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Vector Algebra and 3D Geometry Basics

The document provides an overview of vector algebra and 3D geometry, detailing concepts such as vector representation, addition, scalar and vector products, and direction cosines. It includes equations for line equations, angles between lines and planes, and the shortest distance between two lines. Key formulas and definitions are presented to aid in understanding these mathematical concepts.

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hussainsyed51234
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7 views2 pages

Vector Algebra and 3D Geometry Basics

The document provides an overview of vector algebra and 3D geometry, detailing concepts such as vector representation, addition, scalar and vector products, and direction cosines. It includes equations for line equations, angles between lines and planes, and the shortest distance between two lines. Key formulas and definitions are presented to aid in understanding these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

hussainsyed51234
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

VECTOR ALGEBRA:

Basics

If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂

∣ 𝑎⃗ ∣= √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32


𝑎⃗
Unit vector: 𝑎̂ =
∣ 𝑎⃗ ∣

Addition & Subtraction

⃗⃗ = (𝒂𝟏 ± 𝒃𝟏 )𝒊̂ + (𝒂𝟐 ± 𝒃𝟐 )𝒋̂ + (𝒂𝟑 ± 𝒃𝟑 )𝒌


⃗⃗ ± 𝒃
𝒂 ̂

Scalar (Dot) Product

⃗⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 =∣ 𝒂
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒃
𝒂 ⃗⃗ ∣ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜽
⃗⃗ ∣∣ 𝒃
⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗𝒃⃗ = 𝟎 ⇒ vectors⁡are⁡perpendicular
If⁡𝒂

Vector (Cross) Product

𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝒃 =∣ 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 ∣
𝒂
𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑
∣ ⃗𝒂⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗ ∣=∣ ⃗𝒂⃗ ∣∣ ⃗𝒃⃗ ∣ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽
⃗⃗ = 𝟎 ⇒ vectors⁡are⁡parallel
⃗⃗ × 𝒃
𝒂
3D GEOMETRY:

Direction Cosines and Ratios

𝑙 = cos⁡ 𝛼, 𝑚 = cos⁡ 𝛽, 𝑛 = cos⁡ 𝛾


𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1

Line Equations

Vector form:

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗

Cartesian form:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Angle Between Two Lines


𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos⁡ 𝜃 =
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 √𝑎22 + 𝑏22 + 𝑐22

Shortest Distance Between Two Lines

𝑟⃗1 = 𝑎⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗1 , ⁡⁡⁡𝑟⃗2 = 𝑎⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗⃗2

∣ (𝑎⃗2 − 𝑎⃗1 ) ⋅ (𝑏⃗⃗1 × 𝑏⃗⃗2 ) ∣


Distance =
∣ 𝑏⃗⃗1 × 𝑏⃗⃗2 ∣

Angle Between Two Planes

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos⁡ 𝜃 =
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 √𝑎22 + 𝑏22 + 𝑐22

Distance of a Point from a Plane

∣ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑 ∣


Distance =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2

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