XII Science (Computer Science)

Lab record Manual For

Paper II

-Mr. Mahesh Shrihari Survase

 INDEX

SR. No. Practical Page No.

Practicle no : 1
Familiarization with 8085 microprocessor kit
Aim: Familiarization with 8085 microprocessor kit

Microprocessor is a semiconductor multipurpose device consisting of electronic logical circuit.

It is capable of performing various computation functions and making decisions to change the
sequence of program execution.

Microprocessors can be divided into three parts:

1. Arithmetic logic unit
2. Register
3. Control uni

1. Artihmetic logic unit (ALU):

This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are performed
on the data. ALU performs arithmetical operations such as AND,OR and XOR. The
results are stored in either registers or in the memory.

2. Register:
The register is primarily used to store the data during execution of the program.

3. Control unit:
It provides the necessary timings and control signals to all the operations in the

microprocessors. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor or/and memory
and other devices
SYSTEM HARDWARE OVERVIEW
CPU:
It is based on the inter 8085A high performance CPU operating at 3MZ.
Memory:
Powerful system monitor has beenprovided on a 2732 EPROM covering 4KB. This monito
includes all standard commands, codes,functions and utility subroutines. Three 28 pin sockets are
provided for memory chips so that further expansion of RAM/EPROM is possible upto a
maximum of 56KB

SYSTEM COMMANDS OVERVIEW:

The HEX keypad mode supports the following commands:

Reset: Provides hardware reset, displays “Friend” on pressing this key.

VI: Vector interrupt key. Activates RST 7.5 vectored interrupt.

SET: Allows the user to examine and modify the contents of RAM and only examination of
contents is possible in case of EPROM.

INR: Increments memory address presently displayed in the address field of display.

DCR: Decrements memory address presently displayed in the address field of display.

REG: Allows the user to examine contents of CPU Registers and modify them if necessary.

GO: ALLOWS The USer to Load the Program Counter by the Desired memory address which is
the starting address of the program to be executed.

STEP: Allows the user to execute the program on single step mode or break point mode.

SAVE: Used for saving the contents of memory onto an audio cassette.

LOAD: Used for loading the program from audio cassette back onto the RAM
EXEC: Used to start the execution of GO or CODE commands.

CODE: Used for selecting one of the coded subroutines in the monitor

Application of MicroFriend Dyna-85:

1. Analog to Digital Converter interface.
2. Digital to Analog converter interface.
3. Interfacing hexadecimal keyboard.
4. Simulation of an elevator.
5. Steppes motor controller.
6. Traffic light control system.

FIG :
Practical No : 2
Write a Program to addition and subtraction using 8085
Aim: simple Program to addition and subtraction using 8085

1) Add two 8-bit numbers:

Program:
LXI H, 2501H : "Get address of first number in H-L pair. Now H-L points to 2501H"
MOV A, M : "Get first operand in accumulator"
INX H : "Increment content of H-L pair. Now, H-L points 2502H"
ADD M : "Add first and second operand"
INX H : "H-L points 4002H"
MOV M, A : "Store result at 2503H"
HLT : "Stop"

2. Subtract two 8-bit numbers:LXI H, 2501H : "Get address of first number in H-L pair. Now H-
L points to 2501H"
MOV A, M : "Get first operand in accumulator"
INX H : "Increment content of H-L pair. Now, H-L points 2502H"
SUB M : "Subtract first to second operand"
INX H : "H-L points 4002H"
MOV M, A : "Store result at 2503H"
HLT : "Stop"

Algorithm
[Link] the first number from memory location.
[Link] the content of accumulator to register H.
[Link] the second number from memory location .
[Link] add the content of register H and accumulator using “ADD” / “SUB”instruction and storing result
[Link] carry generated is recovered using “ADC” command and is stored at memory location.
Fig:Flowchart
Practical No : 3
Write a Program to Multiplication using 8085
Aim: Program to Multiplication and division using 8085

Program :

MOV R0, #20H;set source address 20H to R0

MOV R1, #30H;set destination address 30H to R1

MOV A, @R0;take the first operand from source to register A

INCR0; Point to the next location
MOV B,@R0;take the second operand from source to register B

MUL AB ;Multiply A and B

MOV @R1, B; Store higher order byte to 30H

INC R1; Increase R1 to point to the next location
MOV @R1, A;Store lower order byte to 31H
HALT: SJMP HALT ; Stop the program

Output Address Value

20H FFH 21H
30H FEH 31H

Algorithm –
[Link] the program by loading the HL pair registers with address of memory location.
2. Move the data to B Register.
3. Load the second data into accumulator.
4. Compare the two numbers to check carry.
5. Subtract two numbers.
6. Increment the value of carry.
7. Check whether the repeated subtraction is over.
8. Then store the results(quotient and remainder) in given memory location.
9. Terminate the program.
Fig : Flowchart
Practical No : 4
Write a Program to add two decimal number using 8085
Aim: Program to add two decimal number using 8085

Program:
.model small
.stack
.data
val1 db 89
val2 db 10
msg db ‘Sum of 2 number: $’
.code
main proc
mov ax, @data
mov ds,ax
mov ax,0
mov al,val1
add al,val2
aam
add ax,3030h
push ax
lea dx,msg
mov ah,09h
int 21h
pop ax
mov dl,ah
mov dh,al
mov ah,02h
int 21h
mov dl,dh
mov ah,02h
int 21h
mov ax,4c00h
int 21h
main endp
end main
output:
Sum of 2 number: 99 Fig : Flowchart
Practical No : 5
write an assembly language program to study of the monitor routines. 8085
Aim: study of the monitor routines using by the 8085

DESCRIPTION
Starting address=05FCH
Inputs:
(A)=displays flag;
0=use address field, 1=use data field.
(B)=dot flag;
0=no dot, 1=dot.
Destroys:
A, H, L registers & flags.
The 0utput routine is used in the keyboard mode to output the character of the
display. Either 4 char or 2 char are output using the HL register as a pointer to the
character. The output flag determines whether a dot appear with last character or [Link]
display table at 05FCH is used to translate the code to the character to be displayed.

ALGORITHM
[Link] inputs are given for both address field as well as data field.
[Link] address field accumulator is given as 00H and for data field, accumulator is
given as 01H.
[Link] output routine is called using CALL statement.
[Link] output is displayed in data as well as address field.
[Link] the program execution.
Practical No : 6
write a program to copy of memory block from one location to another location.
Aim: Move Memory Block To one Location to another location

Program:
2000 MVI C, 05 [C] <- 05
2002 LXI H, 2500 [H-L] <- 2500
2005 LXI D, 2600 [D-E] <- 2600
2008 MOV A, M [A] <- [[H-L]]
2009 STAX D [A] -> [[D-E]]
200A INX H [H-L] <- [H-L] + 1
200B INX D [D-E] <- [D-E] + 1
200C DCR C [C] <- [C] – 1
200D JNZ 2008 Jump if not zero to 2008
2010 HLT Stop

Algorithm –
[Link] register pair H-L with the address 2500H
[Link] register pair D-E with the address 2600H
[Link] the content at memory location into accumulator
[Link] the content of accumulator into memory pointed by D-E
[Link] value of register pair H-L and D-E by 1
[Link] value of register C by 1
[Link] zero flag not equal to 1, go to step 3
8. Stop
Practical No : 7
What is stack operation in 8085
Aim: Study to stack operation

STACK OPERATIONS
1. The stack is a group of memory location in the R/W memory (RAM) that is used
for temporary storage of data during the execution of a program.
2. Address of the stack is stored into the stack pointer register. The 8085 provide two
instructions PUSH & POP for storing information on the stack and reading it back.
3. Data in the register pairs stored on the stack by using the instruction PUSH.
4. Data is read from the stack by using the instruction POP.
5. PUSH & POP both instruction works with register pairs only.
6. he storage and retrieval of the content of registers on the stack fallows the
LIFO(Last- In-First-Out) sequence

Operation of the stack by PUSH and POP Instruction:

2000 LXI SP, 2099H ; this instruction define stack
2003 LXI H, 42F2H ; this instruction store 42F2 in to the HL pair
2006 PUSH H ; store HL pair on to the stack
2010 POP H ; store data from top of the stack to HL pair
For PUSH H
For POP H
The contents of the top of the stack location shown by the stack pointer are copied
in the L register and the stack pointer register is incremented by one to 2098 H. The
contents of the top of the stack (now it is 2098H) are copied in the H register, and the
stack pointer is incremented by one. The contents of memory location 2097H and 2098
are not destroyed until some other data bytes are stored in these location.
Practical No : 8
What is interrupts in microprocessor 8085
Aim: Study of interrupts

Introduction :
In the 8085 microprocessor, an interrupt is a signal that temporarily suspends the normal execution of a program and redirects the control to
a specific interrupt service routine (ISR). Interrupts allow the microprocessor to respond to external events, such as user input, system
events, or hardware signals, without the need for constant polling.
There are five interrupt signals in the 8085 microprocessor:
TRAP: The TRAP interrupt is a non-maskable interrupt that is generated by an external device, such as a power failure or a hardware
malfunction. The TRAP interrupt has the highest priority and cannot be disabled.
RST 7.5: The RST 7.5 interrupt is a maskable interrupt that is generated by a software instruction. It has the second highest priority.
RST 6.5: The RST 6.5 interrupt is a maskable interrupt that is generated by a software instruction. It has the third highest priority.
RST 5.5: The RST 5.5 interrupt is a maskable interrupt that is generated by a software instruction. It has the fourth highest priority.
INTR: The INTR interrupt is a maskable interrupt that is generated by an external device, such as a keyboard or a mouse. It has the lowest
priority and can be disabled.

Hardware and Software Interrupts – When microprocessors receive interrupt signals through pins (hardware) of microprocessor, they are
known as Hardware Interrupts. There are 5 Hardware Interrupts in 8085 microprocessor. They are – INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5,
TRAP Software Interrupts are those which are inserted in between the program which means these are mnemonics of microprocessor. There
are 8 software interrupts in 8085 microprocessor. They are – RST 0, RST 1, RST 2, RST 3, RST 4, RST 5, RST 6, RST 7.

INTERRUPT VECTOR ADDRESS

TRAP (RST 4.5) 24 H

RST 5.5 2C H

RST 6.5 34 H

RST 7.5 3C H
Maskable and Non-Maskable Interrupts – Maskable Interrupts are those which can be disabled or ignored by the microprocessor.
These interrupts are either edge-triggered or level-triggered, so they can be disabled. INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 are maskable
interrupts in 8085 microprocessor. Non-Maskable Interrupts are those which cannot be disabled or ignored by microprocessor. TRAP is
a non-maskable interrupt. It consists of both level as well as edge triggering and is used in critical power failure conditions.
Priority of Interrupts – When microprocessor receives multiple interrupt requests simultaneously, it will execute the interrupt service
request (ISR) according to the priority of the interrupts
nstruction for Interrupts –
Enable Interrupt (EI) – The interrupt enable flip-flop is set and all interrupts are enabled following the execution of next instruction followed
by EI. No flags are affected. After a system reset, the interrupt enable flip-flop is reset, thus disabling the interrupts. This instruction is
necessary to enable the interrupts again (except TRAP).
Disable Interrupt (DI) – This instruction is used to reset the value of enable flip-flop hence disabling all the interrupts. No flags are affected
by this instruction.
Set Interrupt Mask (SIM) – It is used to implement the hardware interrupts (RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5) by setting various bits to form masks
or generate output data via the Serial Output Data (SOD) line. First the required value is loaded in accumulator then SIM will take the bit
pattern from it.
Read Interrupt Mask (RIM) – This instruction is used to read the status of the hardware interrupts (RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5) by loading into
the A register a byte which defines the condition of the mask bits for the interrupts. It also reads the condition of SID (Serial Input Data) bit on
the microprocessor
Practical No : 9
What is Transmission Media in Computer Networks
Aim: Study of is Transmission Media

What is Transmission Media in Computer Networks?

A transmission medium is a physical path between the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which data is sent from one device
to another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:
1. Guided Media
Guided Media is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in a
narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
High Speed
Secure
Used for comparatively shorter distances
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There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
Twisted Pair Cable
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a
protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another. This type of cable has the ability
to block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.
 Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Least expensive
Easy to install
High-speed capacity
Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Lower capacity and performance in comparison to STP
Short distance transmission due to attenuation

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block
external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone lines.
Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
Eliminates crosstalk
Comparatively faster
Disadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
More expensive
Bulky
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and 2 parallel conductors each having a
separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fibre Cable uses the concept total internal reflection of light through a core made up of glass. The core is surrounded by a less dense
glass or plastic covering called the coating. It is used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The cable can be unidirectional or
bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.
2. Unguided Media
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media . No physical medium is required for the transmission of electromagnetic
signals.
Features of Unguided Media
The signal is broadcasted through air
Less Secure
Used for larger distances
There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:
Radio Waves
Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency
Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for transmission.
Microwaves
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by
the signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. Micro waves are majorly used for mobile
phone communication and television distribution.

Infrared
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference
between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc
Conclusion
In conclusion, transmission media are fundamental ways for data transmission in networks, and they are classified as directed (wired) or
unguided (wireless). Guided media, such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers, provide secure, fast, and dependable data
transmission over short distances. Unguided media, such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared, provide wireless communication at
various distances, with security and attenuation trade-offs. The choice of transmission media is determined by bandwidth, transmission
impairment, and interference.
Practical No : 10
What is an Hub, Router, Modem and Repeater.
Aim: Study of Hub, Router, Modem and Repeater.

Network Devices :
Network devices are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and interact with each other. Network
devices like hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches, routers, gateways, and brouters help manage and direct data flow in a network. They ensure
efficient communication between connected devices by controlling data transfer, boosting signals, and linking different networks. Each device
serves a specific role, from simple data forwarding to complex routing between networks. In this article, we are going to discuss different
types of network devices in detail.
[Link]
Modems is also known as modulator/demodulator is a network device that is used to convert digital signal into analog signal of different
frequencies and transmits these signal to a modem at the receiving location. These converted signals can be transmitted over the cable
systems, telephone lines, and other communication mediums. A modem is also used to convert analog signal back into digital signal.
Modems are generally used to access internet by customers of an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Types of Modems
There are four main types of modems:
DSL Modem: Uses regular phone lines to connect to the internet but it is slower compared to other types.
Cable Modem: Sends data through TV cables, providing faster internet than DSL.
Wireless Modem: Connects devices to the internet using Wi-Fi relying on nearby Wi-Fi signals.
Cellular Modem: Connects to the internet using mobile data from a cellular network not Wi-Fi or fixed cables.
 [Link] A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches, for example, the connector in star
topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words,
the collision domain of all hosts connected through hub remains one. Hub does not have any routing table to store the data of ports and map
destination addresses., the routing table is used to send/broadcast information across all the ports.

Types of Network Hubs

Networks hubs are classified into three types:
Active Hub: They have a power supply for regenerating, and amplifying the signals. When a port sends weak signalled data, the hub
regenerates the signal and strengthens it, then send it further to all other ports. Active hubs are expensive in costs as compared to passive
hubs.
Passive Hub: Passive hubs are simply used to connect signals from different network cables as they do not have any computerised element.
They simply connect the wires of different devices in the star topology. Passive hubs do not do any processing or signal regeneration and
that’s why do not require electricity the most they can do is they can copy or repeat the signal. It can’t clean the message, and it can’t amplify
or strengthen the signal.
Intelligent Hub: Intelligent hubs as the name suggests are smarter than active and passive hubs. The intelligent hub comprises a special
monitoring unit named a Management Information Base (MIB). This is software that helps in analysing and troubleshooting network
problems. Intelligent hubs work similarly to active hubs but with some management features. Like it can monitor the traffic of the network
and the configuration of a port.
3. Repeater
A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its main function is to amplify (i.e., regenerate) the signal over the same network before the signal
becomes too weak or corrupted to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. When the signal
becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at its star topology connectors connecting following the original strength. It is a 2-port
device.
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[Link]
A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
Practical No : 11
What is Topology in Computer Networks
Aim: Study of Network topology.

What is Network Topology?

Network topology is the way devices are connected in a network. It defines how these components are connected and how data transfer
between the network. Understanding the different types of network topologies can help in choosing the right design for a specific network.
There are two major categories of Network Topology i.e. Physical Network topology and Logical Network Topology. Physical Network
Topology refers to the actual structure of the physical medium for the transmission of data. Logical network Topology refers to the
transmission of data between devices present in the network irrespective of the way devices are connected. The structure of the network is
important for the proper functioning of the network. one must choose the most suitable topology as per their requirement.
Types of Network Topology
Below mentioned are the types of Network Topology
Point to Point Topology
Mesh Topology
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology

Point to Point Topology

Point-to-point topology is a type of topology that works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the simplest communication
between two nodes, in which one is the sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-to-Point provides high bandwidth.
Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via a particular channel. Every device is connected to another via dedicated
channels. These channels are known as links. In Mesh Topology, the protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc Configuration
Protocols), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), etc.

Star Topology
In Star Topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected
to the central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub such as broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can
be intelligent known as an active hub. Active hubs have repeaters in them. Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
In Star Topology, many popular Ethernet LAN protocols are used as CD(Collision Detection), CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), etc.
Bus Topology
Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable. It is bi-directional. It is a multi-
point connection and a non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes. In Bus Topology, various MAC (Media Access
Control) protocols are followed by LAN ethernet connections like TDMA, Pure Aloha, CDMA, Slotted Aloha, etc.

Ring Topology
In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring devices. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology
with a large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the
data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
The data flows in one direction, i.e. it is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network
Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology. In-Ring Topology, the Token Ring Passing protocol is used by the workstations to transmit the data.
Tree Topology
Tree topology is the variation of the Star topology. This topology has a hierarchical flow of data. In Tree Topology, protocols like DHCP and SAC
(Standard Automatic Configuration) are used.

Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology is the combination of all the various types of topologies we have studied above. Hybrid Topology is used when the nodes are
free to take any form. It means these can be individuals such as Ring or Star topology or can be a combination of various types of topologies
seen above. Each individual topology uses the protocol that has been discussed earlier.
Practical No : 12
Setting up of LAN Network in Lab.
Aim: Study of how to connect Computer systems in LAN

LAN (Local Area Network) is a data communication network that locally connects network devices such as workstations, servers, routers, etc.
to share the resources within a small area such as a building or campus. Physical or wireless connections are set up between workstations to
share the resources. Ethernet and Wi-fi are the most important technologies of LAN. Personal networks at home, school, office, etc. are
examples of LAN. These are generally privately-owned networks.

Requirements to set up LAN Network:

Workstation/Personal devices: laptop, computer, mobile phones, etc.
Network devices: router, switch, modem (if not already present in the router)
Sharing resources: printers, disk drives, etc.
Cables: Ethernet cables, wires for connecting other devices (in case of wired LAN)
Internet connection: Wi-Fi (in case of wireless LAN)

Instructions to set up LAN Network:

Following steps should be followed to set up a LAN network:
Identify services: Identify the network services such as printers, disk drives, data, etc. that will be shared among workstations.
Identify devices: Identify devices such as computers, mobile phones, laptops, etc. with a unique address that will be connected to the
network.
Plan connections: Design the network by laying out cable wires between network devices or by making wireless connections. Wired LAN is
set up using Ethernet cables while wireless LAN is set up using Wi-Fi that connects network devices without making any physical connection.
A wired LAN network is more secure than a wireless LAN network but it is difficult to relocate.
Select networking device: Select switch or router with enough ports to connect all workstations within the network. The choice of
networking device is based on the requirements of the network.
Configure ports: Configure WAN ports according to the information provided by ISP (Internet Service Provider). Also, configure LAN ports of
cable routers such that there are enough addresses available for all the workstations within the network. A cable router acts
as DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Server) server that automatically allocates addresses to all the devices connected to the network.
Make connections: Connect all the devices using wires to configure a LAN network. Standard Ethernet cables are used to connect
workstations and servers while Ethernet crossover cable is used to connect the switch to cable routers by connecting the standard port of the
switch with router’s LAN port. For wireless LAN, connect all the devices to Wi-Fi with SSID (Service Set Identifier) provided by the router or
switch to configure the LAN network.
Test the network: Test each of the workstation connected to the network and ensure every workstation have access to network services.
Tips for LAN Set-Up:
Make a comprehensive plan about connections before making actual connections to avoid confusion.
Carefully identify the requirements and size of the network and plan accordingly.
Smartly choose the networking device which provides more flexibility to the network.
Ensure the cable length is not more than 100 meters.
Avoid laying cables in air ducts unless fire rated.
Perform detailed testing after network set up to analyze the actual performance of the network.
Applications of LAN:
Resource sharing: LAN network allows workstations connected to the network to share resources such as printers, scanners, CD drives, etc.
which reduces the cost of the set up of the network.
Software sharing: LAN network allows to share a single copy of licensed software among workstations connected to the network instead of
purchasing separate software for each computer.
Internet sharing: LAN network facilitates sharing of internet connection among all the devices connected to the network.
Data sharing: LAN network allows different workstations to share the data and files with each other. It also allows access to data stored on
the central server.
Communication: Devices connected to a LAN network can communicate with each other.