HR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ALIGARH

PROBABILITY Total Marks : 122

CLASS -XII (MATHEMATICS)

SECTION B

* Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [30]

1. Given that E and F are events such that P (E) = 0.6, P (F) = 0.3 and P(E ∩ F ) = 0.2,
find P(E|F) and P(F|E).

H
Ans. : Given: P (E) = 0.6, P (F) = 0.3 and P(E ∩ F ) = 0.2

AR
P (E∩F )
0.2 2
∴ P (E|F ) = = =

IG
P (F ) 0.3 3

And
P (E∩F )
0.2 1
P (F |E) = = =

AL
P (E) 0.6 3

2. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions,

200 difficult True/False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400

OL
difficult multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the
question bank, what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that
HO
it is a multiple choice question?
Ans. : Let E: it is an easy question
SC

F: it is a multiple choice question.

Total number of questions = 300 + 200 + 500 + 400 = 1400
L
NA

P (E ∩ F ) =
500

1400
and P(F) = 500+400

1400
=
9

14

Hence, required probability =

P (E∩F ) 5/14
P (
E
) = = =
5
TIO

F P (F ) 9/14 9

3. A Box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges

drawn without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is
NA

approved for sale, other wise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box
containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be
ER

approved for sale.

NT

Ans. : Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and third
drawn oranges good.
I

Therefore,probability that first drawn orange is good = P(A) = . 12

HR

15

The oranges are not replaced. Therefore,probability of getting second orange

good = P(B) = 11

14
.
Similarly, probability of getting third orange good = P(C) = 10

13

The box is approved for sale if all the three oranges are good.
∴ Required probability =
12

15
×
11

14
×
10

13
=
44

91

Page 1
4. Let E and F be events with P (E) = 3
, P (F) = 3
and P (E ∩ F ) = 1
. Are E and F
5 10 5

independent?

Ans. : Given, P (E) = 3

5
and P (F) = 3

10

1
∴ P (E ∩ F ) =
5

Now P (E). P (F) = 3

5
×
3

10
=
9

50

⇒ P (E ∩ F ) ≠P (E).P (F)
Therefore, E and F are not independent events.
5. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 1
, P (B) = 1
and 1
, find

H
P (A ∩ B) =
4 2 8

P(not A and not B).

AR
Ans. : P (A) = 1

4
, P (B) = 1

2
, P (A ∩ B) =
1

IG
P (not A) = 1 – P (A) = 1−
1

4
=
3

P (not B) = 1 – P (B) =

AL
1 1
1− =
2 2

Now, P (A). P (B) =

1

4
×
1

2
=
1

OL
∴ P (A ∩ B) = P (A).P (B)
Thus, A and B are independent events. HO
Therefore, ‘not A’ and ‘not B’ are independent events.
Hence, P (not A and not B) = P (not A). P (not B)
SC

3 1 3
= × =
4 2 8

6. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least
L

once.
NA

Ans. : S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⇒ n(s) = 6

Let A represents an odd number.
TIO

∴ A = {1, 3, 5} ⇒ n(A) = 3

n(A) 3 1
NA

P (A) = = =
n(S) 6 2

¯ 1 1
P (A) = 1 − P (A) = 1 − =
2 2
ER

n=3
Now P (at least one success) = 1 - P (an odd number on none of the three dice)
NT

3
1 1 7
= 1−( ) = 1− =
2 8 8

7. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the

I
HR

answer or guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be
3

4
1

the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the
answer will be correct with probability . What is the probability that the 1

student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?

Ans. : Let E1 : the student knows the answer, then, P(E1) = 3

E2 : the student guesses the answer, then, P(E2) = 1

Let A: the answer is correct.

Page 2
 P(
A

E1
) = 1, P ( A

E2
) =
1

Hence, by Baye's theorm, we have,

E1 P (E1 )P (A/ E1 )
P( ) =
A P (E1 )P (A/ E1 )+P (E2 )P (A/ E2 )

3
1×
4 12
= 3 1 1
=
13
1× + ×
4 4 4

8. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces),
another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows

H
heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?

AR
Ans. : Let E1 : Two headed coin,
E2 : Biased coin

IG
and E3 : Unbiased coin.

AL
Let A : Coin shows head.
Then P (E1) = P (E2) = P (E3) = 1

OL
3

As the two-headed coin has head on both sides so it will show head only. HO
Also P( E1
A
) = P (correct answer given that he knows) = 1
And P( A

E2
) = P (coin shows head given that the coin is biased) = 75% = 75

100
=
3

4
SC

And P( A

E3
) = P (coin shows head given that the coin is unbiased) = 1

Now the probability that the coin is two headed, being given that it shows head, is
L

P( ).
E1
NA

By using Bayes’ theorem, we have:

TIO

P(E1 )⋅P(A|E1 )
P (E1 |A) =
P(E1 )⋅P(A|E1 )+P(E2 )⋅P(A|E2 )+P(E3 )⋅P(A|E3 )

1
⋅1

= 3
NA

1 1 3 1 1
⋅1+ ⋅ + ⋅
3 3 4 3 2

= 3
ER

1 3 1
(1+ + )
3 4 2

1
NT

= 9

9
=
4

9
4

P( E1
)= 4
I

∴
A 9
HR

9. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000
truck drivers. The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively.
One of the insured persons meet with an accident. What is the probability that
he is a scooter driver?
Ans. : E1 : Insured person is a scooter driver
E2 : Insured person is a car driver
E3 : Insured person is a truck driver

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 P(E1) = 2000

2000+4000+6000
=
2000

12000
=
1

P(E2) = 1

P(E3) = 1

Let A insured per son meets with an accident

P (
A

E1
) = 0.01 = 100
1

P (
A

E2
) = 0.03 = 100
3

= 0.15 =

H
A 15
P ( )
E3 100

AR
A
P (E1 )P ( )
E
A 1
P ( ) =
E1 A A A
P (E1 )P ( )+P (E2 )P ( )+P (E3 )P ( )

IG
E1 E2 E3

1 1
×
6 100
=

AL
1 1 1 3 1 15
× + × + ×
6 100 3 100 2 100

1
=
52

OL
10. A and B are two events such that P (A) ≠ 0. Find P(B|A), if A is a subset of B.
Ans. : Given two events A and B where P(A) 0 and
HO ≠ A ⊂ B

We have, A ∩ B = A
∴ P (A ∩ B) = P (B ∩ A) = P (A)
SC

Hence, P (B|A) =
P (B∩A)

P (A)
L

P (A)
=
NA

P (A)

=1
11. Let E and F be events with Are E and F
TIO

3 3 1
P(E) = , P(F) = and P(E ∩ F) = .
5 10 5

independent?
NA

Ans. : It is given that P(E) =

3

5
, P(F) =
10
3
, and P(EF) = P(E ∩ F) =
1

3 3 9 1
P(E). P(F) = ⋅ = ≠
5 10 50 5
ER

⇒ P(E). P(F) ≠ P(EF)

Therefore, E and F are not independent.

NT

12. Given two independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6. Find
I

¯
¯¯¯
P(A ∩ B)
HR

Ans. : Given that A and B are independent events and P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6
¯
¯¯¯
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)

= 0.3 − 0.18

¯
¯¯¯
P(A ∩ B) = 0.12

13. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A) = 0.3 and

= 0.8P(A ∩ B)
¯
¯¯¯
Find P(B).

Page 4
 Ans. : A and B are two independent events
¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
∴ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)

¯
¯¯¯
⇒ 0.8 = 0.3 + [1 − P(B)] − P(A)P(B)

⇒ 0.5 = 1 − P(B) − 0.3[1 − P(B)]

⇒ 0.5 = 1 − P(B) = 0.3 + 0.3P(B)

⇒ 0.5 = 0.7 − P(B)[1 − 0.3]

⇒ 0.7P(B) = 0.2

0.2 2
⇒ P(B) = =

H
0.7 7

14. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10

AR
black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that.
One of them is black and other is red.

IG
Ans. : Given,

AL
Box contains 10 black and 8 red balls.
Two balls are drawn with replacement.

OL
P (one of them red and other black)
= P((B ∩ R) ∪ (R ∩ B))
HO
= P(B ∩ R) + P(R ∩ B)

= P(B) P(R) + P(R) P(B)

SC

10 8 8 10
= × + ×
18 18 18 18

20+20
=
L

81
NA

40
=
81

Required probability =
40

81
TIO

15. How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of having at
least one head is more than 90%?
NA

Ans. : Let n be number of times a fair coin is tossed.

1 1 1
Now P = , q = 1−p = 1− = (given)
ER

2 2 2

P(at least one head) >90%

NT

90 n n 9
⇒ 1 − P(0) > ⇒ 1− C0 q =
100 10

1 9 9 1
⇒ 1−1×( ) > ⇒ 1− >
I

n
2 10 10 2
HR

1 1 n
⇒ > n ⇒ 2 > 10
10 2

∴ least valus of n is 4
∴ minimum number of tosses is 4.

SECTION C

* Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [12]

Page 5
16. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are
day scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all
students who reside in hostel attain. A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A
grade in their annual examination. At the end of year, one student is chosen at
random from the college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the
student is a hostlier?
Ans. : Let us define the events as
E1: Student reside in a hostel.
E2: Student is a day scholar.

H
A: Student gets A grade.

AR
Then,

IG
P(E1) = Probability that student resides in a hostel

AL
= 60% = 60

100

and P(E2) = Probability that student is

OL
day scholar= 1 − 100
60
=
40

100

Also, P( A
) = Probability that the student residing in a hostel gets A grade = 30% =
E1
HO
30

100

and P( A
) = Probability that student having
SC

E2

day scholars gets A grade = 20% = 20

100

∴ The probability that the selected student is a hosteler having A grade

L
NA

E1 P (E1 ).P (A/ E1 )

= P(
A
) =
P (E1 )P (A/ E1 )+P (E2 ).P (A/ E2 )

[by Bayes's therorem]

TIO

60 30
×
100 100
=
60 30 40 20
( × )+( × )
100 100 100 100
NA

1800 1800 18 9
= = = =
1800+800 2600 26 13

17. Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A reports that a head
ER

appears. The probability that actually there was head is

NT

Ans. : Let E1 be the event that A speaks the truth, E2 be the event that A lies and X
be the event that it appears head.
I

Therefore, P (E
HR

4
1
) =
5

E1 and E2 are events that are complementary to each other.

Then P (E1) + P (E2) = 1
⇒ P (E2) = 1 - P (E1)

⇒ P (E2) = 1 − = 4

5
1

If a coin is tossed it may show head or tail.

Hence the probability of getting a head is 1

2
, irrespective of whether A speaks truth

Page 6
 or lies.
i,e, P(X|E1) = P(X|E2) = 1

Now the probability that actually there was head, given that A speaks truth is
P(E1|X).
By using bayes’ theorem, we have:
P(E1 )⋅P(X|E1 )
P (E1 |x) =
P(E1 )⋅P(X|E1 )+P(E2 )⋅P(X|E2 )

4 1
⋅
= 4 1
5 2

1 1
⋅ + ⋅

H
5 2 5 2

2 2

AR
5 5 4
2 1
= 5
=
5
+
5 10 10

4
⇒ P (E1 |x) =

IG
5

18. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also

AL
assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by
30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a

OL
patient can choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is
given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected at
HO
random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a
course of meditation and yoga?
SC

Ans. : A patient has options to have the treatment of yoga and meditation and that
of prescription of drugs.
L

Let these events be denoted by E1 and E2 i.e.,

NA

E1 = Treatment of yoga and meditation

E2 = Treatment of prescription of certain drugs
TIO

P (E1) = and P(E2) = 1

2
1

Let A denotes that a person has heart attack, then P (A) = 40% = 0.40
NA

Yoga and meditation reduces heart attack by 30.

⇒ Inspite of getting yoga and meditation treatment heart risk is 70% of 0.40
ER

⇒ P (A|E1 ) = 0.40 × 0.70 = 0.28

NT

Also, Drug prescription reduces the heart attack rick by 25%

Even after adopting the drug prescription hear rick is 75% of 0.40
I

⇒ P (A|E2 ) = 0.40 × 0.75 = 0.30

HR

P (E1 )P (A|E1 )
P (E1 |A) =
P (E1 )P (A|E1 )+P (E2 )P (A|E2 )

1
×0.28
2
= 1 1
×0.28+ ×0.30
2 2

0.28 0.28 28 14
= = = =
0.28+0.30 0.58 58 29

19. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls.
One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II.

Page 7
 The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the
transferred ball is black.
Ans. : Let us define events,
A1 : Red ball is transferred from bag I to II.
A2 : Black ball is transferred from bag I to II.

∴ P (A1 ) = and P (A ) = 3

7
2
4

Let X be the event that the drawn ball is red

∴ when red ball is transferred from bag I to II, P (X|A 1
) =
5

10
= 1

H
And, when black ball is transferred from bag I to II, P (X|A 2) =
4
= 2

AR
10 5

Hence, P (A
P (A2 )P (X|A2 )
2 |X) =
P (A1 )P (X|A1 )+P (A2 )P (X|A2 )

IG
4 2
×

= 3
7

1
5

4 2
× + ×

AL
7 2 7 5

= 16

31

SECTION D

* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. OL [80]

HO
20. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A
SC

produces 1% defective items, where as the other two operators B and C produce
5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is
on the job for 30% of the time and C on the job for 20% of the time. A defective
L
NA

item is produced, what is the probability that it was produced by A?

Ans. : Let E1 = the item is manufactured by the operator A, E2 = the item is
TIO

manufactured by the operator B, E3 = the item is manufactured by the operator C

and A = the item is defective
NA

Now P (E1) = 50

100
, P(E2) = 30

100
, P(E3) = 20

100

Now = P(item drawn is manufactured by operator A) =

ER

1
P (A|E1 )
100

Similarly, P (A|E ) = and P (A|E ) = 2

5

100
3
7

100
NT

Now Required probability = Probability that the item is manufactured by

operator. A given that the item drawn is defective
I

P (E1 )P (A|E1 )
E1
=
HR

P( )
A P (E1 )P (A|E1 )+P (E2 )P (A|E2 )+P (E3 )P (A|E3 )

50 1
×
= 50 1
100

30
100

5 7
× + × ×
100 100 100 100 100

= 50+150+140
50
=
34
5

21. The mean and variance of the binomial distribution are 4 and
4

3
respectively. Find the distribution and P(X>1).

Page 8
 Ans. : Mean = np = 4, Variance = npq = 4

3
⇒ q =
1

3
,

1 2
∴ p = 1− =
3 3

4.3
n = = 6
2

∴ Distribution is (
1

3
+
2

3
)

P(X > 1) = 1 - P(X = 0) = 1 -( 1

3
) OR
728

729
.

H
22. If A and B are two independent events such that

AR
then find P(A) and P(B).
¯
¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯¯¯
2 1
P (A ∩ B) = and P(A ∩ B) = ,
15 6

IG
Ans. :
¯
¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
2 2
P (A ∩ B) = ⇒ P (A) . P(B) =
15 15

AL
¯
¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
1 1
P(A ∩ B) = , ⇒ P(A). P (B) =
6 6

2 2
∴ ( 1 - P(A)) P(B) = or P (B) - P (A). P (B) = … … … (i)

OL
15 15

1 1
P (A) (1 - P (B)) = or P (A) - P (A) . P (B) = … … … … (ii)
6 6

From (i) and (ii) 1 2 1

HO
P (A) - P (B) = − =
6 15 30

1
Let P (A) = x, P(B) = y ∴ x = ( + y)
30
SC

1 2 2
(i) ⇒ y − ( + y)y = ∴ 30y − 29y + 4 = 0
30 15
L

Solving to get
NA

y = 1/6 or y = 4/5

∴ x = 1/5 or x = 5/6
TIO

Hence P (A) = 1/5, P(B) = 1/6 OR P(A) = 5/6, P(B) = 4/5

23. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she tosses a coin three times and
NA

notes the number of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once and
notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If she obtained exactly one ‘tail’,
ER

what is the probability that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die?

NT

Ans. : Let E1 be the event that the girl. Gets 1 or 2 on the roll
I

2 1
P(E ) = =
1 6 3
HR

Let E2 be the event that the girl gets 3, 4, 5 or 6 on the roll P(E2 ) =
4

6
=
2

Let A be event that she obtained exactly one tails

If she tossed a coin 3 times & exactly 1 tail shows then [HTH, HHT, THH] = 3
A 3
P( ) =
E1 8

P(
A

E2
) =
1

2
(If she tossed a coin only once & exactly 1 shows)

Page 9
 A
P(E2 )P( )
E2
A
P( ) =
E2
A A
P(E1 )P( )+P(E2 )P( )
E1 E2

1 2
×
2 3 8
= 1 2 3 1
=
11
× + ×
2 3 8 3

24. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls while the
other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A die is thrown. If it shows up 1 or 3, a
ball is taken from the Ist bag; but it shows up any other number, a ball is
chosen from the second bag. Find the probability of choosing a black ball.

H
Ans. : Given that,

AR
Bag I = {3 black, 4 white balls},

IG
Bag II = {4 black, 3 white ball},
Let E1 be the event that bag I is selected and E2 be the event that bag II is selected

AL
Let E3 be the event that black ball is chosen.
and

OL
1 1 1 1 2
∴ P(E1 ) = + = P(E2 ) = 1 − =
6 6 3 3 3

And ∴ P(
E3
) =
3
and P(
E3
) =
4

E1 7 E2 7
HO
E3 E3
∴ P(E3 ) = P(E1 ) ⋅ P( ) + P(E2 ) ⋅ P( )
E1 E2
SC

1 3 2 4 11
= ⋅ + ⋅ =
3 7 3 7 21

25. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10
L

black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that,

NA

i. Both balls are red,

ii. First ball is black and second is red,
TIO

iii. One of them is black and other is red.

Ans. : The Box contains 10 black balls and 8 red balls.
NA

Then P(Black ball) =

10

18

8
ER

P(red ball) =
18

i. P(Both ballls are red) =

18
8
×
8

18
=
16

81
NT

ii. P (First ball is black and second is red) = 10

18
×
8

18
=
20

81

iii. P (One of them is black and other is red)

I

10 8 8 10
= × + ×
HR

18 18 18 18

20
= 2( )
81

40
=
81

26. A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that n of these coins have a head on
both sides where as the rest of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at random
from the bag and is tossed. If the probability that the toss results in a head is
31

42
, determine the value of n.
 Ans. : Given, n coin have head on both sides and (n + 1) coins are fair coins.
Let E1 = Event that an unfair coin is selected.
E2 = Event that a fair coin is selected.
E = Event that the toss results in a head.
∴ P(E1 ) =
n

2n+1
and P(E2 ) =
n−1

2n+1

Also, P( E1
E
) = 1 and P(
E

E2
) =
1

E E
∴ P(E) = P(E1 ) ⋅ P( ) + P(E2 ) ⋅ P( )
E1 E2

H
n n+1 1
= ⋅1+ ⋅

AR
2n+1 2n+1 2

31 2n+n+1
⇒ =
42 2(2n+1)

IG
31 3n+1
⇒ =
42 4n+2

⇒ 124n + 62 = 126n + 42

AL
⇒ 2n = 20 ⇒ n = 10

27. If A and B are two events such that,

OL
P(A) =
7

13
, P(B) =
9

13
and P(A ∩ B) =
4

13
, then find
HO ¯
¯¯¯
P(A|B).

Ans. : We have,
P(A) =
7

13
, P(B) =
9

13
and P(A ∩ B) =
4

13
,
SC

As, P(A ∩ B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B)

¯
¯¯¯

¯
¯¯¯ 9 4
L

⇒ P(A ∩ B) = −
13 13
NA

¯
¯¯¯ 9−4
⇒ P(A ∩ B) =
13

¯
¯¯¯ 5
⇒ P(A ∩ B) =
TIO

13

Now,
5
NA

¯
¯¯¯ ( )
13
¯
¯¯¯ P(A ∩B) 5
P(A|B) = = =
P(B) 9
9
( )
13
ER

28. Often it is taken that a truthful person commands, more respect in the society.
A man is known to speak the truth 4 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports
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that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

Do you also agree that the value of truthfulness leads to more respect in the
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society?
Ans. : Let H1 be the event that 6 appears on throwing a die.
H2 be the event that 6 does not appear on throwing a die.
E be the event that he reports it is six.
1 1 5
P(H ) = , P(H ) = 1 − =
1 6 2 6 6

4 1
P(E/H ) = , P(E/H ) =
1 5 2 5
 P(H ).P(E/H )
1 1
P(H1 /E) =
P(H ).P(E/H )+ P(H ).P(E/H )
1 1 2 2

4
=
9

29. The probability that A hits a target is 1

and the probability that B hits it, is 2
,
3 5

What is the probability that the target will be hit, if each one of A and B shoots
at the target?
Ans. : Given,
Probability that A hits a target =
1

H
1
⇒ P(A) =
3

AR
Probability that B hits the targer =
2

2
⇒ P(B) =

IG
5

P (Target will be hit)

= 1 - P (target will not be hit)

AL
= 1 - P (Niether A non B hits the target)

OL
¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
= 1 − P(A ∩ B)

¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
= 1 − P(A)P(B)
HO
¯
¯¯¯
= 1 − [1 − P(A)][1 − P(B)]
SC

1 2
= 1 − [1 − ][1 − ]
3 5

2 3
= 1− ,
3 5
L

2
= 1−
NA

2
=
5

Required probability 2
TIO

=
5

30. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with probability
0.6. Find the probability that at the end of 5 steps, he is one step away from the
NA

starting point.

Ans. : P (step forward) = , P (step backword)=

ER

2 3

5 5

He can remain a step away in either of the ways : 3 steps forward & 2 backwards 1
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m or 2 steps forward & 3 backwards

3 2 2 3
I

5 2 3 5 2 3
∴ required possibility = C3 ( ) ( ) + C2 ( ) ( )
5 5 5 5
HR

72
=
125

31. There are 4 cards numbered 1, 3, 5 and 7, one number on one card. Two cards
are drawn at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the
numbers on the two drawn cards. Find the mean and variance of X.
Ans. : It is given that X denote the sum of the numbers on the two drawn cards.
Clearly, X can take the values 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
P(X = 4) = Probability of getting 4 as sum
 = P[(Getting 1 in the first draw and 3 in the second draw) Or (Getting 3 in the first
draw and 1 in the second draw)]
1 1 1 1 2 1
= × + × = =
4 3 4 3 12 6

Similarly,
1 1 1 1 2 1
P(X = 6) = × + × = =
4 3 4 3 12 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2
P(X = 8) = × + × + × + × = =
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 12 6

1 1 1 1 2 1
P(X = 10) = × + × = =
4 3 4 3 12 6

1 1 1 1 2 1
P(X = 12) = × + × = =
4 3 4 3 12 6

H
Thus, the probability distribution of X is given below:

AR
X 4 6 8 10 12

1 1 2 1 1
P(X)

IG
6 6 6 6 6

Now,

AL
1 1 2 1 1
∑ pi xi = ×4+ ×6+ ×8+ × 10 + × 12
6 6 6 6 6

1
= × (4 + 6 + 16 + 10 + 12)
6

OL
1
= × 48
6

= 8
HO
2 1 1 2 1 1
∑ pi x = × 16 + × 36 + × 64 + × 100 + × 144
i 6 6 6 6 6

1
= × (16 + 36 + 128 + 100 + 144)
SC

1
= × 424
6

212
=
L

3
NA

∴ Mean[E(X)] = ∑ pi xi = 8

2 2 212 212−192 20
Variance = ∑ pi x − (∑ pi xi ) = − 64 = =
i 3 3 3
TIO

32. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NA

P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2+k

Determine
ER

i. k
ii. P(X < 3)
NT

iii. P(X > 6)

iv. P(0 < X < 3)
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HR

Ans. :
i. Since, the sum of all the probabilities of a distribution is 1.
∴ P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + …. + P(X = 7) = 1
⇒ 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 + 2k2 + 7k2 + k = 1
⇒ 10k2 + 9k - 1 = 0
⇒ (10k - 1) (k + 1) = 0
⇒ 10k - 1 = 0 or k + 1 = 0
 ⇒ k = or k = - 1 1

10

Since, k ≥ 0, therefore k = − 1 is not possible.

1
∴ k =
10

ii. P(X < 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 0 + k + 2k
1 3
= 3k = 3 × =
10 10

iii. P(X > 6) = P(X = 7)

2
2 1 1 17
= 7k + k = 7( ) + =

H
10 10 100

iv. P(0 < X < 3) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

AR
= k + 2k = 3k = 10
3

IG
33. An item is manufactured by three machines A, B and C. Out of the total number
of items manufactured during a specified period, 50% are manufactured on

AL
machine A, 30% on B and 20% on C, 2% of the items produced on A and 2% of
items produced on B are defective and 3% of these produced on C are defective.

OL
All the items stored at one godown. One item is drawn at random and is found
to be defective. What is the probability that it was manufactured on machine A?
HO
Ans. : Consider the following events:
E1 = Item is produced by machine A,
SC

E2 = Item is produced by machine B,

E3 = Item is produced by machine C,
L
NA

A = Item is defective
Clearly,
TIO

50 1 30 3 20 1
P(E1 ) = = , P(E2 ) = = , P(E3 ) = =
100 2 100 10 100 5

A 2 A 2 A 3
P( ) = , P( ) = , P( ) =
NA

E1 100 E2 100 E3 100

Required probability = P(
E1

A
)
ER

A
P(E1 ) P( )
E
1

=
NT

A A A
P(E1 ) P( )+P(E2 ) P( )+P(E3 ) P( )
E E E
1 2 3
I

1 2
×
2 100
= 1 2 3 2 1 3
HR

× + × + ×
2 100 10 100 5 100

5
=
11

34. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find
the probability distribution of the number of successes.
Ans. : Let p be the probability of getting a doublet in a throw of a pair of dice, so
p =
36
6
[Since (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)]
1
=
6

q = 1−
1

6
[Since p + q = 1]
 5
=
6

Let X denote the number of grtting doublets i.e. success out of 4 times. So,
probility distribution is given by
X P(X)

0 4−0 4
0 4 1 5 5
C0 ( ) ( ) = ( )
6 6 6

1 4−1 3
1 4 1 5 1 5
C1 ( ) ( ) = 4( )( )
6 6 6 6

3
2 5
= ( )
3 6

H
2 4−2 2 2
2 4 1 5 4.3 1 5
C2 ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )

AR
6 6 2 6 6

25
=
216

IG
3 4−3 3
3 4 1 5 4.3 1 5 5
C3 ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) =
6 6 2 6 6 324

AL
4 4−4 4
4 4 1 5 1 1
C4 ( ) ( ) = ( ) =
6 6 6 1296

35. A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known

OL
that.
i. at least one of the children is a boy,
HO
ii. the elder child is a boy.
Ans. : Let event A is that the family has two boys
SC

i. event B: At least one is a boy

P(both boys, given that at least one is a boy) = P(A/B)
L

P(A∩B P{(B,B)}
NA

= =
P(B) P{(B,G),(G,B),(B,B),}

1/4
1
= =
TIO

3/4 3

ii. event C: the elder child is a boy

P(both boys, given that at elder child is a boy)= P(A/C)
NA

P(A∩C) P{(B,B)}
= =
P(C) P{(B,G),(B,B),}
ER

1/4
1
= =
2/4 2
NT

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