Fluids Dynamics
(αβγηθμπρϕ𝚫Σ)
No tau, No u (vel), N f (friction factor)
Important Conversions
# to # Conversion HW/Topic
BTU to ft lb 1 BTU = 778 ft-lb HW 16 Q5
Rankine to Farenheit BTU/ lb / °R = BTU/ lb / °F HW 16 Q5
cfs to gpm 1 cfs = 448.8 gpm HW 20 Laminar Flow
in^2 to ft^2 1 in^2 = 144 ft^2
Newtons to basic 1 N = 1 kg m/s
Rho to basic 1 ρ = (lb*sec^2)/ft^4 = kg/m^3
Symbols/Equations (HW 1 - 8)
Name Symbol Equation Units HW
Kinematic 𝓋 (nu) 𝓋 = μ/ρ Table for viscosity if ft^3/s
Viscosity its water: Table B.1
Dynamic μ (mue) μ lb*s / ft^2 1.5, 1.6
Viscosity/Absolute
Viscosity
Density ρ (rho) slugs/ft^3 = 1.5, 1.6
(lb*sec^2)/ft^4
Slugs = (lb*sec^2)/ft
Specific Weight γ (gamma) γ = ρg lb/ft^3 or kN/m^3 1.5, 1.6
62.4 for water
Specific Gravity s γ liquid / γ water at the same
temperature
Gravity g g = 32.2 ft/s^2 = 9.81 m/s^2
Specific Volume v v = 1/ρ m^3/kg
Ideal Gas Law p*v = nRT
Pressure Patm p_atm = 14.7 psia = 101.3
atmospheric kPa = 101.3 kN/m^2
Pressure head h h = p/γ
Name Symbol Equation Units HW
Kinematic 𝓋 (nu) 𝓋 = μ/ρ Table for viscosity if ft^3/s
Viscosity its water: Table B.1
Dynamic μ (mue) μ lb*s / ft^2 1.5, 1.6
Viscosity/Absolute
Viscosity
Density ρ (rho) slugs/ft^3 = 1.5, 1.6
(lb*sec^2)/ft^4
Slugs = (lb*sec^2)/ft
Specific Weight γ (gamma) γ = ρg lb/ft^3 or kN/m^3 1.5, 1.6
62.4 for water
Specific Gravity s γ liquid / γ water at the same
temperature
Water Vapor p_v p_v = psia B.1
Pressure
Boil or Vapor p_atm = p_v
Flow Rate Q = VA cfs
Symbols/Equations (HW 9 - 18)
Name Symbol Equation Units HW
Bernoulli Equation Pt 1 = Pt 2 𝑉
2
𝑃 𝑉
2
𝑃 9
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2
Where Pt is at water surface, V = 0, P = 0
Where Pt is at free jet, P = 0, can set z = 0
Thus 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 2𝑔ℎ
Orifice Equation C_c 𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝑉2𝐴2𝐶𝑐 h = the orifice 10
(given) 𝑉2 = 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(2𝑔ℎ) distance to the top
Where V_2 is the exit point of the orifice. Remember P_2 = 0, and
elevation is usually the same.
Open Channel canal 𝑉
2
𝑉
2
Where ys are the 10
+ 𝑦1 = + 𝑦2
2𝑔 2𝑔 depths
Energy Equation Bernoulli Equation 10
At the top of the jet the velocity head = 0
Continuity V=Q*A Q = V/A 11
Bernoulli’s Cont γ γ1 12
𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝚫ℎ( γ2 − γ1
)
1
best to rederive from original Bernoulli’s. Many good examples!
Turbine h_p_t γ𝑄𝐻𝑡 𝑛 n = efficiency 90% = 13
Horsepower 550 (0.9)
Pump h_p_p γ𝑄𝐻𝑝 H_p and H_t 13
Horsepower 550*𝑛 Pump and turbine
head
Pumps and Pumps = positive Remember 13
Turbines Turbines = negative Continuity
1 -> 2 sometimes Vs will
289 = 333 - 44 because 44 cancel
is being subtracted(neg)
then turbine
Momentum F_external = ρQ (V_out - V_in) 14
R = sqrt F_y^2 + F_x^2
Theta = tan^-1 (Fy/Fx)
Beta = tan^-1 (Fx/Fy)
ρ = 1.94
Remember Pressure force pA (only if specified)
Little Continuity q = flow Q=q*b q = m^3/s per m 15
Eq rate per V = Q/A = qb/by b = essentially the
meter of V = q/y depth of where you
width are
Bernoulli Open 𝑉1
2
𝑉2
2 15
Channel w/ q Open channel = 2𝑔
+ 𝑦1 = 2𝑔
+ 𝑦2
2 2
𝑞/𝑦1 𝑞/𝑦2
2𝑔
+ 𝑦1 = 2𝑔
+ 𝑦2 look to notes if anything about
V_effective or V_relative just has to do with u shaped pipes with
blade = V_inside pipe - V_blade = V_eff
Delta I Change in internal energy (heat) per Ib, question 5 has an 16
example, really just going from btus
Energy Grade 𝑉
2
𝑃 17
Energy grade line = + + 𝑧1 = sum of the heads, total
Line 2𝑔 γ
energy available to the fluid at any given point
Hydraulic Grade 𝑃 17
Piezometric head line = γ
+ 𝑧1 = level to which water would
Line
rise(??)
Really good probs Larger pipe = more pressure 18
You can have a negative head loss but it has to be in the
direction of flow. Always lose head in the direction of flow. In this
case we assumed wrong so the C is a pump Question 2 on HW
18
Symbols/Equations (HW 19 - 29)
Name Symbol Equation Units HW
Shear-Friction-
Roughness
Know how to:
1. Read Moody’s Diagram
2. Read Log Scales
Reference to Tables