Reflec on of visible light allows us to view objects in the world.

The study of the concept of light

is connected with illumina on. There are some terms and defini ons, which enables us to
understand illumina on and electric ligh ng in detail. The luminous flux received by the surface
per unit area is known as illumina on. It is denoted by the le er 'E' and is measured in Lux.

The amount of light produced by a source is referred to as illumina on. Illumina on is achieved
through the hea ng effect of electric current. When a solid or vapor is heated, it emits energy
into its surroundings. The unit used to measure illumina on is the lux.

Illuminance refers to the intensity of the photoelectric effect measured on a surface at a specific
point.
In simpler terms, luminance is the measure of light intensity emi ed from a surface per unit
area in a specific direc on. It indicates the amount of light that passes through or is reflected
from the surface and is contained within a given solid angle.

Illumina on

Illumina on is the art and science of ligh ng spaces to enhance visibility, aesthe cs, and
ambiance. Whether through natural sunlight, electric fixtures, or innova ve technologies,
illumina on plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It can transform ordinary environments into
extraordinary ones, influencing our mood, produc vity, and overall well-being.

What is Illumina on?

illumina on of a surface is defined as the luminous flux received by the surface per unit area. It
is represented by the symbol and measured in lux (or metre candle or lumen/m^2)

Illumina on,E=Fluxarea

E=F or ϕA=c.p.×ωA lux

The unit of illumina on is lux.

Proper es of illumina on

Understanding these proper es is crucial in various domains, including architecture,

photography, stage ligh ng, and interior design. Let us delve into these fundamental aspects of
illumina on:

o Color Temperature: Color temperature measures the visual appearance of light,

indica ng whether it is warm or cool in nature.

o Distribu on: Distribu on refers to the spread or direc on of light in a space, achieved
through specific ligh ng fixtures and techniques.
 o Direc on: Direc on of illumina on defines the angle at which light falls on an object or
surface, crea ng various effects and highligh ng features.

o Contrast: Contrast in illumina on is the difference in light levels between different areas,
resul ng in pronounced shadows and drama c effects.

o Color Rendering: Color rendering measures how accurately a light source reproduces
colors compared to natural sunlight, crucial in se ngs where color accuracy ma ers.

o Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is essen al in ligh ng, promo ng the use of energy-
efficient alterna ves like LED bulbs to reduce consump on and increase lifespan

o Illumination Important Terms

o
In the realm of illumination, several important terms are crucial for understanding lighting
design and technology. To study illumination we need to know some terms and definitions.
They are as follows
o Plane Angle (θ)
o A plane angle is subtended at a point in a plane by two straight converging lines. It is usually
represented by the Greek letter θ and is measured in degrees or radians.
o One radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length equals the radius of the
circle.
o Plane angle, θ=ArcRadius radian
o The largest angle subtended at a point is 2π radian,
o one radian = 180π degrees

Solid Angle ω

A Solid angle is subtended at a point in space by an area and is the angle enclosed in the volume
formed by an infinite number of lines lying on the surface of the volume and mee ng at the
point. It is usually presented by the Greek le er ω and measured in steradian.

Solid angle, ω=Area(radius)2 steradian

The largest solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere

ω=Area of sphere(radius)2=4πr2r2=4π steradian

Flux or luminous Flux (ϕ or F)

Luminous flux as” the amount of radiant energy emi ed per unit me in the form of light waves
by a luminous body”. However, luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensi vity of the
human eye to different wavelengths of light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total
power of electromagne c radia on (including infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light). It is
represented by ϕ or F and is measured in lumens.

Fig : Illumina on terms

Luminous flux is o en used as an objec ve measure of the useful light emi ed by a light source,
and is typically reported on the packaging for light bulbs, although it is not always prominent.
Consumers commonly compare the luminous flux of different light bulbs since it provides an
es mate of the apparent amount of light the bulb will produce, and a lightbulb with a higher
ra o of luminous flux to consumed power is more efficient.

Luminous Flux,F=radiant energy me lumen

Lumen

One lumen may be defined as the “ luminous flux emi ed by source of one candle power in a
unit solid angle in unit me”

Lumen = candle power of source x solid angle

c.p. x ω

It is the unit of luminous flux.

Luminous Intensity (I)

It is the luminous flux per unit solid angle in a given direc on. It is represented by I and is
measured in (lumen/steradian) or candela (cd). Luminous intensity formula is given as
Luminous intensity, I=Fω lumen/steradian or candela or candle power.

The SI unit of luminous intensity is candela (cd).

The quan ty of light emi ed by a lamp is measured in terms of its luminance flux (measured in
lumens). The brightness of the beam in a specific direc on is measured by the luminous
intensity, which is expressed in candelas. A lamp with a single lumen bulb and op cs that evenly
concentrate light into a one steradian beam produces a beam with a luminous intensity of one
candela. The source would have a luminous intensity of 2 candela if the op cs were modified to
focus the beam into 1/2 steradian. The resul ng beam is brighter and narrower, but the
luminous flux is constant.

Candle power (C.P)

The candle power of a source is defined as the number of lumens emi ed by that source in a
unit solid angle in a given direc on.

C.P.=lumensω=Fω lumens/steradian or candela

Brightness or Luminance (B or L)

Brightness or luminance may be defined as the luminous intensity of the lamp per unit
projected area (apparent area) of either light source or reflec ng surface. It is represented by B
or L and is measured in candela/m² (or nit or s lb or lambert or metre-lambert),

one nit=one candela/cm2

B or L=lA cd/m2

l = luminous intensity (candela)

A = projected or normal area (m2

Mean Horizontal Candle Power (M.H.C.P)

The MHCP of a lamp is the average candle power in the horizontal plane passing through the
luminous centre of the lamp.

or

It is the mean of the candle powers in all direc ons in the horizontal plane containing the source
of light.

Mean Spherical Candle Power (M.S.C.P.)

The candle power or luminous intensity of a source is different in different direc ons. The
average candle power of a source is the average value of its candle power in all direc ons. This
average candle power is also known as mean spherical candle power.

or

MSCP may be defined as the mean of the candle powers in all direc ons and in all planes from
the source of light,

M.S.C.P=Total flux4π

Mean Horizontal Spherical Candle Power (M.H.S.C.P)

It is defined as the mean of the candle power in all direc ons below the horizontal (usually
lower part).

M.H.S.C.P=Flux emi ed in hemi−sphere2π

Lamp Efficiency

It is given by the ra o of luminous flux output to the electrical input. It is expressed in lumen
per wa

Lamp efficiency=luminous fluxelectrical power input

Uniform Diffuse Source: A uniform diffuse source is one in which the intensity per unit
projected area is same from all direc ons.

Polar Curves

In most of the prac cal types of lamps or light sources, the luminous intensity or candle power
is not uniform in all direc ons. This is due to its unsymmetrical shape and design. It is essen al
to know exactly how the light is distributed and is usually given in the form of polar curves in
illumina on.
Fig : Polar curves representa on

The above figure shows Polar curves of an incandescent lamp. If the luminous intensity is
measured in a horizontal plane about a ver cal axis, a curve is plo ed between luminous
intensity and the angular posi on as shown in figure (b).

The drop in luminous intensity along OC or at 0 degrees of horizontal polar curve is due to the
break in the filament where the current enters and leaves. If the luminous intensity is measured
in a ver cal plane at various angles (or angular posi ons) a polar curve in the ver cal plane
obtained as shown in (c). The drop or depression in luminous intensity 180 degrees of the
ver cal polar curve is due to the posi on of the lamp holder.

Hence a polar curve may be defined as “a graph represen ng the light distribu on of a lamp in
a horizontal or ver cal plane.”

1 lux=10−4phot or (104lux=1phot

= 1 metre-candle (m-cd)

1 lumen= 0.016 wa

1lm/m2=1 metre Lambert(m−L)

1cd/m2=π m−L

1cd/m2=1 s lb

Note: Luminous Intensity or CP is measured with the help of Bunsen Photometer.

Laws of Illumina on

The laws of illumina on are fundamental principles that govern how light behaves in different
environments. These laws include the inverse square law, Lambert's cosine law, and the law of
reflec on, all of which guide the design and applica on of ligh ng in various se ngs.

The following are the two laws of illumina on:

1. Inverse Square Law

2. Lambert's Cosine law

Inverse Square Law

It states that "the illumina on of a surface is inversely propor onal to the square of the distance
between the surface and source provided, the light source is a point source"
Fig : Illustra on of Inverse Square Law

Let

s = a point source

A1,A2,A3 = three parallel surface area's m2

d, 2d, 3d = distances of A1,A2,A3, from point source (m)

omega = solid angle (sd)

l = luminous intensity (lm/sd)

For area A1, solid angle, = ω=A1d2

Flux, ϕ on area A1 = luminous intensity x solid angle

I×ω=I×A1d2=IA1d2 ………………………1

Illumina on E1 on surface A1 = Flux,ϕarea,A1=IA1d2×1A1 ……………………….2

E1=1d2 lux ……………………….3

Similarly, Illumina on E2, on A2 =1(2d)2 lux

Illumina on E3, on A3 =1(3d)2 lux and so on

E1E2=(2d)2(d)2

or

E1:E2:E3::1d2:1(2d)2:1(3d)2 ……………………3

You can study Inverse square law in detail.

Lambert’s Cosine Law

It states that “the illumina on, E at any point surface is directly propor onal to the cosine of the
angle between the node at that point and the line of flux”.

Fig : Lambert’s cosine law

Let, AB = surface area normal to the source and inclined at theta to the ver cal

= CD costheta

CD = normal to the ver cal axis and inclined at theta to the source

= ABcosθ

d = distance between the source and surface (m)

h = height of the source from the source (m)

l = Luminous intensity (lm/sd)

omega = solid angle

Illumina on on surface AB = flux(lm)areaAB(m2)=ld2

Illumina on on surface CD = flux(lm)areaCD(m2)= flux(lm)(areaAB/cosθ)=ld2×cosθ

i.e., ECD=ld2×cosθ ………………………….4

From fig

cosθ=hd or d=hcosθ

ECD=l(h/cosθ)2×cosθ

ECD=lh2×cos3θ …………………5

Equa on 5 is also known as cosine sine law and is stated as follows

Cosine cube (cos3θ) law state that the “illumina on at any point on a surface is dependent on
the cube of cosine of the angle between line of flux and normal at that point”

Study in detail the Lambert’s cosine law

Theory of Light

The human eye is more sensi ve to certain colours and the below figure gives the idea of
sensi vity of human eye to different wavelengths between (0.004 mm to 0.00075 mm) 4,000AU
to 7,500AV (Angstrom Unit) .The eye discriminates between different wavelengths in this range
by the sensa on of colour.

The bandwidth of radia ons visible to human eyes is very small i.e.,
from 4.3×1014Hz to 7.5×1014Hz. The white sunlight is composed of different color radia ons
coming in the visible spectrum having wavelengths between 4,000 to 7,500 AU.

Classic Ligh ng Techniques

These techniques, deeply rooted in tradi on, con nue to cap vate audiences with their
meless appeal. Let's explore some of these revered techniques:

o Three-Point Ligh ng: U lizes key, fill, and backlight sources to create a balanced and
visually appealing ligh ng setup.

o Rembrandt Ligh ng: Places the key light at a 45-degree angle above eye level to create a
classic and drama c effect, popular in portraiture.

o Bu erfly Ligh ng: Known for its finesse and elegance, it involves illumina ng the subject
from above, crea ng a bu erfly-shaped shadow under the nose.
 o Split Ligh ng: Creates a striking contrast between light and shadow by placing the key
light to the side of the subject, resul ng in a drama c and mysterious effect.

o Chiaroscuro Ligh ng: Achieves a profound atmosphere by skillfully balancing light and
shadow, drawing inspira on from tradi onal art techniques.

o Silhoue e Ligh ng: Backligh ng the subject to create a cap va ng play of darkness and
light, forming a dis nct outline against a brighter background.

Illumina on Solved Examples

Example 1: When a 250V lamp takes a current of 0.8 ampere, it produces a total flux of 3,260
lumens. Calculate (i) M.S.C.P. of the lamp; and (ii) efficiency of the lamp.

Solu on 1: Given,

Total flux = 3260

(i) MSCP = Total flux4π 32604π=259.42

(ii) Lamp efficiency, η=total flux output Electrical input

η=lumenVIcosϕ

η=3260250×0.8×1

16.3 lm/wa

Example 2: A room 9m x 12m is illuminated by twelve 100-wa lamps. The luminous efficiency
of the lamp is 30 lumens per wa and the coefficient of u liza on as 0.45 the average
illumina on.

Solu on 2: Given,

Room area = 9 x 12 = 108 m²

Total wa age = 100 x 12 = 1200 wa

Total flux radiated by 1200 wa = 1200 x 30 = 36,000 lumen

Flux reaching the working plane, ϕ = Total flux x C.U = 36,000 x 0.45

=16,200 lumen

illumina on, E=ϕA E=16,200108=105 lux