Acknowledgements and Important Notice:

4B
All questions from the HKDSE and HKCEE are reproduced by permission of the HKEAA. All questions from the contests of University
of Waterloo are reproduced by permission of the Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo. The

10
Australian Mathematics Competition problems are printed in this publication with permission from the Australian Mathematics Trust. Measures, Shape and Space
© Australian Mathematics Trust. Unauthorized use of the aforementioned questions in this electronic version is prohibited.

Basic Trigonometry
10.0 Review (P. 10.2)
10.1 Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle (P. 10.5)
10.2 Trigonometric Identities (P. 10.19)
10.3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions (P. 10.30)
10.4 Trigonometric Equations (P. 10.38)

Ferris Wheel
When a Ferris wheel rotates at a constant speed, the
height of a passenger capsule (h m) at time t seconds
can be described by a trigonometric function:
h = k - r cos (~t)c, where r, ~ and k are constants.

Q& A
If r = 68, ~ = 0.6 and k = 70, find the height of the
passenger capsule at t = 100.
10. 2 | Chapter 10

10.0 Review Junior Secondary

Revision Videos

A Pythagoras’ Theorem Junior Sec

In 3ABC, if +C = 90c, then a2 + b2 = c2. A

c
b

B a C

e.g. In the figure, +C = 90c. A

2 2 2
AB = AC + BC
9 cm
B
AB = 92 + 122 cm 12 cm
= 15 cm C

B Trigonometric Ratios Junior Sec

(a) In a right-angled triangle,

c b
opposite side of i
sin i = hypotenuse
= bc
i
a
adjacent side of i
cos i = hypotenuse
= ac

opposite side of i
tan i = = ab
adjacent side of i

e.g. In the figure, +C = 90c. 12 B

C i
sin i = AC = 5
AB 13 5 13

cos i = BC = 12 A
AB 13

AC = 5
tan i = BC
12

(b) If the value of a trigonometric ratio is given, we can use a calculator

to find the corresponding acute angle.
5 ,
e.g. If tan i = 12
Calculator
then i = 22.6c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c Keying sequence:
SHIFT tan 5 a b/c 12 ) EXE
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 3

C Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles Junior Sec

30° 30°
45°
2 2 2
3 1

60° 60° 45°

1 1 1

i = 30c i = 60c i = 45c

e.g. sin 60c cos 30c + tan 45c
sin i 1 3 1 b= 2 l
2 2 2 2 = b 23 lb 23 l + 1
cos i
3 1 1 b= 2 l
2 2 2 2 = 43 + 1
1 b= 3 l
tan i
3 3
3 1 = 47

D Trigonometric Identities Junior Sec

For any acute angle i,

90° – i

(a) tan i = sin i c

b
cos i
2 2
(b) sin i + cos i = 1 i
a
(c) sin (90c - i) = cos i
(d) cos (90c - i) = sin i

(e) tan (90c - i) = 1

tan i
e.g. cos (90c - i) sin i + cos i sin (90c - i)
= sin i sin i + cos i cos i
2 2
= sin i + cos i
= 1

E Reflection of a Point P(x , y) Junior Sec

y
Axis of reflection Coordinates of the image
(– x , y ) P( x , y )
x-axis (x , -y)

y-axis (-x , y) x
O

(x,– y)
e.g. If Q is the reflection image of P(5 , -2) with respect to the x-axis,
then coordinates of Q = (5 , 2)
10.4 | Chapter 10

Review Exercise
In each of the following, find the value of x. [Nos. 1–3]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
1. 2. 25 3.
7
x 2
x 6 x

In each of the following, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i. [Nos. 4–6]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
4. 5. 6. 11
i 17
8 5
5 4
i
15 6
i
3

In each of the following, find the acute angle i. [Nos. 7–9]

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
7. cos i = 0.5 8. 4 sin i = 1 9. 5 tan i = 9

Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator. [Nos. 10–12]
2
10. sin 30c + cos 60c 11. sin 60c tan 30c 12. tan 45c + cos 45c

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 13–15]

13. sin i tan (90c - i)

sin (90c - i)
14.
tan (90c - i)

2
15. 1 - cos i
cos (90c - i)

16. (a) If Q is the reflection image of P(3 , 4) with respect to the x-axis, find the coordinates of Q.
(b) If T is the reflection image of S(-2 , 5) with respect to the y-axis, find the coordinates of T.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 5

10.1 Trigonometric Ratios of Any

Angle
At junior secondary level, we defined the trigonometric ratios of acute
angles. In fact, we can extend the definition to any angle.

A Angles of Rotation and Quadrants

In a rectangular coordinate plane, O is the origin. OA is a line segment on
the positive x-axis.
y

terminal
side i
A
x
O initial side

If OA is rotated about O to OP, the angle of rotation i is formed. OA is

called the initial side of i, and OP is called the terminal side of i.
When OA is rotated anticlockwise about O to OP, the angle formed is a
positive angle. When OA is rotated clockwise about O to OQ, the angle
formed is a negative angle.
e.g. y y

P anticlockwise

150°
A A
x x
O O – 60°

clockwise

+AOP is a positive angle. +AOQ is a negative angle.

Also, OA can be rotated about O for more than one revolution to OP.
e.g. y y
P

480°
x
x O A
O A
–480°

The angle formed is a positive The angle formed is a negative

angle greater than 360c. angle less than -360c.

angle of rotation initial side terminal side

10. 6 | Chapter 10

In a rectangular coordinate plane, the x-axis and the y-axis divide the
whole plane into four regions. Each region is called a quadrant. The four
quadrants are named quadrant I, quadrant II, quadrant III and quadrant IV
respectively.
y

Quadrant II Quadrant I ◀ Quadrants I, II, III and IV are

also called the first, second, third
x and fourth quadrants respectively.
O

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

The quadrant in which an angle lies can be determined by the quadrant in

which the terminal side of the angle lies.
The following shows the ranges of positive angles i (i 1 360c) lying in
the four quadrants.

Quadrant II: 90c 1 i 1 180c Quadrant I: 0c 1 i 1 90c

e.g. y e.g. y

P P
138°
A 45°
x x
O O A

138c lies in quadrant II. 45c lies in quadrant I.

Quadrant III: 180c 1 i 1 270c Quadrant IV: 270c 1 i 1 360c
e.g. y e.g. y

230° 300°
A
x x
O A O

P
P

230c lies in quadrant III. 300c lies in quadrant IV.

quadrant
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.7

Note: (a) Angles 0c, 90c, 180c, 270c, 360c, etc. do not lie in any
quadrant.
(b) For negative angles and angles greater than 360c, the quadrants
in which the angles lie can be found as follows:
(i) Consider -120c.
y i = 360c - 120c = 240c
a 240c lies in quadrant III.
i
A ` -120c lies in quadrant III. ◀ Although 240c and -120c have
x the same terminal side, the angles
O
–120°
are NOT equal.

(ii) Consider 380c.

y z = 380c - 360c = 20c
a 20c lies in quadrant I.
P
z ` 380c lies in quadrant I.
x
O A
380°

Quick Quiz 10.1

1. In each of the following, sketch the angle and write down the quadrant in which the angle lies.
(a) 160c (b) 210c (c) 420c (d) -70c
y y y y

x x x x
O O O O

Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant

2. Determine the quadrant in which each of the following angles lies.

27c, 175c, 337c, 252c, 530c, 650c, -130c, -280c

Quadrant I II III IV

Angle(s)
10. 8 | Chapter 10

B Definitions of Trigonometric Ratios of

Any Angle
At junior secondary level, we used the ratios of two sides of a right-angled
triangle to define the three trigonometric ratios of an acute angle.
opposite side of i y P
sin i = = r
hypotenuse
adjacent side of i
cos i = = xr r y
hypotenuse
opposite side of i y
tan i = = x i
adjacent side of i O A
x
2 2
where r = x +y .
Refer to the figure below.
y
P(x,y)

r y
i
x
O x

P(x , y) is a point in a rectangular coordinate plane. OP is the terminal side

of the angle of rotation i and the length of OP is r.
The trigonometric ratios of i are now defined as follows:

y y
sin i = r , cos i = xr , tan i = x , ◀ i.e.
y-coordinate of P
sin i =
2 2 OP
where r = x +y . x-coordinate of P
cos i =
OP
y-coordinate of P
In fact, these results are used to define sin i, cos i and tan i for any angle i. tan i =
x-coordinate of P
The cases for the other three quadrants are shown below.
y y y
P( x , y )
r i i i
x x x
O O O
r r
P(x,y) y
P( x , y )

Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Note: (a) r must be positive. x and y can be positive, negative or 0. O
x
i
(b) The above definitions of trigonometric ratios are also valid for a r
P(x,y)
negative angle i. ◀
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 9

e.g. Refer to the figure on the right. y

sin i = - 3 ◀ Substitute x = 1, y = - 3 and r = 2 into

2
y y
sin i = r , cos i = xr and tan i = x . i
cos i = 1 x
2 O
2
tan i = - 3 = - 3 P( 1 ,– 3 )
1

[Find the values of trigonometric ratios from definitions]

Example Find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i in the figure. y
Level 1
1

Solution OP = (- 24) 2 + (- 7) 2 ◀ x = -24, y = -7 and r = x2 + y2 . i

x
= 25 O
7 y P( – 24 , – 7 )
` sin i = - 25 ◀ sin i = r

cos i = - 24
25
◀ cos i = xr

tan i = --24
7 = 7 y
◀ tan i = x
24

Instant Drill 1
In each of the following, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
1. B (– 9,12) y 2. y

i
i x
O
x
O
B( 5 , – 12 )
➥ Ex 10A 8, 9

[Find the values of trigonometric ratios from definitions]

Example Find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i in the figure. y
Level 2
2

Solution 5= 32 + y2 ◀ x = 3 and r = x2 + y2 . x
O i
52 = 9 + y2 5
2
y = 16 Q( 3 , y )
y = 4 (rejected) or -4 ◀ Since Q lies below the x-axis, y is
negative.

` sin i = - 4 , cos i = 3 , tan i = - 43

5 5
10.10 | Chapter 10

Instant Drill 2
Find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i in the y
figure.
O
x
13
i
P(x,–5)

➥ Ex 10A 19, 20

Trigonometric Ratios of 0c, 90c, 180c, 270c and 360c

By using the definitions of trigonometric ratios of any angle, the
trigonometric ratios of 0c, 90c, 180c, 270c and 360c can be found.
In a rectangular coordinate plane, P(x , y) is a point on the terminal side of
the angle of rotation i and r = x2 + y2 . The following show the cases for
i = 180c and i = 270c.

i = 180c i = 270c
We have x = -r and y = 0. y We have x = 0 and y = -r. y

Therefore, Therefore,
y i = 180° y i = 270°
sin 180c = r = 0r = 0 x sin 270c = r = -rr = -1 x
P(x , y) O O

cos 180c = xr = -rr = -1 cos 270c = xr = 0r = 0

P (x , y)
y y
tan 180c = x = -0r = 0 tan 270c = x = -0r , which is undefined.

The cases for i = 0c, 90c and 360c are left to students as an exercise. The
table below summarizes the results.

i 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

sin i 0 1 0 -1 0

cos i 1 0 -1 0 1

tan i 0 undefined 0 undefined 0

Quick Quiz 10.2

Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

(a) cos 90c + tan 180c (b) cos 0c - sin 270c (c) tan 0c
cos 180c
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.11

C Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

According to the definitions stated previously, the trigonometric ratios of
any angle of rotation i are determined by r, x and y. We know that r must
be positive, and the signs of x and y depend on the quadrant in which i
lies. Therefore, the signs of the trigonometric ratios of i also depend on
the quadrant in which i lies.

Class Activity 10.1

Objective: To investigate the signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants.

1. Determine the signs of trigonometric ratios of an angle i in different quadrants.

Quadrant II + or - Quadrant I + or -
y y
y y
P(x,y) sin i = r P(x,y) sin i = r
r ( ! 0) r ( !0 )
y (!0 ) i y (! 0 )
x cos i = xr i
x cos i = xr
x ( "0) O O x(!0)

y y
tan i = x tan i = x

Quadrant III + or - Quadrant IV + or -

y y
y y
sin i = r sin i = r

i i
x (!0)
x cos i = xr x(!0)
x cos i = xr
O O
y (!0 ) y("0)
y r(!0) y
r ( " 0)
P(x,y)
tan i = x tan i = x
P(x,y)

2. In each of the following quadrants, put a ‘✓’ in if the trigonometric ratio(s) is/are positive.

Quadrant II Quadrant I
sin i cos i tan i sin i cos i tan i
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
sin i cos i tan i sin i cos i tan i
10.12 | Chapter 10

The results obtained from Class Activity 10.1 can be summarized by the
following ‘CAST’ diagram. The ‘CAST’ diagram can help us memorize the
signs of trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants.
y

sin ‘ + ’ all ‘ + ’
Only Sine ratio All trigonometric ratios
is positive. S A are positive.

II I
x
O
III IV

Only Tangent ratio T C Only Cosine ratio

is positive. is positive.
tan ‘ + ’ cos ‘ + ’

Quick Quiz 10.3

1. In each of the following, determine the quadrant in which i lies and

the signs (+/-) of the trigonometric ratios.

i Quadrant Sign of sin i Sign of cos i Sign of tan i y

(a) 100c
S A
(b) 250c O
x
T C
(c) 410c
(d) -60c

2. Determine the quadrant(s) in which i lies in each of the following conditions.

Condition Quadrant
(a) sin i 2 0 and cos i 1 0 I II III IV
(b) sin i 1 0 and tan i 2 0 I II III IV
(c) cos i 2 0 I II III IV

[From a given trigonometric ratio, find the values of other trigonometric ratios]

Example Given that cos i = - 5 and i lies in quadrant III, find the
Level 1
3 13
values of sin i and tan i.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.13

Solution Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of i and OP = r.

x Diagram Clue
Let x = -5 and r = 13. ◀ cos i =
r
y
13 = (- 5) 2 + y2 ◀ r= x2 + y2
2 2
13 = 25 + y i
2 x
y = 144 O
y = 12 (rejected) or -12 ◀ Since P lies in quadrant III, 13
y is negative. P ( – 5 , y)
y
` sin i = - 12 ◀ sin i = r
13

y
tan i = - 12 = 12 ◀ tan i = x
-5 5

Instant Drill 3
1. Given that sin i = 3 and i lies in quadrant I, find the values of
5
cos i and tan i.

2. 21 and i lies in quadrant II, find the values of

Given that cos i = - 29
sin i and tan i.
➥ Ex 10A 10–13

[From a given trigonometric ratio, find the values of other trigonometric ratios]

Example Given that tan i = 3 , find the values of sin i and cos i.
Level 2
4 5
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)

Solution Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of i and OP = r.

Diagram Clue
a tan i 2 0
Quadrant I:
` i lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
y
When i lies in quadrant I,
y
let x = 5 and y = 3. ◀ tan i =
x P( 5 ,3 )
2 2 r
r= 5 +3 i
x
O
= 34

` sin i = 3 , cos i = 5
34 34 Quadrant III:
When i lies in quadrant III, y

let x = -5 and y = -3. In quadrant III:

y -ve i
r= (- 5) 2 + (- 3) 2 tan i =
x -ve x
O
= 34 +ve r
P(–5,–3)
` sin i = - 3 , cos i = - 5
34 34
10.14 | Chapter 10

Instant Drill 4
1. Given that tan i = 3, find the values of sin i and cos i.
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)

2. Given that cos i = - 3 , find the values of sin i and tan i.

4
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)
➥ Ex 10A 24–26

Class Practice 10.1

1. Write down the quadrant in which each of the following angles lies.
(a) 219c (b) 390c
(c) -35c (d) -189c

In each of the following, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
[Nos. 2–3]
2. y 3. y
P( x ,2.4 )

i 2.5 i
x x
O O

P ( 8, –6)

4. Write down the quadrant(s) in which i lies in each of the following

conditions.
(a) cos i 1 0 and tan i 2 0
(b) sin i 2 0

5. Given that cos i = - 7 , where 180c 1 i 1 270c, find the values of

25
sin i and tan i.

6. Given that sin i = - 2 , find the values of cos i and tan i.

3
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.15

Exercise 10A
[In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the
answers if necessary.]

Level 1
1. Find i in each of the following figures.
(a) y (b) y (c) y

i i
282°
x
x x O
O O
i – 145°
– 234°

Write down the quadrant in which each of the following angles lies.
[Nos. 2–3]

2. (a) 215c (b) 93c (c) 333c

3. (a) -128c (b) -250c (c) 400c

Write down the quadrant(s) in which i lies in each of the following conditions.
[Nos. 4–5]

4. (a) tan i 2 0 (b) cos i 1 0

(c) sin i 1 0 and cos i 2 0 (d) sin i 2 0 and tan i 1 0

5. (a) sin i = 0.2 (b) cos i = - 1

4

(c) cos i 2 0 and sin i = 0.5 (d) sin i 1 0 and cos i = 0.47

6. In each of the following, determine the sign of the remaining trigonometric

ratio and the quadrant in which i lies.
(Use ‘+’ for positive and ‘-’ for negative.)

Quadrant in
Sign of sin i Sign of cos i Sign of tan i
which i lies
(a) - -
(b) - -
(c) + -
(d) + -
10.16 | Chapter 10

7. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

(a) cos 0c + tan 180c
(b) sin 0c + cos 180c - sin 90c
(c) tan 0c # cos 270c

(d) cos 90c # sin 180c

sin 270c

In each of the following figures, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
[Nos. 8–9]

8. (a) y (b) y (c) y

B( –1, 2 2 )
P( 0.8 , 0.6 )
1
i 3
i i
x x
O x O
13 O

A ( 5, –12)
➥ Example 1

9. (a) y (b) y (c) y

P (–8 ,15)

i i
i x x
O O
x
O

Q ( –12, – 35 )
R ( 4 , – 33)

10. Given that cos i = - 15 and i lies in quadrant II, find the values of
17
sin i and tan i. ➥ Example 3

11. Given that sin i = - 7 and i lies in quadrant IV, find the values of cos i
25
and tan i.

12. Given that tan i = 3 , where 180c 1 i 1 270c, find the values of
sin i and cos i.

13. Given that cos i = 12 , where 270c 1 i 1 360c, find the values of
13
sin i and tan i.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.17

Level 2
14. In each of the following ranges, find an angle i whose terminal side
coincides with OP in the figure.
(a) 0c G i 1 360c y
P
(b) -360c G i 1 0c

50°
x
O

15. Given that i is an acute angle in quadrant I, find the quadrant in which
each of the following angles lies.
(a) 90c + i (b) 360c - i
(c) 270c - i (d) 180c + i

16. Write down the quadrant(s) in which i lies in each of the following
conditions.
(a) cos i tan i 1 0 (b) sin i cos i 2 0

Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

[Nos. 17–18]

17. (a) sin 180c + cos 360c - tan 0c

(b) tan 180c + cos 0c # cos 90c
2 2
(c) sin 270c - cos 270c

(d) tan 360c - 2 sin 90c

cos 180c

18. (a) sin 30c # cos 180c

(b) sin 45c # cos 45c # sin 270c
2
(c) tan 45c - tan 360c
(d) (sin 60c - cos 0c)(cos 30c + cos 360c)

In each of the following figures, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
[Nos. 19–20]

19. (a) y (b) y

R( x , 16)

20
i x
x O
O 4 i

S(x,– 7)
➥ Example 2
10.18 | Chapter 10

20. (a) y (b) y

A (–0.8, y )

1.7 i x
O i
x
O 8
B(7,y)

21. Given that cos i = - 3 , where 0c 1 i 1 180c, find the values of sin i
5
and tan i.

22. Given that tan i = 2 and sin i 2 0, find the values of sin i and cos i.

23. Given that sin i = - 3 and sin i cos i 2 0, find the value of
5
tan i + 5 cos i.

24. Given that tan i = 12 , find the values of sin i and cos i. ➥ Example 4
5

25. Given that cos i = 9 , find the values of sin i and tan i.
41

26. Given that sin i = - 3 , find the values of cos i and tan i.
2

8
27. Given that cos i = - 17 , find the value(s) of tan i + sin i.

Level 3

28. Given that sin i = 4k , where k 2 0 and k ! 1 , express cos i and

2
4k + 1 2
tan i in terms of k.

29. It is given that cos i = aa - bb and tan i 1 0, where 0 1 a 1 b.

+
Express sin i and tan i in terms of a and b.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.19

10.2 Trigonometric Identities

A Relations among Trigonometric Ratios of
the Same Angle
At junior secondary level, we learnt that the trigonometric ratios of an
acute angle i have the following relationships:
sin i + cos i = 1, tan i = sin i .
2 2
y
cos i
P( x , y )
For any angle i, according to the definitions of trigonometric ratios,
y r y
sin i = r , cos i = xr . ◀
i
x
O x
sin i + cos i = ` r j + _ xr i
2 2 y 2 2 y
tan i = x
2 2 y
y +x r
= 2 = x ◀ Divide the numerator and the
r r denominator by r.
2
= r2 ◀ r2 = x2 + y2 = sin i
r cos i
=1

Hence, the following two trigonometric identities are valid for any angle i:

2 2
sin i + cos i = 1
tan i = sin i ◀ tan i = sin i is valid only when
cos i cos i
cos i ! 0.

In fact, if one trigonometric ratio is given, we can use the above identities
to find the other two trigonometric ratios.

e.g. In Example 3 (P. 10.12), given that cos i = - 5 and i lies in

13
quadrant III, we can use the trigonometric identities to find the values
of sin i and tan i as below.
2 2
a sin i + cos i = 1
` sin i + `- 5 j = 1
2 2
13
25 = 1
sin2 i + 169

sin2 i = 144
169

sin i = 12 (rejected) or - 12 ◀ a i lies in quadrant III.

13 13
` sin i 1 0

sin i - 12
tan i = = 135
= 12
cos i - 13 5
10. 20 | Chapter 10

[Simplify a trigonometric expression]

Example Simplify tan i b sin i - 1 l.

Level 1
5 sin i

tan i b sin i - 1 l = tan i d sin i - 1 n

2
Solution
sin i sin i
2
= tan i : - cos i ◀ sin2 i + cos2 i = 1
sin i
sin2 i - 1 = -cos2 i
2
= sin i : - cos i
cos i sin i
= - cos i

Instant Drill 5
Simplify the following expressions.
(sin i - 1) b 1 - 1l
(a) cos i + sin i (b) cos i
tan i (cos i - 1) b 1 - 1l
sin i
➥ Ex 10B 1–4

[Find the value of a trigonometric expression from a given trigonometric ratio]

Example Given that tan i = - 1 , find the value of 2 cos i + sin i .

Level 1
6 2 3 sin i - cos i

2 cos i + sin i
Solution 2 cos i + sin i = cos i ◀ Divide the numerator and the
3 sin i - cos i 3 sin i - cos i Key
cos i denominator by cos i.
Express 2 cos i + sin i in terms
= 2 + tan i 3 sin i - cos i
3 tan i - 1 of tan i.
2 + a - 21 k
=
3 a - 21 k - 1

= -3
5

Note: In Example 6, we can also find the values of sin i and cos i first by
the method shown in Example 4 (P. 10.13), and then find the value
of 2 cos i + sin i .
3 sin i - cos i

Instant Drill 6

(a) Given that tan i = 3, find the value of 2 sin i - 3 cos i .

4 sin i

(b) Given that tan i = - 1 , find the value of 4 cos i - 3 sin i .

4 5 cos i + sin i
➥ Ex 10B 7, 8
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 21

B Trigonometric Identities for 180c ! i and 360c ! i

At junior secondary level, we learnt that for any acute angle i:

sin (90c - i) = cos i, cos (90c - i) = sin i, tan (90c - i) = 1

tan i
In the following, we are going to learn more similar trigonometric identities.

Class Activity 10.2

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the trigonometric ratios of i and 180c ! i.
y
In the figure, a circle of radius 1 unit and centred at the origin O cuts the x-axis
at A and B. P is a point on the circle. Let +AOP = i, where 0c 1 i 1 90c. P
1
i
1. Express the coordinates of P in terms of sin i and cos i. x
B O A

Ans

2. Q is the reflection image of P with respect to the y-axis. y

Q P
(a) (i) Express the coordinates of Q in terms of sin i and cos i.
1
i
Ans x
B O A
(ii) Express +AOQ in terms of i.

+AOQ =
(b) (i) According to the definitions of trigonometric ratios, express each of the following in terms
of the trigonometric ratios of i.
sin+AOQ = sin i = sin i, cos+AOQ = ,
1
tan+AOQ =
(ii) Write down the relationships between the trigonometric ratios of i and 180c - i.

sin (180c - i) = , cos (180c - i) = , tan (180c - i) =

y
3. R is the reflection image of Q with respect to the x-axis.
Q P
(a) (i) Express the coordinates of R in terms of sin i and cos i. 1
i
Ans x
B O A
(ii) Is POR a straight line? Yes No
R
(b) (i) Express reflex +AOR in terms of i.
Ans

(ii) Write down the relationships between the trigonometric ratios of i and 180c + i.

sin (180c + i) = , cos (180c + i) = , tan (180c + i) =

10. 22 | Chapter 10

In Class Activity 10.2, we change the trigonometric ratios of 180c ! i (where i is an acute angle) into
those of i. We can obtain the trigonometric identities for -i and 360c ! i in a similar way.

Angle Identities
y

Q (– cos i , sin i ) P (cos i ,sin i )

180°– i
sin (180c - i) = sin i
180c - i cos (180c - i) = -cos i 1 i
x
O
tan (180c - i) = -tan i

180°+ i P(cos i , sin i )

sin (180c + i) = -sin i
180c + i cos (180c + i) = -cos i i
x
O
tan (180c + i) = tan i
1
R(– cos i , –sin i )

P(cos i ,sin i )
1
i
sin (-i) = -sin i x
O –i
-i cos (-i) = cos i
R (cos i , –sin i )
tan (-i) = -tan i

R is the reflection image of P with respect to the x-axis.

Consider the trigonometric ratios of -i according to the
definitions of trigonometric ratios.
y

sin (360c - i) = sin (-i) = -sin i x

O –i
360c - i cos (360c - i) = cos (-i) = cos i
360°– i
tan (360c - i) = tan (-i) = -tan i P

360c - i and -i have the same terminal side. Their

trigonometric ratios are correspondingly equal.
y

360°+ i
i
sin (360c + i) = sin i O
x
360c + i cos (360c + i) = cos i
tan (360c + i) = tan i

360c + i and i have the same terminal side. Their

trigonometric ratios are correspondingly equal.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 23

Note: The proofs for the obtuse angle i are left to students as an exercise. ◀ y

In fact, the identities on the previous page are valid for any angle i. P (cos i , sin i )

The following steps help us memorize the trigonometric identities for i

1
x
180c ! i, -i and 360c ! i. O

Step
1 Determine the sign by using the ‘CAST’ diagram.
y

Only sin( 180°– i ) All trigonometric ratios ◀ Other trigonometric ratios which
takes ‘+’. of 360°+ i take ‘+’. are not listed in the ‘CAST’
S A diagram all take ‘-’.
II I e.g. In quadrant II, both
x cos (180c - i) and
O
III IV tan (180c - i) take ‘-’.
T C
Only tan( 180°+ i ) Only cos (–i ) and
takes ‘+’. cos (360°– i ) take ‘+’. Quick Quiz 10.4

Change the following into

the trigonometric ratios
2 Replace 180c ! i, -i and 360c ! i with i.
of i.
1 2 1 2 (a) sin (360c - i)
(b) cos (180c - i)
e.g. (i) sin (180c + i) = -sin i (ii) cos (360c - i) = +cos i
(c) tan (180c + i)

[Find the trigonometric ratios of special angles]

Example Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without

Level 1
7
using a calculator.
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)

(a) sin 150c (b) cos 210c (c) tan 315c

Solution (a) sin 150c = sin (180c - 30c) i 30c 45c 60c
= sin 30c ◀ sin (180c - i) = sin i
1 b
= 2 l
1 2 3
sin i 2 2
= 1 2
2 1 b
= 2 l
3 2 1
cos i 2 2
2
(b) cos 210c = cos (180c + 30c) 1 b
= 3 l
3
tan i 1 3
= -cos 30c 3
◀ cos (180c + i) = -cos i

=- 3
2

(c) tan 315c = tan (360c - 45c)

= -tan 45c ◀ tan (360c - i) = -tan i
= -1
10. 24 | Chapter 10

Instant Drill 7
Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without using a
calculator.
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)

(a) sin 330c (b) cos 135c (c) tan 240c

➥ Ex 10B 9

C Trigonometric Identities for 90c ! i and

270c ! i
At junior secondary level, we learnt that for any acute angle i:

sin (90c - i) = cos i, cos (90c - i) = sin i, tan (90c - i) = 1

tan i
By using the trigonometric identities for 180c ! i, 360c - i and 90c - i,
we can obtain the identities for 90c + i and 270c ! i.
The following is a summary of these identities. The proofs of some
identities are shown for reference.

Angle Identities
sin (90c - i) = cos i
90c - i cos (90c - i) = sin i
tan (90c - i) = 1
tan i
sin (90c + i) = cos i Proof:
sin (90c + i) = sin (180c - 90c + i)
90c + i cos (90c + i) = -sin i
= sin [180c - (90c - i)]
tan (90c + i) = - 1 = sin (90c - i)
tan i = cos i

sin (270c - i) = -cos i

Proof:
270c - i cos (270c - i) = -sin i sin (270c - i) = sin [180c + (90c - i)]
1 = -sin (90c - i)
tan (270c - i) = = -cos i
tan i
sin (270c + i) = -cos i
Proof:
270c + i cos (270c + i) = sin i sin (270c + i) = sin [360c - (90c - i)]
= -sin (90c - i)
tan (270c + i) = - 1 = -cos i
tan i

Note: The proofs of the remaining identities and the proofs for the obtuse
angle i are left to students as an exercise. In fact, the above identities
are valid for any angle i.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 25

The following steps help us memorize the trigonometric identities for

90c ! i and 270c ! i.
Step
1 Determine the sign by using the ‘CAST’ diagram.
y

Only sin(90°+ i ) All trigonometric ratios ◀ Other trigonometric ratios which

takes ‘+’. of 90°– i take ‘+’. are not listed in the ‘CAST’
S A diagram all take ‘-’.
II I
x
O
III IV
T C
Only tan( 270°– i ) Only cos (270°+ i )
takes ‘+’. takes ‘+’.

2 Replace
‘sin’ with ‘cos’;
‘cos’ with ‘sin’;
1 ’.
‘tan’ with ‘ tan

3 Replace 90c ! i and 270c ! i with i.

1 2 3 1

e.g. (i) cos (90c + i) = -sin i (ii) tan (270c - i) = + 1

tan i

2 3

[Simplify trigonometric expressions]

Example Simplify the following expressions.

Level 1
8
(a) cos (180c + i) + sin (90c + i)
(b) tan (-i):sin (270c + i)

Solution (a) cos (180c + i) + sin (90c + i)

= -cos i + cos i ◀ cos (180c + i) = -cos i
=0 sin (90c + i) = cos i

(b) tan (-i):sin (270c + i)

= (-tan i):(-cos i) ◀ tan (-i) = -tan i
sin (270c + i) = -cos i
= sin i :cos i
cos i
= sin i
10. 26 | Chapter 10

Instant Drill 8
Simplify the following expressions.
(a) cos (270c - i) + sin (180c - i) (b) sin (270c + i) + cos (-i)

(c) sin (90c + i):tan (180c - i) (d) cos (360c - i)

tan (270c + i)
➥ Ex 10B 10–19

[Simplify trigonometric expressions]

Example Simplify the following expressions.

Level 2
9 2
(a) sin (90c + i) - cos (270c + i):cos (90c + i)

(b) sin (180c + i) $ cos (-i)

tan (270c - i)

Solution (a) sin2 (90c + i) - cos (270c + i):cos (90c + i)

= cos2 i - sin i (-sin i) ◀ sin (90c + i) = cos i
= cos2 i + sin2 i cos (270c + i) = sin i
cos (90c + i) = -sin i
=1

sin (180c + i) : cos (-i)

(b)
tan (270c - i)

= - sin i : cos i ◀ sin (180c + i) = -sin i

1
tan i cos (-i) = cos i
1
= -sin i:cos i:tan i tan (270c - i) =
tan i

= -sin i:cos i: sin i

cos i
2 Exam Video
= - sin i
(for DSE Level 4+)

Instant Drill 9
Simplify the following expressions.
2
(a) cos (270c + i) + sin (90c + i):cos (360c - i)

(b) sin (270c - i) : sin (180c + i)

sin (270c + i)
cos (180c - i)
(c)
tan (90c + i) : cos (270c - i)

(d) tan (270c + i) : sin (360c - i) ➥ Ex 10B 20–29

cos (-i)
★ Public Exam Question 2
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 27

[Simplify a trigonometric expression]

cos 0c cos 180c

Example Simplify - .
Level 2
10 1 + sin (270c + i) 1 + sin (90c + i)

Solution cos 0c - cos 180c

1 + sin (270c + i) 1 + sin (90c + i)

= 1 - -1 ◀ sin (270c + i) = -cos i

1 - cos i 1 + cos i sin (90c + i) = cos i
= (1 + cos i) + (1 - cos i)
(1 - cos i) (1 + cos i)

= 2
2
1 - cos i
2
= 2
◀ sin2 i + cos2 i = 1
sin i 2 2
1 - cos i = sin i

Exam Video
(for DSE Level 4+)
Instant Drill 10
Simplify the following expressions.

(a) sin 30c + cos 300c

1 + cos (270c - i) 1 + cos (270c + i)

(b) 1 - tan 315c ➥ Ex 10B 32, 33

cos (360c - i) - 1 sin (90c + i) + 1
★ Public Exam Questions 1, 4

Class Practice 10.2

1. Simplify ` 1 - 1j` 1 + 1j .
cos i cos i

2. Given that tan i = 4 , find the value of 2 cos i .

3 3 cos i + sin i

3. Simplify the following expressions.

2
(a) sin (360c + i) + cos (90c + i) (b) sin i + sin (90c + i):cos (360c + i)
tan (180c - i) tan (270c - i)
(c) (d)
tan (270c + i) 2
1 - sin (180c - i)

4. Find the value of sin 300c without using a calculator.

5. Simplify the following expressions.

cos (- 60c)
(a) 1 - tan 135c (b) + sin 330c
1 + cos (180c - i) 1 + cos (- i) sin (270c + i) + 1 sin (90c + i) + 1
10. 28 | Chapter 10

Exercise 10B

Level 1
Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1–4]

2
1. 1 - sin i 2. 1 - sin i cos i tan i
➥ Example 5
cos i

2
3. 1 + sin i - cos i 4. sin i + cos i
(1 + sin i) cos i 1+ 1
tan i

5. Given that cos i = 2 , find the value of sin i .

5 sin i cos i - sin i

2
6. Given that sin i = -0.6, find the value of tan i .
2
tan i + 1

7. Given that tan i = - 1 , find the value of 3 sin i + 2 cos i . ➥ Example 6

3 sin i - 2 cos i

2
8. Given that tan i = 3 , find the value of cos i sin i - 2 sin i .
4 cos i sin i

9. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without using a

calculator.
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
(a) sin 210c (b) cos 315c
(c) tan 330c (d) cos 150c
(e) sin 120c (f) tan 225c ➥ Example 7

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 10–19]

10. sin (180c - i) - sin (360c - i) ➥ Example 8

11. cos (270c + i) + cos (270c - i)

12. sin (270c + i) - cos (180c - i) 13. sin (180c - i):cos (90c + i)

sin (360c + i) cos (90c + i)

14. 15.
cos (180c + i) sin (270c - i)

16. tan (270c + i):tan (180c - i) 17. sin (180c + i):tan (270c - i)

1 cos (- i)
18. sin (360c - i): 19.
tan (- i) tan (90c + i)
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 29

Level 2
Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 20–33]
2
20. tan (360c - i):cos (360c + i) + sin (180c + i) 21. 1 - sin (180c - i)
➥ Example 9
2
22. cos (360c - i):cos (180c - i) + 1 23. sin (90c + i) - sin (-i):cos (270c + i)

cos (270c + i) cos (90c + i) : tan (180c + i)

24. - cos (180c - i) 25.
tan (- i) sin (180c - i)

sin (270c - i) : cos (90c + i) sin (90c + i) : sin (180c + i)

26. 27.
tan (180c + i) tan (270c + i)

tan i - sin (- i) Exam-type

28. 29. [sin (360c - i) + 1][cos (270c + i) + 1]
1 - cos (180c - i)

Exam-type
30. 1 + 1
1 - cos (-i) 1 + cos (360c + i)

31. 2 sin (180c + i):cos 120c - tan (360c - i):sin (270c + i)

Exam-type
32. cos 360c - sin 150c ➥ Example 10
2 cos (270c + i) + 2 tan (360c - i) : cos (- i) + 1

Exam-type
33. sin 330c + cos 300c
1 + sin (90c + i) 1 + sin (270c + i)

34. Given that cos i = - 4 , find the value of 1 - sin (270c - i):cos (-i).
5

(cos i - 1) (cos i + 1)
35. Given that tan i = - 12 , find the value of .
5 (sin i - 1) (sin i + 1)

4 cos i + cos (270c + i)

36. Given that tan i = 1 , find the value of .
3 cos (360c - i) + 2 sin (180c + i)

37. Given that sin i = 3 and i lies in quadrant II, find the value of cos (270c + i) - cos (180c - i).
5

38. Given that tan (270c - i) = a, express 1 + tan (-i) in terms of a.

sin (90c + i) cos (270c + i)

Level 3

39. Given that sin 15c = h and cos 25c = k, express 1 - tan 195c cos 345c in terms of h and k.
cos 105c sin 115c

40. Find the value of each of the following expressions without using a calculator.
2 2 2 2
(a) sin 10c + sin 20c + sin 30c + g + sin 80c
(b) tan 100c tan 190c + tan 110c tan 200c + tan 120c tan 210c + g + tan 170c tan 260c
10. 30 | Chapter 10

10.3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

For each angle x, there is one and only one corresponding value of sin x. Hence, y = sin x
is a function of x and is called the sine function. Similarly, y = cos x and y = tan x are also
functions of x, and they are called the cosine function and tangent function respectively.
These three functions are generally called trigonometric functions.

A The Graph of y = sin x

Class Activity 10.3

Objective: To investigate the graph of y = sin x.

1. Complete the table below. Give the values of sin x correct to 1 decimal place if necessary.
(Note: Make sure your calculator is in degree mode.)

x 0c 30c 60c 90c 120c 150c 180c

sin x 0 0.5 0.9

x 210c 240c 270c 300c 330c 360c

sin x -1

2. Using the results of Question 1, plot the graph of y = sin x for 0c G x G 360c.

x
0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

–1

sine function cosine function tangent function trigonometric function

 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 31

3. Refer to the graph obtained in Question 2.

(a) Complete the following table.

increases increases increases increases

x
from 0c to 90c from 90c to 180c from 180c to 270c from 270c to 360c
increases (increases / decreases) (increases / decreases) (increases / decreases)
sin x
from 0 to 1 from to from to from to

(b) Maximum value of sin x = , minimum value of sin x =

Consider the graph of y = sin x. We have the following observations:

y
maximum = 1
1
de
g
sin

cre
rea

as
ing
inc

x
0 30° 60° 90° 120°150°180°210°240°270°300°330°360°
g

y = sin x
sin
rea
inc

–1
minimum = –1

(a) When x increases

(i) from 0c to 90c, sin x increases from 0 to 1.
(ii) from 90c to 180c, sin x decreases from 1 to 0.
(iii) from 180c to 270c, sin x decreases from 0 to -1.
(iv) from 270c to 360c, sin x increases from -1 to 0.
(b) (i) The maximum value of sin x is 1 and the minimum value
is -1 (i.e. -1 G sin x G 1).
(ii) sin x attains its maximum at x = 90c, and attains its
minimum at x = 270c.
If the range of x is extended (e.g. -720c G x G 720c), the shape of the graph
of y = sin x repeats once in every 360c. We say that y = sin x is a periodic
function and its period is 360c. The domain of y = sin x is all angles.
y
1 y = sin x

x
0
–720° –540° –360° –180° 180° 360° 540° 720°

–1
period

periodic function period

10. 32 | Chapter 10

B The Graph of y = cos x

The table below shows some measures of x and the corresponding values of
cos x, where 0c G x G 360c.

x 0c 30c 60c 90c 120c 150c 180c 210c 240c 270c 300c 330c 360c
cos x 1 0.9 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.9 -1 -0.9 -0.5 0 0.5 0.9 1

(The values of cos x in the table are either exact or correct to 1 decimal
place.)
Using these values, we plot the graph of y = cos x for 0c G x G 360c and
have the following observations:
y
maximum = 1

1
y = cos x
g
de

sin
cre

rea
as

inc
ing

x
0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

–1
minimum = –1

(a) When x increases

(i) from 0c to 90c, cos x decreases from 1 to 0.
(ii) from 90c to 180c, cos x decreases from 0 to -1.
(iii) from 180c to 270c, cos x increases from -1 to 0.
(iv) from 270c to 360c, cos x increases from 0 to 1.
(b) (i) The maximum value of cos x is 1 and the minimum value is
-1 (i.e. -1 G cos x G 1).
(ii) cos x attains its maximum at x = 0c and 360c, and attains its
minimum at x = 180c.
If the range of x is extended, the shape of the graph of y = cos x repeats
once in every 360c. Hence, y = cos x is a periodic function and its period is
360c. The domain of y = cos x is all angles.
y
1 y = cos x

x
–720° –540° –360° –180° 0 180° 360° 540° 720°

–1
period
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 33

C The Graph of y = tan x

The graph of y = tan x for 0c G x G 360c is shown below. From the
graph, we have the following observations:

2
y = tan x

x
0
30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

–1

–2

(a) When x = 90c and x = 270c, tan x is undefined and the graph of
y = tan x is discontinuous for these values of x.
(b) When x 1 90c (or x 1 270c), and x gets closer and closer to 90c
(or 270c), the value of tan x increases continuously.
(c) When x 2 90c (or x 2 270c), and x gets closer and closer to 90c
(or 270c), the value of tan x decreases continuously.
(d) There is no maximum value or minimum value for tan x.
If the range of x is extended, the shape of the graph of y = tan x repeats
once in every 180c. Hence, y = tan x is a periodic function and its period is
180c. The domain of y = tan x is all angles except !90c, !270c, g.
y
y = tan x

x
–720° –540° –360° –180° 0 180° 360° 540° 720°

period
10. 34 | Chapter 10

Quick Quiz 10.5

Complete the table below.

y y y
1 1

x x x
Graph 0 180° 360° 0 180° 360° 0 90° 180° 270° 360°
–1 –1

y=( ) y = cos x y=( )

Maximum value not exist
Minimum value not exist
Period

[Find the period of a periodic function]

Example The figure shows the graph of y = cos 4x for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 1
11
Find the period of the function from the graph.
y
1

0.5

x
0 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°

–0.5

–1 y = cos 4 x

Solution
Diagram Clue
y

0.5

x
0
60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
– 0.5

–1
y = cos 4 x

a The graph repeats once in every 90c.

` The period of the function is 90c.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 35

Instant Drill 11
In each of the following, find the period of the function from the graph.
1. y = cos 2x 2. y = sin 3x - 1
y y

y = cos 2 x x
1
0 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
0.5 – 0.5

x
0 –1
90° 180° 270° 360°
–0.5
– 1.5
–1
–2
y = sin 3 x – 1
➥ Ex 10C 1–3

[Find the maximum and minimum values of trigonometric functions]

Example Find the maximum and minimum values of the following

Level 1
12
functions.
(a) y = 2 cos x + 1
(b) y = 3 - sin x

(c) y = 1
3 - sin x

Solution (a) -1 G cos x G 1

Maximum value of y = 2(1) + 1 Key
=3 -1 G cos x G 1
-2 G 2 cos x G 2
Minimum value of y = 2(-1) + 1 -2 + 1 G 2 cos x + 1 G 2 + 1
-1 G 2 cos x + 1 G 3
= -1

(b) -1 G sin x G 1
Key
Maximum value of y = 3 - (-1)
-1 G sin x G 1
=4
1 H -sin x H -1
Minimum value of y = 3 - 1 3 + 1 H 3 - sin x H 3 - 1
4 H 3 - sin x H 2
=2

(c) Maximum value of y = 1

minimum value of (3 - sin x) Key
4 H 3 - sin x H 2
= 1
2 ◀ From (b) 1 G 1 G 1
4 3 - sin x 2
Minimum value of y = 1
maximum value of (3 - sin x)

= 41
10. 36 | Chapter 10

Instant Drill 12
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.
(a) y = sin x - 2 (b) y = 3 cos x + 4 (c) y = 1
3 cos x + 4
➥ Ex 10C 4–11

[Find the maximum and minimum values of trigonometric functions]

Example Find the maximum and minimum values of the following

Level 2
13
functions.
2
(a) y = 5 - 3 sin x
2
(b) y = (2 cos x + 4)

2
Solution (a) 0 G sin x G 1 ◀ a -1 G sin x G 1
Maximum value of y = 5 - 3(0) ` 0 G sin2 x G 1

=5
Do’s and Don’ts
Minimum value of y = 5 - 3(1)
Minimum value of sin2 x ! (-1)2
=2

(b) Maximum value of (2 cos x + 4) = 2(1) + 4

=6
Minimum value of (2 cos x + 4) = 2(-1) + 4
=2
Maximum value of y = 62
= 36

Minimum value of y = 22 Exam Video

=4 (for DSE Level 4+)

Instant Drill 13
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.
2 ➥ Ex 10C 12–20
(a) y = sin2 x + 4 (b) y = 1 - 5 cos2 x (c) y = (2 - sin x)
Public
➥ Ex
★ 10C Exam Question
4–11 5

Class Practice 10.3

Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.

1. y = 3 cos x 2. y = 2 sin x - 7 3. y = 4
3 - cos x

2
4. y = cos x - 6 5. y = 1 6. y = (5 - cos x)
2
2
sin x + 2
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 37

Exercise 10C

Level 1
Each of the following shows the graph of a function. Find the period of the function. [Nos. 1–3]
1. y 2. y 3. y
1 1 y = cos x 2
2
0.5 y = tan 3 x
1
0.5
x
0 360° 720° 1080° 1440° x
0
x –0.5 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
0 180° 360° 540° 720° –1
–1
–0.5 –2

–1
y = sin x

➥ Example 11

Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions. [Nos. 4–9]
4. y = 2 sin x ➥ Example 12 5. y = -3 cos x 6. y = sin x + 5

7. y = 6 - 5 sin x 8. y = cos x1 + 7 9. y = 4 -2sin x

10. For 0c G x G 90c, find the maximum and minimum values of 4 .

2 + 3 sin x

11. For 90c G x G 180c, find the maximum and minimum values of 2 .
3 - cos x

Level 2
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions. [Nos. 12–20]
2 2
12. y = cos2 x + 6 ➥ Example 13 13. y = 5 sin x + 1 14. y = 4 cos x - 3

Exam-type Exam-type
15. y = 6 - sin2 x 16. y = 2 17. y = 7
2 2
4 + cos x 4 - 3 sin x

2 Exam-type 2
18. y = (cos x + 2)2 19. y = (5 - 4 sin x) 20. y = 2
(4 - 2 cos x)

2
21. For 180c G x G 270c, find the maximum and minimum values of (3 + 2 cos x) .

2 2
22. (a) Rewrite sin x + 6 sin x + 10 in the form of (a + sin x) + b, where a and b are constants.
12
(b) Hence, find the maximum value of 2 for 0c G x G 180c.
sin x + 6 sin x + 10

Level 3

23. (a) Rewrite 2 + sin x in the form of a + b , where a and b are constants.
3 - sin x 3 - sin x
(b) For 0c G x G 180c, find the maximum and minimum values of y = 2 + sin x .
3 - sin x
10. 38 | Chapter 10

10.4 Trigonometric Equations

A Simple Trigonometric Equations
An equation involving trigonometric ratio(s) of an unknown angle is called
a trigonometric equation.

e.g. cos i = 21 , sin i = 1 and 2 tan i + 1 = 0 are trigonometric equations. ◀ Special types of trigonometric
equations will be discussed in
Book 5A Chapter 1.
Consider the equation cos i = 21 for 0c G i G 360c. At junior secondary
level, we learnt how to use a calculator to find the acute angle i satisfying
cos i = 21 , i.e. i = 60c. In fact, for 0c G i G 360c, cos i = 21 has two
solutions and one of them is i = 60c.

To find another solution, we can apply the identity cos (360c - i) = cos i:
cos (360c - 60c) = cos 60c
cos 300c = cos 60c
= 21

So, i = 300c is another solution of cos i = 21 for 0c G i G 360c.

The following illustrates the methods for solving simple trigonometric

equations.
Let k be a constant and k 2 0. We can solve sin i = k and sin i = -k for
0c G i G 360c as follows.

sin i = k sin i = -k
Find the acute angle a such that sin a = k. Find the acute angle a such that sin a = k.

y y
S A S A
180°– a 180°+ a

a a O
x x
O a a

360°– a
T C T C

i lies in quadrant I or II. i lies in quadrant III or IV.

The solutions are i = a or 180c - a. The solutions are i = 180c + a or 360c - a.

trigonometric equation
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 39

e.g. Solve sin i = 0.5 for 0c G i G 360c.

sin i = 0.5
i = 30c or 180c - 30c sin a = 0.5 a = 30c
i = 30c or 150c

Similarly, we can solve cos i = k, cos i = -k, tan i = k and tan i = -k for 0c G i G 360c as follows.

cos i = k cos i = -k
Find the acute angle a such that cos a = k. Find the acute angle a such that cos a = k.

y y
S A S A
180°– a

a a
x x
O a 180°+ a a O

360°– a
T C T C

i lies in quadrant I or IV. i lies in quadrant II or III.

The solutions are i = a or 360c - a. The solutions are i = 180c - a or 180c + a.

e.g. Solve cos i = -0.5 for 0c G i G 360c.

cos i = -0.5
i = 180c - 60c or 180c + 60c cos a = 0.5 a = 60c
i = 120c or 240c

tan i = k tan i = -k
Find the acute angle a such that tan a = k. Find the acute angle a such that tan a = k.

y y
S A S A
180°– a
180°+ a

a a
x x
a O O a

360°– a
T C T C

i lies in quadrant I or III. i lies in quadrant II or IV.

The solutions are i = a or 180c + a. The solutions are i = 180c - a or 360c - a.

10.40 | Chapter 10

e.g. Solve tan i = -1 for 0c G i G 360c.

tan i = -1
i = 180c - 45c or 360c - 45c tan a = 1 a = 45c
i = 135c or 315c

Let k 2 0 and 0c G x G 360c. In general, if f(x) = k or f(x) = -k, where

f(x) represents sin x, cos x or tan x, we may follow the steps below to find x.
Step
1 Find an acute angle a such that f(a) = k. (a is called a reference angle.)
2 According to the sign of f(x), determine the quadrant(s) in which x lies.
3 If x lies in quadrant I, x = a.
If x lies in quadrant II, x = 180c - a.
If x lies in quadrant III, x = 180c + a.
If x lies in quadrant IV, x = 360c - a.

However, the above steps may not apply to certain forms of trigonometric
equations. They can be solved using the graphs of trigonometric functions as
shown below.
(i) sin x = 1, sin x = 0 and sin x = -1. y

When sin x = 1, x = 90c. 1

y = sin x
When sin x = 0, x
x = 0c or 180c or 360c. 0 90° 180° 270° 360°
–1
When sin x = -1, x = 270c.

(ii) cos x = 1, cos x = 0 and cos x = -1. y

When cos x = 1, x = 0c or 360c. 1

When cos x = 0, x = 90c or 270c. x

0 90° 180° 270° 360°
When cos x = -1, x = 180c.
–1 y = cos x

(iii) tan x = 0 y
y = tan x
When tan x = 0,
x = 0c or 180c or 360c. x
0 90° 180° 270° 360°

On the other hand, we know that -1 G sin x G 1 and -1 G cos x G 1.

Thus, when k 2 1, sin x = !k and cos x = !k have no solutions.
e.g. sin x = 2 has no solutions.

reference angle
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.41

[Solve simple trigonometric equations]

Example Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 1
14
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) tan x = 1 (b) cos x = -0.3
3

Solution Diagram Clue

(a) Consider tan a = 1 . (b) Consider cos a = 0.3.
3
S A S A

a a a
a O a O

T C T C

(a) Reference angle a = 30c ◀ Step 1

a tan x 2 0
` x lies in quadrant I or quadrant III. ◀ Step 2

x = 30c or 180c + 30c ◀ Step 3

` x = 30c or 210c

(b) Reference angle a = 72.542c, cor. to the nearest 0.001c

a cos x 1 0
` x lies in quadrant II or quadrant III.
x = 180c - 72.542c or 180c + 72.542c
` x = 107.5c or 252.5c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c

Instant Drill 14
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)

(a) sin x = 3
2

(b) cos x = 0.8

3
(c) cos x = - 2

(d) tan x = -5
➥ Ex 10D 1–9
10.42 | Chapter 10

[Solve a simple trigonometric equation]

Example Solve 3 sin x = 2 for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 1
15
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)

Solution 3 sin x = 2
positive ratio Diagram Clue
sin x = 23
Consider sin a = 2 .
3
[Reference angle a = 41.810c, cor. to the nearest 0.001c
S A
a sin x 2 0
` x lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.] a a
O
x = 41.810c or 180c - 41.810c
` x = 41.8c or 138.2c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c T C

Note: After sufficient practice, the steps within the square brackets can be
omitted.

Instant Drill 15
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) 2 cos x = 1
(b) 3 tan x = 4
➥ Ex 10D 12–14

[Solve a simple trigonometric equation]

Example Solve 3 cos x = -1 for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 1
16
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)

Solution 3 cos x = -1
negative ratio Diagram Clue
cos x = - 1
3 Consider cos a = 1 .
3
x = 180c - 54.736c or 180c + 54.736c ◀ S A
` x = 125.3c or 234.7c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c
a
a O

T C

Instant Drill 16
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)
(a) 2 tan x = -9
(b) 5 sin x = -2
➥ Ex 10D 15–17
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.43

B Other Trigonometric Equations ✂

Non-foundation
Let’s study more examples of solving trigonometric equations.

[Solve a trigonometric equation]

Example Solve 3 tan x + 3 = 0 for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 1
17

Solution 3 tan x + 3 = 0
3 tan x = - 3

tan x = - 33 ◀ Consider tan a = 3

3
.

x = 180c - 30c or 360c - 30c ◀ Since tan x 1 0, x lies in

` x = 150c or 330c quadrant II or IV.

Instant Drill 17
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) 2 cos x + 2 =0
(b) 7 sin x - 2 = 0
➥ Ex 10D 18–20

[Solve a trigonometric equation]

Solve tan x = - 1 for 0c G x G 360c.

Example
Level 2
18 tan 43c

Solution tan x = - 1
tan 43c
1
= -tan (90c - 43c) ◀
tan i
= tan (90c - i)
= -tan 47c
x = 180c - 47c or 360c - 47c ◀ Since tan x 1 0, x lies in
` x = 133c or 313c quadrant II or IV.

Instant Drill 18
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(a) cos x = cos 45c
(b) sin x = cos 25c

(c) tan x = 1
tan 36c
(d) cos x = -sin 62c
➥ Ex 10D 21–24
 10.44 | Chapter 10

[Solve an equation involving two kinds of trigonometric ratios]

✂
Example Solve 2 sin x - 5 cos x = 0 for 0c G x G 360c.
Non-foundation

Level 2
19
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)

Solution 2 sin x - 5 cos x = 0

2 sin x = 5 cos x
2 sin x = 5 cos x ◀ Since x = 90c and x = 270c
cos x cos x
do not satisfy the equation,
tan x = 5 cos x ! 0. Hence, both sides can
2 be divided by cos x.
x = 68.199c or 180c + 68.199c
` x = 68.2c or 248.2c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c

Instant Drill 19
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) sin x = cos x
(b) 4 sin x - 5 cos x = 0
(c) 3 sin x + 2 cos x = 0
➥ Ex 10D 26–29

[Solve an equation involving two kinds of trigonometric ratios]

Example Solve sin x = 3 tan x for 0c G x 1 360c. ◀ In this example, 360c is not
Level 2
20 included in the range of x.

Solution sin x = 3 tan x

sin x
sin x = 3: cos x
sin x cos x = 3 sin x ◀ Multiply both sides by cos x.
sin x cos x - 3 sin x = 0
sin x (cos x - 3) = 0
sin x = 0 or cos x - 3 = 0 For any angle x,
-1 G cos x G 1.
sin x = 0 or cos x = 3 (rejected)
` x = 0c or 180c ◀ Although x = 360c satisfies
sin x = 0, it is not a solution.

Instant Drill 20
Solve the following equations for 0c G x 1 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) cos x - sin x cos x = 0
(b) 2 sin x = 3 tan x
(c) 3 sin x = -tan x
➥ Ex 10D 32–35
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.45

More to Learn

Finding Inclinations of Straight Lines

In Book 4A Chapter 2, we discussed the relation between the slope and the inclination of a straight line.
For a straight line L with inclination i, where 0c 1 i 1 90c,

slope of L = tan i

In fact, this relation also holds for i = 0c and 90c 1 i 1 180c.

Case 1: i = 0c
L is a horizontal line, i.e. slope of L = 0.
Also, tan 0c = 0. Therefore, ‘slope of L = tan i’ holds for i = 0c.
Case 2: 90c 1 i 1 180c

y
B ( x 2 , y2)
D ( x 2 – x 1 , y2 – y1)

A ( x 1 , y1)
i' i
x
C(0,0)
O
L

L'

In the figure, L passes through A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) and its inclination is i, where 90c 1 i 1 180c.
y -y
Slope of L = x2 - x1
2 1

A and B are translated y 1 units downwards and then translated x 1 units to the left to C and D
respectively. Ll passes through C and D and its inclination is il.
(y2 - y1) - 0
Slope of Ll =
(x2 - x1) - 0
y -y
= x2 - x1
2 1

Therefore, L # Ll and i = il.

Note that D is a point on the terminal side of il.
tan il = tan i
y -y
= x2 - x1
2 1

Therefore, ‘slope of L = tan i’ holds for 90c 1 i 1 180c.

10.46 | Chapter 10

Using the relation mentioned above, we can find the inclination of a straight line with a negative slope.
e.g. Consider the straight line L: 4x + 7y - 5 = 0.
Let i be the inclination of L.
Slope of L = - 47 ◀ Slope = - A
B

tan i = - 4 ◀ Consider tan a = 47 .

7
i = 180c - 29.745c ◀ The inclination is between 0c
i = 150.3c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c and 180c. So, we do not need to
consider 360c - 29.745c.
` The inclination of L is 150.3c.

Question
Find the inclination of each of the following straight lines, correct to the nearest 0.1c.
(a) 3x + y + 11 = 0 (b) x + 2y - 1 = 0

Class Practice 10.4

[In this exercise, give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.]
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

1. tan x = 1 2. cos x = -0.7

3. 5 sin x = 3 ✂4. 6 sin x + 5 = 0

✂5. sin x = -cos 23c ✂6. 2 cos x - 3 sin x = 0

Exercise 10D
[In this exercise, give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.]

Level 1
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 1–11]

1. cos x = 1 ➥ Example 14 2. sin x = - 3 3. tan x = - 1

2 2 3

4. tan x = 1 5. sin x = -0.3 6. cos x = -0.12

2

7. cos x = 1.2 8. sin x = -3 9. tan x = -9

10. sin x = -1 11. tan x = 0

 Basic Trigonometry | 10.47

Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 12–17]

12. 2 sin x = 1 ➥ Example 15 13. 3 cos x = 1 14. 2 tan x = 5

15. 5 cos x = -2 ➥ Example 16 16. - 2 sin x = 1 17. 4 tan x = - 3

Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 18–20]

✂ 18. 4 sin x + 3 = 0 ➥ Example 17 ✂ 19. 1 - 6 cos x = 0

✂ 20. 2 tan x + 7 = 0

Level 2
Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 21–25]

✂ 21. sin x = sin 25c ➥ Example 18 ✂ 22. sin x = cos 62c

1
✂ 23. tan x = - tan 28c ✂ 24. cos x = sin (-56c)

5 9
✂ 25. sin x = sin 35c

Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 26–31]

✂ 26. 3 sin x = cos x ➥ Example 19 ✂ 27. -6 cos x = 2 sin x

✂ 28. sin x - 2 cos x = 0 ✂ 29. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 0

✂ 30. cos x (cos x + 1) = 0 ✂ 31. tan x (3 sin x + 2) = 0

Solve the following equations for 0c G x 1 360c. [Nos. 32–35]

✂ 32. 4 cos x sin x + cos x = 0 ➥ Example 20 ✂ 33. 8 sin x - 3 sin x cos x = 0

✂ 34. sin x - 3 tan x = 0 ✂ 35. 2 sin x = tan x

cos x + sin x 1
✂ 36. Solve 2 sin x - 3 cos x = 4 for 0c G x G 360c.

✂ 37. Solve sin x cos x + cos x - 3 sin x = 3 for 0c G x G 360c.

✂ 38. Solve 3 tan x cos x - 2 tan x + 9 cos x = 6 for 0c G x G 360c.

Level 3

✂ 39. Solve 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0 for 0c G x G 360c.

1 cos x = tan x for 0c G x G 360c.

✂ 40. Solve 1 -
+ sin x
10.48 | Chapter 10

Chapter Summary
1. Definitions of Trigonometric Ratios of Example
Any Angle
In the figure, the coordinates of P are (4 , -3).
In the figure, y
Find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
y
sin i = r ,
i OP = 42 + (- 3) 2 y
cos i = xr , x
O =5 i
y r
tan i = x , x
P( x , y ) ` sin i = - 3 O
5
where r = x2 + y2 . P( 4 ,– 3 )
cos i = 4
5

tan i = - 43

2. Signs of Trigonometric Ratios Example

The sign of a trigonometric ratio of an angle
(i) a 120c lies in quadrant II.
is determined by the quadrant in which that
` sin 120c 2 0
angle lies.
(ii) a 245c lies in quadrant III.
y ` cos 245c 1 0
(iii) a 310c lies in quadrant IV.
Sin All ` tan 310c 1 0
II I
x
O
III IV

Tan Cos

3. Trigonometric Identities Example

For any angle i,
2 2 1 - sin i cos i
(a) sin i + cos i = 1 tan i

tan i = sin i = 1 - sin i cos i

cos i sin i
cos i

= 1 - cos2 i
= sin2 i
 Basic Trigonometry | 10.49

(b) -i, 180c ! i, 360c ! i Example

y
(i) cos (360c - i):sin (180c - i):tan (90c + i)
sin (180°– i ) = sin i sin (360°+ i ) = sin i
cos (180°– i ) = – cos i cos (360°+ i ) = cos i = cos i:sin i: `- 1 j
tan i
tan (180°– i ) = – tan i tan (360°+ i ) = tan i
S II I A = cos i:sin i: b - cos i l
x sin i
T O C 2
III IV = - cos i
sin (180°+ i ) = – sin i sin (–i ) = – sin i
cos (180°+ i ) = – cos i cos (–i ) = cos i cos (- i)
(ii) + cos (90c - i)
tan (180°+ i ) = tan i tan (–i ) = – tan i tan (270c - i)
sin (360°– i ) = – sin i
cos (360°– i ) = cos i = cos1 i + sin i
tan (360°– i ) = – tan i tan i
= tan i cos i + sin i
90c ! i, 270c ! i
= sin i :cos i + sin i
y cos i
= sin i + sin i
sin (90°+ i ) = cos i sin (90°– i ) = cos i
cos (90°+ i ) = – sin i cos (90°– i ) = sin i
= 2 sin i
tan (90°+ i ) = – 1 tan (90°– i ) = 1
tan i tan i
S II I A
x
T O C
III IV
sin (270°– i ) = – cos i sin (270°+ i ) = –cos i
cos (270°– i ) = – sin i cos (270°+ i ) = sin i
tan (270°– i ) = 1 tan (270°+ i ) = – 1
tan i tan i

4. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

(a) y (b) y (c) y y = tan x
y = sin x y = cos x
1 1

x x x
0 0 0
–360°–180° 180° 360° 540° 720° –360°–180° 180° 360° 540° 720° –360°–180° 180° 360° 540° 720°

–1 –1

Trigonometric Example
y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x
function
Consider y = 1 + 3 sin x.
Maximum -1 G sin x G 1
1 1 not exist
value Maximum value of y = 1 + 3(1) = 4
Minimum Minimum value of y = 1 + 3(-1) = - 2
-1 -1 not exist
value

Period 360c 360c 180c

10. 50 | Chapter 10

5. Trigonometric Equations Example

If f(x) = k (or f(x) = -k), where f(x)
Solve tan x = -0.5 for 0c G x G 360c.
represents sin x, cos x or tan x, k 2 0 and
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)
0c G x G 360c, x can be found as follows:
[Reference angle
Step : Find an acute angle a such that
= 26.565c, cor. to the nearest 0.001c
f(a) = k.
a tan x 1 0
Step : Determine the quadrant(s) in which x
` x lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.]
lies and write down the solution of the
x = 180c - 26.565c or 360c - 26.565c
equation.
= 153.4c or 333.4c, cor. to the nearest 0.1c
y

180°– a a
x
O
180°+ a 360°– a

Checkpoint
In each of the following, put ✓ in if it is correct, and ✗ if it is wrong. [Nos. 1–5]
1. 492c lies in quadrant II.

2. If sin i tan i 2 0, i must lie in quadrant I.

3. sin 460c = cos 10c

4. When x increases from 180c to 270c, sin x increases from 0 to 1.

✂ 5. If sin x = sin (-36c), where 0c G x G 360c, then x = 216c or 324c.

6. Find the value of cos 360c - sin 270c without using a calculator.
cos 0c # cos 180c

7. Given that cos i = - 2 and i lies in quadrant III, find the values of sin i and tan i.
3
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)

8. Simplify the following expressions.

2 cos(360c - i)
(a) 1 - tan (180c + i) sin (270c - i) cos (180c - i) (b) 2
+ cos (-i)
tan (270c + i)
9. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.

(a) y = 4 cos x - 1 (b) y = 5

5 6 - 2 sin x

10. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)
(a) 3 sin x = 1 ✂ (b) 5 cos x + 2 = 0 ✂ (c) (cos x + 2)(2 tan x + 7) = 0
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 51

Supplementary Exercise 10
[In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the
answers if necessary.]

Level 1
1. In each of the following, find the quadrant(s) in which the terminal side
of i lies.
(a) i = 272c (b) i = 179c

(c) i = -146c (d) sin i 1 0

tan i

(e) tan i 2 0 (f) cos i sin i 1 0

cos i

2. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

(a) cos 0c - tan 180c + sin 270c

(b) sin 90c

cos 180c # cos 360c

In each of the following, find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i. [Nos. 3–6]

3. y 4. y

P(–4 ,3)
i
x
i O

x
O
P(–3,– 7)

5. y 6. y
P ( x , 48)

50 x
O i
i
x 17
O P ( 15 , y)

7. Given that tan i = - 7 and i lies in quadrant II, find the values of sin i
24
and cos i.

8. Given that sin i = - 12 and i lies in quadrant III, find the values of cos i
13
and tan i.

9. Given that cos i = 3 and 270c 1 i 1 360c, find the values of sin i
2
and tan i.
10. 52 | Chapter 10

10. Simplify the following expressions.

(b) cos i tan i b 1 - sin i l

2
(a) 1 - cos i
2
2 cos i sin i

11. Simplify the following expressions.

(a) sin (90c + i) - cos (180c - i) (b) sin (270c + i):tan (180c + i)
tan (180c - i)
(c) (d) tan (-i):cos (-i) + cos (270c + i)
tan (270c - i)

12. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without using a calculator.
(a) cos 300c (b) tan 210c
(c) sin 135c (d) tan (-225c)

13. Given that tan i = - 12 , find the value of sin i + 4 cos i .

5 3 sin i

cos (270c - i)
14. Given that sin i = 4 , find the value of .
5 2
1 - 2 sin (180c - i)

15. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.
(a) y = 9 - 2 sin x

(b) y = 5 2cos x
+

16. For 180c G x G 270c, find the maximum and minimum values of 6 .
2 - sin x

17. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)
(a) tan x = 2.3 (b) cos x = 0.9 (c) sin x = 0.27

18. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.)
(a) tan x = -1.5 (b) cos x = -0.26 (c) sin x = -0.4

19. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest degree if necessary.)

(a) 2 cos x = - 2 (b) 2 tan x = 5 (c) 4 sin x = 7

3

✂ 20. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)
(a) 5 tan x - 2 = 0 (b) 2 sin x + 2 =0 (c) 2 + 8 cos x = 9
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 53

Level 2

21. Given that tan i = - 20 and sin i 1 0, find the values of sin i and cos i.
21

22. Given that cos i = 67 , find the values of sin i and tan i.

23. Given that sin (90c + i) = - 1 , find the values of sin i, cos i and tan i.
5

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 24–27]

24. (a) 1 - 12
2
tan i sin i

(b) 1 + 1
1 - cos i 1 + cos i

2
tan (270c + i) : cos (90c + i)
25. (a) 2
cos (180c + i) : tan (90c - i)
(b) cos (90c - i):sin (-i) - cos (360c + i):sin (90c - i)
2 2
(c) sin (180c + i):cos (360c - i) + sin (360c - i):cos (90c + i)

26. (a) 2 sin (270c - i):sin 210c + cos 180c:cos i

cos (360c - i) : tan 240c
(b)
sin 240c: sin i

Exam-type
27. (a) [cos (180c - i) - 1][sin (270c + i) + 1]

(b) tan 135c + tan 225c

1 + sin (90c - i) 1 + sin (270c - i)

(c) sin 210c + cos 300c

1 - cos (90c + i) 1 + cos (90c + i)

28. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.
2 2 2 2
(a) cos 10c + cos 20c + cos 30c + g + cos 170c
(b) tan 95c # tan 105c # tan 115c # g # tan 175c

29. If tan (180c - i) = -3, find the value of sin i + cos i .

sin i - cos i

30. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions.
Exam-type
(a) y = 8 + cos x
2
(b) y = 2
2
4 - sin x
2 2 2
(c) y = (1 - 3 cos x) (d) y = 2 sin x - cos x
10. 54 | Chapter 10

Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c. [Nos. 31–32]

✂ 31. cos x = sin (-72c)

✂ 32. tan x = - cos 25c

sin 25c

Solve the following equations for 0c G x 1 360c. [Nos. 33–38]

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)

✂ 33. sin x - 3 cos x = 0

✂ 34. 2 sin x + 9 sin (90c - x) = 0

✂ 35. sin x(tan x - 1) = 0

✂ 36. 6 tan x cos x = -tan x

✂ 37. 5 sin x = -tan x

✂ 38. 4 sin x - 3 tan x = 0

39. It is given that P(60 , 0) is a point in the rectangular coordinate plane.

y y

Q
150° i
x x
O P O P

R( x , – 50 )
S

Fig. I Fig. II

(a) In Fig. I, P is rotated about O to Q. If the angle of rotation is

150c, find the vertical distance between P and Q.
(b) In Fig. II, P is rotated about O to R. The angle of rotation is i and
the coordinates of R are (x , -50). S is the lowest point on the
circle.
(i) Find the vertical distance between R and S.
(ii) Find i, correct to 2 decimal places.

2
✂ 40. (a) Solve 2y - y - 1 = 0.
2
(b) Hence, solve 2 sin x - sin x - 1 = 0 for 0c G x G 360c.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 55

Level 3

41. It is given that sin i = 2

3
and i lies in quadrant II.
(a) Find the values of cos i and tan i.
(b) Without using a calculator, prove that
sin (180c - i) + sin (270c + i)
- 18(sin2 i - cos2 i) tan (270c - i) 1 - 21 .
tan(180c + i)
2 2
✂ 42. Solve 5 cos x + 3 sin x cos x - 2 sin x = 0 for 0c G x G 360c.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c if necessary.)

✂ 43. Solve the following equations for 0c G x G 360c.

(a) 2 sin (x - 60c) = - 3
(b) 4 cos 2x - 2 = 0

Cross-topic Questions

44. In 3ABC, +C = 60c. Find the values of the following without using a
calculator.
(a) sin (+A + +B)
(b) tan (+A + +B + 2+C)

2
45. In the figure, V is the vertex of the graph of y = x + 24x + 139. y
2
y = x + 24 x + 139
✂ (a) Using the method of completing the square, find the coordinates
of V.
(b) If OV is the terminal side of an angle i, find the values of sin i,
cos i and tan i. x
O

2
✂ 46. sin i and cos i are the roots of the equation 5x + x + k = 0, where
270c 1 i 1 360c.
(a) Find the value of sin i + cos i.
2
(b) By considering (sin i + cos i) , find the value of k.

(c) Hence, find the value of cos i + 1 .

sin i - 1
10. 56 | Chapter 10

Multiple-choice Questions

47. If tan i = - 4 and i lies in quadrant II, then 51. Which of the following may represent the
3
cos (90c + i) + sin (-i) = graph of y = cos x for 0c G x G 180c?

y
A. - 85 . A.
1
B. - 45 .
x
C. - 56 . 0
90° 180°

D. 0. –1

2
48. 1 + tan (180c - x) = B. y
2 1
A. 1 + sin x
2
cos x
2 x
B. 1 + cos x 0 90° 180°
2
cos x
2
cos x - sin x
2 –1
C. 2
cos x
C. y
D. 1
2 1
cos x

Exam-type
sin 30c cos 120c x
49. - = 0 90° 180°
1 + sin(90c - i) 1 + sin(270c + i)

A. 1 –1
2(1 + cos i)
B. 1 D. y
1 + cos i
1
C. 1
2
sin i
1 x
D. 2
0 90° 180°
cos i
Exam-type –1
50. If x + y = 270c, which of the following must
be true?
I. tan x = tan y
II. sin x + cos y = 0
III. cos2 x + cos2 y = 1
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 57

Exam-type
52. If 90c 1 x 1 y 1 180c, which of the 55. If 2 cos i = - 3 , where 0c 1 i 1 360c,
following must be true? then i =
I. sin x 1 sin y A. 30c or 150c.
II. cos x 2 cos y B. 30c or 330c.
III. tan x 2 tan y C. 150c or 210c.
A. I only D. 150c or 330c.
B. II only
C. I and III only Exam-type
✂ 56. For 0c G i G 360c, how many distinct roots
D. II and III only
does the equation sin i (tan i + 3) = 0 have?
Exam-type
53. Find the maximum and minimum values of the A. 2
5 B. 3
function y = 2 .
6 - sin i C. 4
Maximum value Minimum value D. 5

A. 1 5
7 Exam-type
✂ 57. For 0c G x 1 360c, how many distinct roots
does the equation sin x `cos x - 21 j = 0 have?
B. 1 5
6

C. 5
5 7 A. 2
B. 3
D. 5 5
6 C. 4
D. 5
Exam-type
54. The minimum value of 4 + 3 cos i is
3 - 2 cos i

A. 1.
5

B. 7.
5
C. 1.
D. 7.
10. 58 | Chapter 10

✂ MC Question Tutor Exam Video

(for DSE Level 4+)
Question 1
Let k be a positive constant and -90c 1 i 1 90c. If the figure y

shows the graph of y = cos (kxc + i), then y = cos ( kx°+ i )

A. k = 1 and i = -60c.
2
B. k = 1 and i = 60c.
2 x
0 15 105
C. k = 2 and i = -60c.
D. k = 2 and i = 60c.

Suggested Solution

Substitute (15 , 0) into y = cos (kxc + i). Star Tips

cos [k(15c) + i] = 0 Obtain a pair of simultaneous equations by
substituting the coordinates of the two given
Substitute (105 , 0) into y = cos (kxc + i). points on the graph.
cos [k(105c) + i] = 0
a k 2 0 and -90c 1 i 1 90c.
k(15c) + i = 90c............. (1)
` Think
k(105c) + i = 270c......... (2)
We cannot set up the following simultaneous
(2) - (1): k (90c) = 180c equations.

k=2 k(15c) + i = 270c ........ (1)

k(105c) + i = 90c ........ (2)
✗
Substitute k = 2 into (1).
Do you know why?
2(15c) + i = 90c
i = 60c
` The answer is D. ◀ In Book 5A Chapter 3, we will discuss how to solve this
kind of question by using transformations of graphs.

Exam Drill 1
y
Let p be a positive constant and -90c 1 i 1 90c.
If the figure shows the graph of y = sin (pxc + i), y = sin ( px°+ i )
then

A. p = 21 and i = -30c. B. p = 21 and i = 30c. 0

x
60 420
C. p = 4 and i = -30c. D. p = 4 and i = 30c.
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 59

Exam-type Questions Exam Information

1. cos 300c + cos 240c = ✂ 6. For 0c G i G 360c, how many distinct roots
1 - cos(270c + i) 1 - cos(90 c + i)
does the equation cos i (tan i + 3) = 0 have?
A. 1
2 A. 2
cos i
B. 3
B. cos i
tan i C. 4
tan i D. 5
C.
cos i
1 7. tan 91c × tan 92c × tan 93c × g × tan 177c ×
D.
cos i tan i tan 178c × tan 179c =

2. [cos (270c - i) + 1][sin (180c + i) - 1] = A. -1

B. 1
A. -cos2 i
C. 45
B. -sin2 i
D. 90
C. cos2 i
D. sin2 i
✂ 8. Let c be a positive constant and -90c 1 i 1 90c.
If the figure shows the graph of y = tan (cxc + i),
3. If 180c 1 i 1 270c, which of the following
then
must be true?
I. sin i + sin (90c + i) 1 0 y
II. cos (180c - i) - cos (270c + i) 2 0
III. tan (-i) tan (270c - i) = -1
A. I and II only
B. I and III only x
C. II and III only 0 360 900
D. I, II and III

4. For 0c G i G 90c, the maximum value of y = tan ( cx°+ i )

6 is
A. i = -60c and c = 1 .
2 2
2 sin i + 5 sin (270c + i)
3
A. 2. B. i = -60c and c = 3.
B. 3. C. i = 60c and c = 1 .
C. 5. 3

D. 6. D. i = 60c and c = 3.

✂ 5. For 0c G i G 360c, how many distinct roots

does the equation tan i + sin i = 0 have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
10. 60 | Chapter 10

Public Exam Questions

1. HKDSE 2015 (A) 5. HKDSE Practice Paper (A)

cos 180c + cos 360c = For 0c G i G 90c, the least value of
1 + sin(90 c + i) 1 + sin(270 c + i) 30
2 2 is
A. 0. 3 sin i + 2 sin (90c - i)

B. 2 . A. 5.
cos i B. 6.
C. 2 cos i . C. 10.
2
sin i
D. 15.
D. 2 sin i .
2
cos i 6. HKCEE 2011 (A)
If x, y and z are the angles of a triangle with
2. HKDSE 2014 (A)
x + y = 90c, which of the following are true?
(cos (90c + i) + 1)(sin (360c - i) - 1) =
I. tan x tan y = sin z
A. -cos2 i. II. cos y + cos z = sin x
B. -sin2 i. III. sin2 x + sin2 y = sin2 z
C. cos2 i.
A. I and II only
D. sin2 i.
B. I and III only
3. HKDSE 2013 (A) C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
If 0c 1 x 1 90c, which of the following must
be true?
✂ 7. HKDSE 2015 (B)
I. tan x tan (90c - x) = 1
Let k be a positive constant and
II. sin x - sin (90c - x) 1 0
-180c 1 i 1 180c. If the figure shows
III. cos x + cos (90c - x) 2 0 the graph of y = sin (kxc + i), then
A. I and II only y
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

x
4. HKDSE 2012 (A) O 75 165
cos 60c cos 240c
+ =
1 - cos (90c - i) 1 - cos (270c - i)

A. 1 .
2
cos i
A. k = 1 and i = -30c.
cos i . 2
B.
tan i
B. k = 1 and i = 30c.
tan i . 2
C.
cos i C. k = 2 and i = -30c.
D. 1 . D. k = 2 and i = 30c.
cos i tan i
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 61

Answers
Q & A (P. 10.1) 12 (a) maximum: -1, minimum: -3

36 m (b) maximum: 7, minimum: 1

(c) maximum: 1, minimum: 1

Review Exercise (P. 10.4) 7

13 (a) maximum: 5, minimum: 4

1. 10 2. 24 3. 5
(b) maximum: 1, minimum: -4
4. sin i = 4 , cos i = 3 , tan i = 4
5 5 3 (c) maximum: 9, minimum: 1
5. sin i = 15 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 15 14 (a) 60c, 120c (b) 36.9c, 323.1c
17 17 8
(c) 150c, 210c (d) 101.3c, 281.3c
6. sin i = 11 , cos i = 5 , tan i = 11
6 6 5 15 (a) 60c, 300c (b) 53.1c, 233.1c
7. 60c 8. 14.5c 9. 60.9c 16 (a) 102.5c, 282.5c (b) 243.4c, 296.6c
10. 1 11. 1 12. 3 17 (a) 135c, 225c (b) 16.6c, 163.4c
2 2
18 (a) 45c, 315c (b) 65c, 115c
13. cos i 14. sin i 15. sin i
(c) 54c, 234c (d) 152c, 208c
16. (a) (3 , -4) (b) (2 , 5)
19 (a) 45c, 225c (b) 51.3c, 231.3c
Instant Drill (c) 146.3c, 326.3c

1 1. sin i = 4 , cos i = - 3 , tan i = - 4 20 (a) 90c, 270c (b) 0c, 180c

5 5 3
(c) 0c, 109.5c, 180c, 250.5c
2. sin i = - 12 , cos i = 5 , tan i = - 12
13 13 5
Quick Quiz 10.1 (P. 10.7)
2 sin i = - 5 , cos i = - 12 , tan i = 5
13 13 12 1. (a) II (b) III (c) I (d) IV
3 1. cos i = 4 , tan i = 3 2. quadrant I: 27c, -280c; quadrant II: 175c, 530c;
5 4
quadrant III: 252c, -130c; quadrant IV: 337c, 650c
2. sin i = 20 , tan i = - 20
29 21
Quick Quiz 10.2 (P. 10.10)
4 1. quadrant I: sin i = 3 , cos i = 1 ;
10 10
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 0
quadrant III: sin i = - 3 , cos i = - 1
10 10 Quick Quiz 10.3 (P. 10.12)
2. quadrant II: sin i = 7 , tan i = - 7 ; 1. (a) II, +, -, - (b) III, -, -, +
4 3
(c) I, +, +, + (d) IV, -, +, -
quadrant III: sin i = - 7 , tan i = 7
4 3 2. (a) II (b) III
5 (a) 2 cos i (b) tan i (c) I, IV
6 (a) 1 (b) 1
4
Class Practice 10.1 (P. 10.14)
7 (a) - 1 (b) - 1 (c) 3 1. (a) quadrant III (b) quadrant I
2 2
8 (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) quadrant IV (d) quadrant II

(c) -sin i (d) -sin i 2. sin i = - 3 , cos i = 4 , tan i = - 3

5 5 4
9 (a) 1 (b) -sin i
3. sin i = 24 , cos i = - 7 , tan i = - 24
(c) -1 (d) 1 25 25 7

i 4. (a) quadrant III (b) quadrant I or II

10 (a) 1
2
(b) - 2 cos
2
cos i sin i
5. sin i = - 24 , tan i = 24
25 7
11 1. 180c 2. 120c
6. quadrant III: cos i = - 5 , tan i = 2 ;
3 5

quadrant IV: cos i = 5 , tan i = - 2

3 5
10. 62 | Chapter 10

Exercise 10A (P. 10.15) 25. quadrant I: sin i = 40 , tan i = 40 ;

41 9
1. (a) 126c (b) -78c (c) 215c
quadrant IV: sin i = - 40 , tan i = - 40
2. (a) quadrant III (b) quadrant II (c) quadrant IV 41 9

3. (a) quadrant III (b) quadrant II (c) quadrant I 26. quadrant III: cos i = - 1 , tan i = 3 ;
2
4. (a) quadrant I or III (b) quadrant II or III
quadrant IV: cos i = 1 , tan i = - 3
(c) quadrant IV (d) quadrant II 2

5. (a) quadrant I or II (b) quadrant II or III 27. quadrant II: - 135 ; quadrant III: 135
136 136
(c) quadrant I (d) quadrant IV 2
28. cos i = 4k2 - 1 , tan i = 4k
2
or
6. (a) +, IV (b) +, III (c) -, II (d) -, IV 4k + 1 4k - 1
2
7. (a) 1 (b) -2 (c) 0 (d) 0 cos i = - 4k2 - 1 , tan i = - 4k
2
4k + 1 4k - 1
8. (a) sin i = - 12 , cos i = 5 , tan i = - 12
13 13 5
29. sin i = 2 ab , tan i = 2 ab
a+b a-b
(b) sin i = 2 2 , cos i = - 1 , tan i = - 2 2
3 3

(c) sin i = 0.6, cos i = 0.8, tan i = 0.75 Quick Quiz 10.4 (P. 10.23)

9. (a) sin i = 15 , cos i = - 8 , tan i = - 15 (a) -sin i (b) -cos i (c) tan i
17 17 8

(b) sin i = - 35 , cos i = - 12 , tan i = 35 Class Practice 10.2 (P. 10.27)

37 37 12
1. tan i
2
2. 6
(c) sin i = - 33 , cos i = 4 , tan i = - 33 13
7 7 4
3. (a) 0 (b) 1
10. sin i = 8 , tan i = - 8
17 15 2 1
(c) tan i (d)
sin i cos i
11. cos i = 24 , tan i = - 7
25 24
4. - 3
2
12. sin i = - 3 , cos i = - 1
2 2 2 cos i
5. (a) 2
(b) 2
13. sin i = - 5 , tan i = - 5 sin i sin i
13 12

14. (a) 130c (b) -230c Exercise 10B (P. 10.28)

2
15. (a) quadrant II (b) quadrant IV 1. cos i 2. cos i 3. tan i

(c) quadrant III (d) quadrant III 4. sin i 5. - 5 6. 0.36

3
16. (a) quadrant III or IV (b) quadrant I or III 7. - 3 8. - 1
7 2
17. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -2
9. (a) - 1 (b) 1 (c) - 1
18. (a) - 1 (b) - 1 (c) 1 (d) - 1 2 2 3
2 2 4
(d) - 3 (e) 3 (f) 1
19. (a) sin i = 4 , cos i = 3 , tan i = 4 2 2
5 5 3
10. 2 sin i 11. 0 12. 0
(b) sin i = - 7 , cos i = - 3 , tan i = 7
2
4 4 3 13. -sin i 14. -tan i 15. tan i

20. (a) sin i = 15 , cos i = - 8 , tan i = - 15 16. 1 17. -cos i 18. cos i
17 17 8
2
19. -sin i 20. -2 sin i 21. cos i
(b) sin i = - 15 , cos i = 7 , tan i = - 15 2
8 8 7 22. sin i 23. 1 24. 0
2 2
21. sin i = 4 , tan i = - 4 25. -tan i 26. cos i 27. sin i
5 3
28. tan i 29. cos i
2
30. 2
2
22. sin i = 2 , cos i = 1 sin i
5 5
31. 0 32. - sin2i 33. cos i
23. - 13 cos i
2
sin i
4
34. 41 35. 144 36. 13
24. quadrant I: sin i = 12 , cos i = 5 ; 25 25
13 13

quadrant III: sin i = - 12 , cos i = - 5

13 13
 Basic Trigonometry | 10. 63

37. - 1 38. a h-1 5

39. 23. (a) -1 +
5 hk 3 - sin x
40. (a) 4 (b) -8 (b) maximum: 3 , minimum: 2
2 3

Quick Quiz 10.5 (P. 10.34)

Class Practice 10.4 (P. 10.46)
Graph y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x
1. 45c, 225c 2. 134.4c, 225.6c
Maximum value 1 1 not exist
3. 36.9c, 143.1c 4. 236.4c, 303.6c
Minimum value -1 -1 not exist
5. 247c, 293c 6. 33.7c, 213.7c
Period 360c 360c 180c
Exercise 10D (P. 10.46)
Class Practice 10.3 (P. 10.36) 1. 45c, 315c 2. 240c, 300c
1. maximum: 3, minimum: -3 3. 150c, 330c 4. 26.6c, 206.6c
2. maximum: -5, minimum: -9 5. 197.5c, 342.5c 6. 96.9c, 263.1c
3. maximum: 2, minimum: 1 7. no solutions 8. no solutions
4. maximum: -5, minimum: -6 9. 96.3c, 276.3c 10. 270c

5. maximum: 1 , minimum: 1 11. 0c, 180c, 360c 12. 30c, 150c

2 3
13. 70.5c, 289.5c 14. 68.2c, 248.2c
6. maximum: 36, minimum: 16
15. 113.6c, 246.4c 16. 225c, 315c

Exercise 10C (P. 10.37) 17. 156.6c, 336.6c 18. 228.6c, 311.4c

1. 360c 2. 720c 3. 60c 19. 80.4c, 279.6c 20. 105.9c, 285.9c

4. maximum: 2, minimum: -2 21. 25c, 155c 22. 28c, 152c

5. maximum: 3, minimum: -3 23. 118c, 298c 24. 146c, 214c

6. maximum: 6, minimum: 4 25. 18.6c, 161.4c 26. 30c, 210c

7. maximum: 11, minimum: 1 27. 108.4c, 288.4c 28. 63.4c, 243.4c

29. 143.1c, 323.1c 30. 90c, 180c, 270c
8. maximum: 1 , minimum: 1
6 8
31. 0c, 180c, 221.8c, 318.2c, 360c
9. maximum: 2 , minimum: 2 32. 90c, 194.5c, 270c, 345.5c
3 5
33. 0c, 180c
10. maximum: 2, minimum: 4
5
34. 0c, 180c 35. 0c, 45c, 180c, 315c
11. maximum: 2 , minimum: 1 36. 105.9c, 285.9c 37. 270c
3 2

12. maximum: 7, minimum: 6 38. 48.2c,108.4c, 288.4c, 311.8c

13. maximum: 6, minimum: 1 39. 60c, 120c, 240c, 300c 40. 0c, 360c

14. maximum: 1, minimum: -3

Checkpoint (P. 10.50)
15. maximum: 6, minimum: 5
1. ✓ 2. ✗ 3. ✓ 4. ✗
16. maximum: 1 , minimum: 2
2 5 5. ✓ 6. -2

17. maximum: 7, minimum: 7 7. sin i = - 5 , tan i = 5

4 3 2

18. maximum: 9, minimum: 1 2

8. (a) cos i (b) 1
cos i
19. maximum: 81, minimum: 1
9. (a) maximum: - 1 , minimum: - 9
20. maximum: 1 , minimum: 1 5 5
2 18
(b) maximum: 5 , minimum: 5
21. maximum: 9, minimum: 1 4 8
2
22. (a) (3 + sin x) + 1 (b) 6 10. (a) 19.5c, 160.5c
5
(b) 113.6c, 246.4c
(c) 105.9c, 285.9c
10. 64 | Chapter 10

Supplementary Exercise 10 (P. 10.51) 26. (a) 0 (b) - 2

tan i
1. (a) quadrant IV (b) quadrant II i sin i
(b) 2 cos
2
27. (a) -sin i 2
(c) 2
(c) quadrant III (d) quadrant II or III sin i cos i

(e) quadrant I or II (f) quadrant II or IV 28. (a) 8 (b) -1

2. (a) 0 (b) -1 29. 2

3. sin i = 3 , cos i = - 4 , tan i = - 3 30. (a) maximum: 9, minimum: 8

5 5 4
(b) maximum: 2 , minimum: 1
3 2
4. sin i = - 7 , cos i = - 3 , tan i = 7
4 4 3 (c) maximum: 16, minimum: 0

5. sin i = 24 , cos i = 7 , tan i = 24 (d) maximum: 2, minimum: -1

25 25 7
31. 162c, 198c 32. 115c, 295c
6. sin i = - 8 , cos i = 15 , tan i = - 8
17 17 15 33. 60c, 240c 34. 98.9c, 278.9c

7. sin i = 7 , cos i = - 24 35. 0c, 45c, 180c, 225c 36. 0c, 99.6c, 180c, 260.4c
25 25
37. 0c, 101.5c, 180c, 258.5c
8. cos i = - 5 , tan i = 12
13 5 38. 0c, 41.4c, 180c, 318.6c

9. sin i = - 1 , tan i = - 1 39. (a) 30

2 3
(b) (i) 10 (ii) 236.44c
2
10. (a) tan i (b) cos i
2
2 40. (a) - 1 , 1 (b) 90c, 210c, 330c
2
11. (a) 2cos i (b) -sin i
2 41. (a) cos i = - 5 , tan i = - 2
(c) -tan i (d) 0 3 5

12. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) -1 42. 68.2c, 135c, 248.2c, 315c
2 3 2
43. (a) 0c, 300c, 360c (b) 30c, 150c, 210c, 330c
13. - 2 14. 20
9 7 3
44. (a) (b) 3
2
15. (a) maximum: 11, minimum: 7
45. (a) (-12 , -5)
(b) maximum: 1 , minimum: 1
2 3 (b) sin i = - 5 , cos i = - 12 , tan i = 5
13 13 12
16. maximum: 3, minimum: 2
46. (a) - 1 (b) - 12 (c) - 8
17. (a) 66.5c, 246.5c (b) 25.8c, 334.2c 5 5 9
(c) 15.7c, 164.3c 47. A 48. D 49. C 50. C
18. (a) 123.7c, 303.7c (b) 105.1c, 254.9c 51. A 52. B 53. B 54. A
(c) 203.6c, 336.4c 55. C 56. D 57. C
19. (a) 135c, 225c (b) 68c, 248c
Exam Get-Set-Go — Exam Drill (P. 10.58)
(c) 36c, 144c
1 A
20. (a) 21.8c, 201.8c (b) 225c, 315c
(c) 29.0c, 331.0c
Exam Get-Set-Go — Exam-type Questions (P. 10.59)
21. sin i = - 20 , cos i = 21
29 29 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B

22. quadrant I: sin i = 13 , tan i = 13 ; 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C

7 6

quadrant IV: sin i = - 13 , tan i = - 13 Exam Get-Set-Go — Public Exam Questions (P. 10.60)
7 6
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C
23. quadrant II: sin i = 2 , cos i = - 1 , tan i = -2;
5 5 5. C 6. D 7. D
quadrant III: sin i = - 2 , cos i = - 1 , tan i = 2
5 5

24. (a) -1 (b) 2

2
sin i
2
25. (a) -tan i (b) -1 (c) -sin i