CHAPTER :MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
POINTS/FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
i. Elasticity: Due to this property, body regains its original shape and size on removable of
external deforming force.
ii. Stress: Stress=Applied force/area
Its SI unit is N/m2
iii. Strain: Strain=change in dimension/original dimension
(a) Longitudinal strain=∆l/l
(b) Volumetric strain=∆V/V
(c) Shear strain=tanθ=∆l/l
iv. Hooke’s law: Within elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain i.e.
stress/strain=constant(modulus of elasticity)
v. Young’s modulus of elasticity(Y):
Y= longitudinal stress/ longitudinal strain
=[F/A]/ ∆l/l
vi. Bulk modulus of elasticity(k):
k=normal stress/ volumetric strain
=[F/A]/ ∆V/V =pV/∆V
vii. Compressibility: Compressibility=1/k
viii. Elastic P.E. in stretched wire:
U=(1/2) stress ×strain ×volume of the wire
P.E. per unit volume
=(1/2) stress ×strain
=(1/2) Y×(strain)2
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1MARK)
Q1. The Young’s modulus of a wire of length L and radius r is Y. If the length is reduced to L/2
and radius r/4. What will be its Young’s modulus?
Q2. What is the value of Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body?
Q3. What is the value of Bulk modulus for an incompressible liquid?
Q4. What is the value of modulus of rigidity for a liquid?
Q5. Which is more elastic, steel or rubber?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2MARK)
Q1. A wire elongates by l mm when a load W is hanged from it. If the wire goes over the pulley
and two weights W each are hung at the two ends, what will be the elongation of the wire
in mm?
Q2. A wire is fixed at the upper end stretches by length by applying a force F. What is the work
done in stretching the wire?
Q2. If S is the stress and Y is the young’s modulus of material of a wire, what is the energy
stored in the wire per unit volume in terms of S and Y?
Q3. Which is more elastic, steel or rubber and why?
Q4. What do you mean by ‘elastic limit’? State Hook’s law in elasticity.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3MARK)
Q1. State Hooke’s law. From it define different type of modulus of elasticity.
ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS
Direction:- In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Q1. Assertion: Spring balances show incorrect readings after they had been used for a long
time interval.
Reason: On using for long time, spring balance loses its elastic strength.
Ans. (a)
Q2. Assertion: Breaking stress is fixed for a material, but breaking force will vary,
depending on area of cross section of the wire.
Reason: While using a material, the working stress is always kept much lower than that of
breaking stress so that safety factor (= breaking stress/working stress) may have a large
value.
Ans. (b)
Q3. Assertion: Identical springs of steel and copper are equally stretched. More work will
be done on the steel spring.
Reason: Steel is more elastic than copper.
Ans. (a)
Q4. Assertion: Bulk modulus of elasticity (K) represents incompressibility of the material.
Reason: Bulk modulus of elasticity is proportional to change in pressure.
Ans. (a)
Q5. Assertion: Strain is a unit less quantity.
Reason: Strain is equivalent to force.
Ans. (c)
MCQ
1 Stress can be measured in:
A. N/ m2 B. N· m2 C. N/m D. N·m
ans: A
2 Strain can be measured in:
A. N/m2 B. N· m2 C. N/m D. No unit
ans: D
3 Young’s modulus is a proportionality constant that relates the force per unit area applied
perpendicularly at the surface of an object to:
A. the shear B. the fractional change in volume
C. the fractional change in length D. the pressure
ans: C
4 Young’s modulus can be used to calculate the strain for a stress that is:
A. just below the ultimate strength B. just above the ultimate strength
C. well below the yield strength D. well above the yield strength
ans: C
5 The ultimate strength of a sample is the stress at which the sample:
A. returns to its original shape when the stress is removed
B. remains underwater
C. breaks
D. bends 1800
ans: C
6 A certain wire stretches 0.90 cm when outward forces with magnitude F are applied to
each end. The same forces are applied to a wire of the same material but with three times
the diameter and three times the length. The second wire stretches:
A. 0.10 cm B. 0.30 cm C. 0.90 cm D. 2.7 cm
ans: B
7 A force of 5000 N is applied outwardly to each end of a 5.0-m long rod with a radius of
34.0 cm and a young’s modulus of 125 × 10 8 N/m2. The elongation of the rod is:
A. 0.0020 mm B. 0.0040 mm C. 0.14 mm D. 0.55 mm
ans: D
8 A 4.0-m long steel beam with a cross-sectional area of 1.0 × 10 −2 m2 and a young’s
modulus of 2.0 × 1011 N/m2 is wedged horizontally between two vertical walls. In order to
wedge the beam, it is compressed by 0.020 mm. If the coefficient of static friction
between the beam and the walls is 0.70 the maximum mass (including its own) it can bear
without slipping is:
A. 710 kg B. 3.6 kg C. 36 kg D. 71 kg
ans: A
9 The bulk modulus is a proportionality constant that relates the pressure acting on an
object to:
A. the shear B. the fractional change in volume
C. the fractional change in length D. Young’s modulus
ans: B
10 A cube with 2.0-cm sides is made of material with a bulk modulus of 4.7 × 10 5 N/m2
When it is subjected to a pressure of 2.0 × 10 5 Pa the length of its any of its sides is:
A. 0.85 cm B. 1.15 cm C. 1.66 cm D. 2.0 cm
ans: C
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Read the following passage and choose appropriate answers of questions.
The relation between stress and strain for a given material under tensile stress can be
found experimentally. A graph is plotted between the stress and (which is equal in
magnitude of the applied force per unit area) and the strain produced. A typical stress-
strain graph for a metal is shown here.
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each
of the following questions:
(i) What is the significance of the linear region OA of the graph?
(ii) Can you state it in the form of a law?
(iii) What is the yield point?
(iv) What is the significance of point D?
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Read the following passage and choose appropriate answers of questions.
Hooke’s law: According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit, the stress applied to a body
Stress ∝ Strain Or Stress = E x Strain or E = Stress / Strain
is directly proportional to the corresponding strain.
Where E is the constant of proportionality and is known as coefficient of elasticity or
modulus of elasticity. Hooke’s law is an empirical law and is found to be valid for most
materials. However, there are some materials which do not exhibit this linear relationship.
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each
of the following questions:
(i) According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, if stress is increased, the ratio of stress to strain
(a) decreases (b) increases (c) becomes zero (d) remains constant
Ans. (d)
(ii) Within elastic limit, which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of
extension in the length of a wire with the external load?
(iii) Define elastic limit?
(iv) Write the name modulus of elasticity for solids and liquids.
CHAPTER: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
POINTS/FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
i. Pressure(P): P=Thrust/Area=F/A
It is scalar quantity having SI unit N/m 2 or pascal
ii. Hydraulic lift: It works on Pascal’s law
Pressure applied on smaller piston=pressure transmitted to larger piston, i.e.
f/a=F/A
iii. Pressure exerted by a liquid:P=hρg ρ=density of liquid
iv. Atmospheric pressure:
Atmospheric pressure= Pressure exerted by 0.76m of Hg=1.1×10 5N/m2
v. Newton’s formula for viscous force(F):
F=-ηAdv/dx Where A=area of cross-section, dv/dx=velocity gradient
η=coefficient of viscosity. Its SI unit is ‘decapoise’.
vi. Poiseulle’s formula: Rate of flow of liquid Q=V/t=πpr4/8ηl
vii. Stoke’s law: F=6πηrv
viii. Terminal velocity: v=2/9(r2/η)(ρ-σ)g σ=density of body
ix. Equation of continuity: It is based on law of conservation of mass.
a1v1= a2v2 or av=constant
x. Bernoulli’s Theorem: It is based on law of conservation of energy.
Total energy of a non-viscous fluid in streamline flow remains
constant, i.e.P+(1/2) ρv2+ρgh=constant
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1MARK)
Q1. Which fall faster-big rain drops or small rain drops?
Q2. What is the net weight of a body when it falls with terminal velocity through a viscous
medium?
Q3. Why a glass rod coated with a wax does not become wet when dipped in water?
Q4. Spherical balls of radius R are falling in a viscous liquid with velocity v. How does the
retarding force acting spherical ball depend on R and v?
Q5. Why an object falling from a great height reaches a steady terminal speed?
Q6. What is the acceleration of a body falling through a viscous medium after terminal velocity
is reached?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2MARK)
Q1. Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden sleepers. Why?
Q2. Why it is dangerous to stand near the edge of platform when a fast train is crossing it?
Q3. Why two boats moving in parallel direction close to each other get attracted?
Q4. Why does the speed of liquid increase and pressure decrease, when the liquid passes
through a narrow part of a pipe?
Q5. Roofs of the huts are blown up during stormy days. Why?
Q6. A 20 cm long capillary tube is dipped in water. The water rises up to 8 cm. If the entire
arrangement is put in a freely falling elevator, what will be the length of the water column
in capillary tube?
Q7. Water near the bed of deep river is quiet while near the surface flows. Why?
Q8. Why an object falling from a great height reaches a steady terminal speed?
Q9. The blood pressure at the feet is more than at the head. Give reason?
Q10 Define coefficient of viscosity. Write its SI unit. On which factors does it depend?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3MARK)
Q1. Define terminal velocity.
Two identical drops of water are falling through air with terminal velocity ‘v’.If the drops
combine what will be the new terminal velocity?
Q2. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem.
Q3. State Pascal’s law
A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with maximum mass 300
kg. The area of cross-section of the piston carrying the load is 425 cm 2. What maximum
pressure would the smaller piston have to bear?
Q4. Show that the pressure exerted by a liquid column is proportional to its height.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5MARK)
Q1. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem. Write its two applications.
Q2. Define the coefficient of viscosity and give its S.I. unit. On factors does the terminal
velocity of a spherical body falling through a viscous liquid depend? Derive the formula
v=2/9(r2/η)(ρ-σ)g All symbols have usual meaning.
Q3. State Stoke’s law. Derive an expression for terminal velocity attained by spherical body
falling through a viscous liquid.
MCQ
1 The pressure exerted on the ground by a man is greatest when:
A. he stands with both feet flat on the ground
B. he stands flat on one foot
C. he stands on the toes of one foot
D. he lies down on the ground
ans: C
2 Which of the following five statements, concerning the upper surface pressure of a liquid,
is FALSE?
A. It is independent of the surface area
B. It is the same for all points on that surface
C. It would not increase if the liquid depth were increased
D. It would increase if the liquid density were increased
ans: D
3 Several cans of different sizes and shapes are all filled with the same liquid to the same
depth. Then:
A. the weight of the liquid is the same for all cans
B. the force of the liquid on the bottom of each can is the same
C. the least pressure is at the bottom of the can with the largest bottom area
D. the pressure on the bottom of each can is the same
ans: D
4 A uniform U-tube is partially filled with water. Oil, of density 0.75 g/cm 3 , is poured into
the right arm until the water level in the left arm rises 3 cm. The length of the oil column is
then:
A. 2.25 cm B. 8 cm C. 6 cm D. 4 cm
ans : B
5 The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that:
A. pressure is the same at all levels in a fluid
B. increases of pressure are transmitted equally to all parts of a fluid
C. the pressure at a point in a fluid is due to the weight of the fluid above it
D. increases of pressure can only be transmitted through fluids
ans: B
6 The hydraulic automobile jack illustrates:
A. Archimedes’ principle B. Pascal’s principle
C. Hooke’s law D. Newton’s third law
ans: B
7 A hydraulic press has one piston of diameter 2.0 cm and the other piston of diameter 8.0
cm. What force must be applied to the smaller piston to obtain a force of 1600 N at the
larger piston?
A. 6.25 N B. 25 N C. 100 N D. 400 N
ans: C
8 The equation of continuity for fluid flow can be derived from the conservation of:
A. energy B. mass C. angular momentum D. volume
ans: B
9 Bernoulli’s equation can be derived from the conservation of:
A. energy B. mass C. angular momentum D. volume
ans: A
10 A non-viscous incompressible liquid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of constant cross
section. Bernoulli’s equation and the equation of continuity predict that the drop in
pressure along the pipe:
A. is zero
B. depends on the length of the pipe
C. depends on the fluid velocity
D. depends on the cross-sectional area of the pipe
ans: A
11 A large water tank, open at the top, has a small hole in the bottom. When the water level
is 30 m above the bottom of the tank, the speed of the water leaking from the hole:
A. 2.5 m/s B. 24 m/s C. 44 m/s D. 36M/S
ans: B
12 All fluids are:
A. gases B. liquids C. gases or liquids D. non-metallic
ans: C
13 Several cans of different sizes and shapes are all filled with the same liquid to the same
depth. Then:
A. the weight of the liquid is the same for all cans
B. the force of the liquid on the bottom of each can is the same
C. the pressure on the bottom of each can is the same
D. the greatest pressure is at the bottom of the can with the largest bottom area
ans: C
14 A uniform U-tube is partially filled with water. Oil, of density 0.75 g/cm 3 , is poured into the
right arm until the water level in the left arm rises 3 cm. The length of the oil column is
then:
A. 2.25 cm B. 8 cm C. 6 cm D. 4 cm
ans: B
15 A long U-tube contains mercury (density = 14 × 10 3 kg/m3). When 10 cm of water (density
= 1.0 × 103 kg/m3) is poured into the left arm, the mercury in the right arm rises above its
original level by:
A. 0.36 cm B. 0.72 cm C. 14 cm D. 35 cm
ans: A
16 The hydraulic automobile jack illustrates:
A. Archimedes’ principle B. Pascal’s principle
C. Hooke’s law D. Newton’s third law
17 A hydraulic press has one piston of diameter 2.0 cm and the other piston of diameter
8.0 cm. What force must be applied to the smaller piston to obtain a force of 1600 N at the
larger piston?
A. 6.25 N B. 25 N C. 100 N D. 400 N
ans: C
18 A fluid is undergoing “incompressible” flow. This means that:
A. the pressure at a given point cannot change with time
B. the density cannot change with time or location
C. the velocity must be the same everywhere
D. the pressure must be the same everywhere
ans: B
19 A fluid is undergoing steady flow. Therefore:
A. the velocity of any given molecule of fluid does not change
B. the pressure does not vary from point to point
C. the velocity at any given point does not vary with time
D. the density does not vary from point to point
ans: C
26. One end of a cylindrical pipe has a radius of 1.5 cm. Water (density = 1.0×10 3 kg/m3)
streams steadily out at 7.0 m/s. The rate at which mass is leaving the pipe is:
A. 2.5 kg/s B. 4.9 kg/s C. 7.0 kg/s D. 48 kg/s
ans: B
20 The equation of continuity for fluid flow can be derived from the conservation of:
A. energy B. mass C. angular momentum D. volume
ans: B
21 A constriction in a pipe reduces its diameter from 4.0 cm to 2.0 cm. Where the pipe is
narrow the water speed is 8.0 m/s. Where it is wide the water speed is:
A. 2.0 m/s B. 4.0 m/s C. 8.0 m/s D. 16 m/s
ans: C
22 Bernoulli’s equation can be derived from the conservation of:
A. energy B. mass C. angular momentum D. volume
ans: A
23 Which of the following assumptions is NOT made in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation?
A. Assume streamline flow B. Neglect viscosity
C. Neglect friction D. Neglect gravity
ans: D
24 A large water tank, open at the top, has a small hole in the bottom. When the water level
is 30 m above the bottom of the tank, the speed of the water leaking from the hole:
A. 2.5 m/s B. 24 m/s C. 44 m/s d. 20 m/s
ans: B
ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS
Direction:- In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
1. Assertion: The blood pressure in human is greater at the feet than at brain.
Reason: Pressure of liquid at any point is proportional to height, density of liquid and
acceleration due to gravity.
2. Assertion: The velocity increases, when water flowing in a broader pipe enter a narrow
pipe.
Reason: According to equation of continuity, product of area of cross section and velocity
is constant.
3. Assertion: The velocity of fall of a man jumping with a parachute first increases and
then becomes constant.
Reason: The constant velocity of fall of man is called terminal velocity.
4. Assertion: The velocity of flow of a liquid is smaller when pressure is larger and vice
versa.
Reason: According to Bernoulli's theorem for the stream line flow of an ideal fluid, the
total energy per unit mass remains constant.
5. Assertion: A rain drop after falling through some height attains a constant velocity.
Reason: At constant velocity, the viscous drag is just equal to it's weight.
6. Assertion: The water rises higher in a capillary table of small diameter than in the
capillary tube of large diameter.
Reason: Height through which liquid rises in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to
the diameter of the capillary tube.
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a)
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Read the following passage and choose appropriate answers of questions.
Bernoulli's theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity and elevation
in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity of which are negligible
and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. Bernoulli's principle is applicable on those non-
viscous liquids which have laminar or stream lined flow. It means that a liquid in which its
particles exert no force on each other i.e. the speed of all particles of the liquid is same.
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each
of the following questions:
(i) Bernoulli's principle is based on the conservation of
(a) momentum (b) energy and momenρtum both
(c) mass (d) energy
(ii) Water is following through a horizontal pipe in a streamline flow, at the narrowest part
of the pipe
(a) both pressure and velocity remains constant.
(b) velocity is maximum and pressure is minimum.
(c) both the pressure and velocity are maximum.
(d) both the pressure and velocity are minimum.
(iii) In houses for away from municipal water tanks often find it difficult to get water on the
top floor. This happens because
(a) water wets the pipe.
(b) the pipes are not of uniform diameter.
(c) the viscosity of water is high.
(d) of loss of pressure during the flow of water.
(iv) In which of the following types of flows is the Bernoulli's theorem strictly applicable (a)
streamline and rotational
(b) turbulent and rotational
(c) turbulent and irrotational
(d) streamline and irrotational
ANS i. (d) ii. (b) iii. (d) iv. (d)
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Read the following passage and choose appropriate answers of questions.
Ram was doing an experiment in physics lab to find co-efficient of viscosity of glycerine. In
this experiment the drop lead shots in the tube filled with glycerine. Find the velocity of
lead shots then using Stoke's law he found the viscosity of the glycerine. The formula used
by him was
v=2/9(r2/η)(ρ-σ)g
σ=density of glycerine
ρ =density of the body
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each
of the following questions:
(i) Stokes force does not depend up on
(a) radius of the object
(b) viscosity of the medium
(c) viscosity of the object
(d) acceleration due to gravity.
(ii) A steel ball is dropped in glycerine tube of large length, then
(a) the ball stops after some time
(b) the speed of ball keeps on increasing
(c) the ball attains constant velocity after sometime
(d) none of the above.
(iii) A sphere of mass 'm' and radius 'r' is falling in one column of glycerine. Terminal
velocity attained by falling object is proportional to
(a) r2 (b) 1/ r (c) r (d) 1/ r2
(iv) The ratio of terminal velocities of two drops of radii R and R/2 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/ 2 (d) 4
ANS i. (d) ii. (c) iii. (a) iv. (d)
NUMERICALS
Q1. The force on a needle is 1.2 N. The point has circular cross-section whose radius is 0.1
mm. Find the pressure it exerts on the needle.
Q2. The area of a smaller piston of a hydraulic press is 1 cm 2 and that of larger piston is 22
cm2. How much weight can be raised on the larger piston by 200 kg-f exerted on the
smaller piston? (Ans:4400 kg)
Q3. What is the minimum pressure required to force blood from the heart to the top of the
head (a vertical distance of 50 cm). The density of blood is 1.04 g/cm 3.
(Ans:50960 dyne)
Q4. A column of water 40 cm high supports 30 cm column of unknown liquid. What is the
density of the liquid?
(Ans:1.33×103 kg/m3)
Q5. A vertical tube of uniform cross-section contains Hg in both of its arms. A glycerine (of
density 1.3 g/cm3) column of length 10cm is introduced into one of the arms. Oil of density
0.8 g/cm3 is poured
in the other arm until the upper surfaces of the oil and glycerine are in the same horizontal
level. Find the length of the oil column.
(Ans:9.6 cm)
Q6. A circular metal plate of radius 5 cm rests on a layer of caster oil 2 mm thick whose
coefficient of viscosity is 15.5 poise. Calculate the horizontal force required to move the
plate with a speed of 5 cm.s. (Ans:3.04×104
dyne)
Q7. Water is conveyed through a horizontal tube 8 cm in diameter and 4 km in length at the
rate of 20litres/s. Calculate the pressure required to main the flow. Coefficient of viscosity
of water=0.001 Pa s. (Ans:7.96×104
2
N/m )
Q8. A gas bubble of diameter 2 cm rises steadily at the rate of 2.5 mm/s through a solution of
density2.25 g/cm3. Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
(Ans:1960 poise)
Q9. Two exactly similar rain drops falling with terminal velocity of (2) 1/3 m/s coalesce to form a
bigger drop. Find the new terminal velocity of the bigger drop.
(Ans:2 m/s)
Q10. Water flows through a horizontal tube whose internal diameter is 2 cm at a speed of 1 m/s.
What should be the diameter of the nozzle be if the water is to emerge at the speed of 4
m/s?
(Ans:1cm)
Q11. The pressure difference between the two points along a horizontal pipe, through which
water is flowing, is 14 cm of Hg. If due to non uniform cross-section, the speed of flow of
water at the point of greater cross-section is 60 cm/s, calculate the speed at the other
point. (Ans:2 m/s)