inhibition is
Figure : Lowering of activation energy by enzyme usually reversible since the addition of more substrate
in the energy relations of a chemical reaction
tends to reduce the effect of the inhibitor. In
Most reactions do not start automatically because the competitive inhibition, the Km value increases
reactions have an energy barrier which may be due to
hydrogen bonding, absence of precise collisions due to whereas Vmax remains unchanged.
small reactive site, mutual repulsion etc. External The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase is a classical
supply of energy needed to overcome this barrier is example of competitive inhibition with succinic acid
known as activation energy. The enzyme lowers the as its substrate. The compounds, namely, malonic
activation energy of the reaction and allows a large acid, glutaric acid and oxalic acid, have structural
number of molecules to react at a time. similarity with succinic acid and compete with the
(33) (3). substrate for binding at the active site of succinate
Feedback dehydrogenase enzyme.
Enzyme (36) (3).
(37) (4). The multiple molecular forms of an enzyme occurring
Substrate Product in the same organism and having a similar substrate
In feed back inhibition, product of a reaction inhibits activity are called isoenzymes or isozymes. They have
the enzyme catalysing that reaction. It is a type of similar properties but different molecular weights and
control mechanism at the enzyme level. If the product location. Over 100 enzymes are known to have
is produced in sufficient amount, it inhibits the
isoenzymes. -amylase of wheat endosperm has 16
enzyme to stop the further production.
isozymes, lactate dehydrogenase has 5 isozymes.
(34) (3). Km or the Michaelis-Menten constant is defined as the
(38) (1). Saturated fats do not possess any double bonds in their
substrate concentration (expressed in moles/I) at fatty acid chains. They have higher melting points and
which half-maximum velocity in an enzyme catalyzed are solids at room temperature. Animal fats are mostly
reaction is achieved. It indicates that half of the saturated fats.

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 Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds in (43) (1). Cellulose is the structural polysaccharide of cell walls
their fatty acids. They have lower melting points and in most of the plants. Cotton fibres have about 90% of
are liquids at room temperature. These lower the blood cellulose. Chitin is the structural polysaccharide of
cholesterol level. Plant fats are generally unsaturated fungal walls and exoskeleton of arthropods (e.g.
fats. cockroach, etc.). Starch and glycogen are the storage
(39) (2). Cystosine (C) is a pyrimidine i.e. a nitrogenous base. polysaccharides and serve as the reserve food
A combination of a nitrogenous base (purine or materials of plants and animals respectively. Glycogen
pyrimidine) with a pentose sugar is known as is mainly stored inside liver (upto 0.1 kg) and muscles.
nucleoside. Thus, the combination of cytosine with Inulin is a fructan storage polysaccharide of roots and
ribose sugar results in the formation of a nucleoside tubers of Dahlia and related plants. Inulin is not
called as cytidine. Similarly the combination of metabolised in human body and is readily filtered
cytosine with deoxyribose sugar is called as through the kidney. It is, therefore, used in testing of
deoxycytidine. kidney function, especially glomerular filtration.
(40) (1). (44) (1).
(41) (1). (45) (3). Since lipids are mainly non-polar, they are immiscible
(42) (1). Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide with water, which is polar.
(after cellulose). Chitin is not a storage polysaccharide
rather it is a structural homopolysaccharide, which
forms the structural component of fungal walls and
exoskeleton of arthropods. It is an unbranched
polysaccharide formed of N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG) monomers joined together by -1,4 linkages.