Page: 32

1. In a reaction, 5.3g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of acetic acid. The

products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g of water and 8.2 g of sodium
acetate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass.
Sodium carbonate + acetic acid → Sodium acetate + carbon dioxide + water
Solution:
Sodium carbonate + acetic acid → Sodium acetate + carbon dioxide + water
5.3g 6g 8.2g 2.2g 0.9g
As per the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must be
equal to the total mass of products.
We see that, L.H.S. = R.H.S. i.e., 5.3g + 6g = 2.2g + 0.9 g + 8.2 g = 11.3 g
Hence, the observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.

2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in a ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What
mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen
gas?
Solution: Hydrogen and Oxygen mix in a ratio 1: 8.
For every 1g of hydrogen, it is 8g of oxygen.
Therefore, for 3g of hydrogen, the quantity of oxygen = 3 x 8 = 24g
Hence, 24g of oxygen would be required for the complete reaction
with 3g of hydrogen gas.

3. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of

conservation of mass?
Solution: The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that is the result of the law
conservation of mass is that the
“Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created nor be destroyed in a
chemical reaction.”

4. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite
proportions?
Solution: The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that can explain the law of
definite proportions is that “therelative number and kinds of atoms are
constant in a given compound.”

Page: 35
1. Define the atomic mass unit.
Solution: An atomic mass unit is a unit of mass used to express the weights of
atoms and molecules where one atomic mass is equal to 1/12th the mass of one
carbon-12 atom.
2. Why is it not possible to see an atom with the naked eyes?
Solution: It is not possible to see an atom with the naked eyes because Atoms
are extremely tiny particles, whose size is measured in nanometers (nm)

Page: 39
1. Write down the formulae of
(i) sodium oxide – Na2O
(ii) aluminium chloride – AlCl3
(iii) sodium sulphide – Na2S
(iv) magnesium hydroxide – Mg
(OH)2

2. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:

(i) Al2(SO4)3 – Aluminium sulphate
(ii) CaCl2 – Calcium chloride
(iii) K2SO4 – Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3 – Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3 – Calcium carbonate

3. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Solution: A chemical formula is a way of representing the composition of a
chemical compound using symbols for the elements and numbers to indicate the

proportion of each element in the compound.

For example:
 H₂O is the chemical formula for water, indicating two hydrogen (H) atoms
and one oxygen (O) atom.
 CO₂ is the formula for carbon dioxide, indicating one carbon (C) atom and
two oxygen (O) atoms.

4. How many atoms are present in a

(i) H2S molecule and
(ii) PO43- ion?
Solution:
(i) H2S molecule has 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of sulphur hence 3 atoms in
total.
(ii) PO43- ion has 1 atom of phosphorus and 4 atoms of oxygen hence 5 atoms in
total.
Page: 40
1. Calculate the molecular masses of H2 , O2 , Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, NH3,

CH3OH.
Solution:
The following are the molecular masses:
The molecular mass of H2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of H = 2 x 1u = 2u
The molecular mass of O2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of O = 2 x 16u = 32u
The molecular mass of Cl2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of Cl = 2 x 35.5u = 71u
The molecular mass of CO2 – atomic mass of C + 2 x atomic mass of O = 12 + (
2×16)u = 44u
The molecular mass of CH4 – atomic mass of C + 4 x atomic mass of H = 12 + ( 4

x 1)u = 16u
The molecular mass of C2H6– 2 x atomic mass of C + 6 x atomic mass of H = (2 x

12) +
(6 x 1)u=24+6=30u
The molecular mass of C2H4– 2 x atomic mass of C + 4 x atomic mass of H = (2x
12) +
(4 x 1)u=24+4=28u
The molecular mass of NH3– atomic mass of N + 3 x atomic mass of H = (14 +3
x
1)u= 17u
The molecular mass of CH3OH – atomic mass of C + 3x atomic mass of H +
atomic mass of O + atomic mass of H = (12 + 3×1+16+1)u=(12+3+17)u =
32u
2. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses

of Zn = 65u,
Na = 23 u, K=39u, C = 12u, and O=16u.
Solution:
Given:
The atomic mass of Zn = 65u
The atomic mass of Na = 23u
The atomic mass of K = 39u
The atomic mass of C = 12u
The atomic mass of O = 16u
The formula unit mass of ZnO= Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of O = 65u +
16u = 81u
The formula unit mass of Na2O = 2 x Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of O = (2
x 23)u + 16u = 46u + 16u = 62u
The formula unit mass of K2CO3 = 2 x Atomic mass of K + Atomic mass of C + 3 x
Atomic mass of O = (2 x 39)u + 12u + (3 x 16)u = 78u + 12u + 48u =
138u
Exercise-3.5.3 Page: 42
1. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12grams, what is the mass (in grams) of 1
atom of carbon?
Solution:

2. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron

(given the atomic mass of Na = 23u, Fe = 56 u)?

Solution:
(a) In 100 grams of Na:
Mass of Na, m= 100g
Molar mass of Na atom = 23g
Avogadro Number, N0 = 6.022 x
1023
Number of atoms, N =? (To find)

N = 26.18 x 1023 atoms

(b) In 100 grams of Fe:

Mass of Fe, m = 100 g,
Molar mass of Fe atom = 56 g
Avogadro Number, N0 = 6.022 x 1023
Number of atoms, N =? (To find)

N = 10.75 x 1023 atoms

Therefore, the number of atoms is more in 100 g of Na than in 100 g of Fe.

Exercise Page: 43
1. A 0.24g sample of a compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to

contain 0.096g of boron and 0.144g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage

composition of the compound by weight.
Solution:
Given: Mass of the sample compound = 0.24g, mass of boron =
0.096g,
mass of oxygen = 0.144g
To calculate the percentage composition of the compound,

=0.4×100=40%

Percentage of oxygen = 100 – percentage of boron

= 100 – 40 = 60%

2. When 3.0g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g of oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is

produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00g of carbon is
burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your
answer?
Solution: The reaction taking place here is:
C + O2→ CO2
According to question, 3g + 8g →11 g
The total mass of reactants = mass of carbon + mass of oxygen

=3g+8g
=11g
The total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Therefore, the law of conservation of mass is proved.

Further, it also shows carbon dioxide contains carbon and oxygen in a fixed
ratio by mass, which is 3:8. 3g of carbon must also combine with 8 g of oxygen
only. This means that (50 – 8) = 42 g of oxygen will remain unreacted. Thus it
also proves the law of constant proportions

3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

Answer: Polyatomic ions are ions that consist of two or more atoms
bonded together, carrying a net charge because they have an
unequal number of protons and electrons. These ions act as a
single
unit in chemical reactions. Here are some common polyatomic ions:
Example: NH4+, CO32-, PO4–3 etc.

4. Write the chemical formula of the following.

Solution:
The following are the chemical formula of the above-mentioned list:
(a) Magnesium chloride – MgCl2
(b) Calcium oxide – CaO
(c) Copper nitrate – Cu(NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride – AlCl3
(e) Calcium carbonate – CaCO3

5. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.

Solution:
The following are the names of the elements present in the following
compounds:
(a) Quick lime – Calcium and oxygen (CaO)
(b) Hydrogen bromide – Hydrogen and bromine (HBr)
(c) Baking powder – Sodium, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (NaHCO3)
(d) Potassium sulphate – Sulphur, Oxygen, Potassium (K2SO4)

6. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.

Solution:

(a) Molar mass of Ethyne C2H2= 2 x Mass of C+2 x Mass of H

=(2×12)+(2×1)=24+2=26g
(b) Molar mass of Sulphur molecule S8 = 8 x Mass of S = 8 x 32 = 256g
(c) Molar mass of Phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 x Mass of P = 4 x 31 = 124g
(d) Molar mass of Hydrochloric acid, HCl = Mass of H+ Mass of Cl = 1+35.5
=36.5g
(e) Molar mass of Nitric acid, HNO3 =Mass of H+ Mass of Nitrogen + 3 x Mass of
O = 1 + 14+3×16 = 63g

7. What is the mass of

(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium
=27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
Solution:
(a) Atomic mass of nitrogen atoms = 14u
Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = Atomic mass of nitrogen atoms
Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atom is 14g.
(b) Atomic mass of aluminium =27u
Mass of 1 mole of aluminium atoms = 27g
1 mole of aluminium atoms = 27g, 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 4 x 27 = 108g

(c) Mass of 1 mole of sodium sulphite Na2SO3 = Molecular mass of sodium

sulphite = 2 x Mass of Na + Mass of S + 3 x Mass of O = (2 x 23) + 32 +(3x 16)
=
46+32+48 = 126g
Therefore, mass of 10 moles of Na2SO3 = 10 x 126 = 1260g
8. Convert into a mole.
(a) 12g of oxygen gas
(b) 20g of water
(c) 22g of carbon dioxide
Solution:

(a) Given: Mass of oxygen gas=12g

Molar mass of oxygen gas = 2x Mass of Oxygen = 2 x 16 = 32g
Number of moles = Mass given / molar mass of oxygen gas = 12/32 =
0.375
moles
(b) Given: Mass of water = 20g
Molar mass of water = 2 x Mass of Hydrogen + Mass of Oxygen = 2 x 1 + 16
=
18g
Number of moles = Mass given / molar mass of water
= 20/18 = 1.11 moles
(c) Given: Mass of carbon dioxide = 22g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = Mass of C + 2 x Mass of Oxygen = 12 + 2x 16
=
12+32=44g
Number of moles = Mass given/ molar mass of carbon dioxide = 22/44 = 0.5
moles
9. What is the mass of:
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Solution:
The mass is as follows:
(a) Mass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16u; hence, it weighs 16g.
Mass of 0.2 moles of oxygen atoms = 0.2 x 16 = 3.2g
(b) Mass of 1 mole of water molecules = 18u; hence, it weighs 18g.
Mass of 0.5 moles of water molecules = 0.5 x 18 = 9g

10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16g of solid
sulphur.
Solution:
To calculate the molecular mass of sulphur,
Molecular mass of Sulphur (S8) = 8xMass of Sulphur = 8×32 = 256g

Mass given = 16g

Number of moles = mass given/ molar mass of sulphur
= 16/256 = 0.0625 moles
To calculate the number of molecules of sulphur in 16g of solid sulphur,
Number of molecules = Number of moles x Avogadro number
= 0.0625 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules
= 3.763 x 1022 molecules
11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element.
Atomic mass of Al = 27u)
Solution:
To calculate the number of aluminium ions in 0.051g of aluminium oxide,
1 mole of aluminium oxide = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of aluminium oxide
1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 x Mass of aluminium + 3 x Mass of
oxygen
= (2x 27) + (3 x16) = 54 +48 = 102g
1 mole of aluminium oxide = 102g = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of aluminium oxide

Therefore, 0.051g of aluminium oxide has = 6.022 x 1023 / 102 x 0.051

= 3.011 x 1020 molecules of aluminium oxide
One molecule of aluminium oxide has 2 aluminium ions; hence, the number of
aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium oxide = 2 x 3.011x 1020 molecules
of aluminium oxide.
= 6.022 x 1020