CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of Study
The combination of natural processes and constructions at beaches and oceans results
in the natural phenomena known as coastal erosion [1]. The definition of coastal
erosion is the removal of material from the coast by wave action and tidal currents,
which results in a shoreline retreating inland [2]. Erosion along the coast is a constant
phenomenon caused by a confluence of natural and human factors [3]. The world's
coasts are constantly changing due to processes like erosion and accretion. Coastal
erosion is now a major global concern because of the impact of these shoreline
alterations on human affairs [4].
With an east coast that faces the South China Sea and a west coast that faces the
Straits of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia has a 1,972 km long coastline. East Malaysia
has a substantially longer 2,837 kilometres of coastline [5]. The government launched
an erosion management programme after the National Coastal Erosion Study revealed
that approximately 30% of Malaysia's coastline is in danger from erosion. Ever since
the fluctuation in climate change, sea level rise, and human activity, this problem has
persisted. 9 places were found to be dangerously eroding in 2017 by Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia at a rate of about 4 metres per year. Segenting, Sungai Ayam
Laut, Sungai Suloh, Sungai Koris, Sungai Lurus, Senggarang Laut, Parit Botak, and
Pantai Punggur are a few examples [6].
The study area of Pantai Punggur in Batu Pahat would be ideal for activities to
monitor coastal erosion. There are significant coastal changes in this region. Pantai
Punggur's whole shoreline is located between latitudes 1.62° and 1.87° N and 102.78°
and 103.19° E [7]. A prediction of 1.4 to 2.0 m of sea level rise in 2040 was made in
SubReach 5 in 2020. If this occurs, coastal erosion will worsen and wreak havoc in
the Pantai Punggur coastal region, as depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that in
2020, water levels would rise in a number of rivers around the Batu Pahat district's
coast, including Sungai Ayam, Sungai Suloh Besar, Sungai Koris, Sungai Lurus,
Sungai Senggarang, Sungai Parit Botak, Sungai Tongkang, and Rengit River. The
affected area is expected to be 1676.97 hectares in size overall. One of the main
causes of beach erosion is the occurrence of rising water levels.
Figure 1. The sea level rise forecast in 2040 for Batu Pahat district [8].
Over a 40-year span, the shoreline varied annually from 5 m to 7.50 m or migrated to
the land up to 300 m distant. Between 1984 and 2013, there were changes to the
shoreline ranging from 50 to 200 metres, with an average annual change of 1.5 to 7
metres. The coast of Peninsular Malaysia is predicted to face a sea level increase of
0.25 m to 0.52 m in 2100, according to a follow-up study undertaken by the National
Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) in 2010. In Batu Pahat, sea
levels are anticipated to rise by 0.028 m in 2020, 0.066 m in 2040, and 0.25 m in 2100
[8].
Due to Sumatera's wind protection, the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia is
distinctively marked by mud and flat with mangrove flora [9]. Although the tide is
different and seems to be increasing as well, the wave that has occurred is typically
rising between 1.5 and 2.5 metres high. Global warming may be the cause of this
impact. The weather has changed as a result of global warming, and this has also
affected the state of the ocean, which has caused the tide and wave height to be higher
than before.
1.2 Problem Statement
Coastal erosion has a huge economic impact in addition to environmental and social
ones. Coastal erosion is an increasing worry for countries all over the world due to
lost land and ruined assets as well as reduced revenue potential due to the threat it
poses to the tourism and other industries. The vulnerability brought on by coastal
erosion in Pantai Punggur will be the main focus of the research, investigation of the
existence of a vegetation, dune system, and coastal post defence work.
1.3 Objective of Study
The objective of study is:
To identify geological and morphologic characteristic at Pantai Punggur
To evaluate the evolutionary trend of Pantai Punggur
To determine the vulnerability classes of Pantai Punggur
1.4 Scope of Study
Scope of study are as below:
i. To study the shoreline corrosion rate by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV).
ii. A computer system called a geographic information system (GIS) collects,
stores, verifies, and displays information about locations on the surface of the
Earth will be use .
iii. Points on the ground with known coordinates are referred to as ground control
points (GCPs).
iv. GCPs are points in an aerial mapping survey that the surveyor is able to
precisely identify using a set of coordinates, enabling accurate charting of
large areas.
v. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is the best option due to additional
limitations in using satellite and manned aircraft, such as high flight costs,
poor ground resolution, and a constrained time period.
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