📘 Computer Science Notes: Unit 1 & Unit 2

UNIT 1: NETWORKING

Internet and Its Components

The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers and devices worldwide. It allows users to
communicate, share information, and access services like email, file transfer, and web browsing.

Components: 1. World Wide Web (WWW): A collection of linked web pages accessible through web
browsers. 2. Web Servers: Computers that host websites and deliver web content when requested. 3. Web
Clients: Devices or software that access web services from servers. 4. Websites: Collections of related web
pages under a single domain. 5. Web Pages: Individual documents within a website. 6. Web Browsers:
Applications like Chrome or Firefox used to access web content. 7. Blogs & News Groups: Platforms for
sharing information and discussions. 8. HTML: Language used to create and structure web pages. 9. Web
Address & Email Address: Unique identifiers for sites and mailboxes. 10. Downloading & Uploading:
Transferring files between local devices and remote servers.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The WWW is a service provided on the Internet to access web pages through hyperlinks. It contains billions
of interconnected documents identifiable by URLs.

Difference Between Internet and WWW

Internet WWW

The Internet is a vast network connecting WWW is a service that runs on the Internet to
computers globally. access web pages.

Supports multiple services: email, file sharing, Primarily provides access to documents and media
video calls. via browsers.

Uses multiple protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP. Uses HTTP and HTTPS protocols.

Internet can exist without the web. The web cannot exist without the Internet.

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Important Terminology

Term Explanation

A device or software that requests data or services from a server. Example: a web
Client
browser.

A powerful computer providing data or services to clients. Stores websites, files, and
Server
responds to requests.

Web Server Stores, processes, and delivers web pages to users using HTTP/HTTPS.

Web Client Software that requests information from a web server, e.g., browsers.

Website Collection of related web pages under a domain providing information or services.

Web Page A single document on the web, displayed through browsers.

Web Browser Software to access and interact with websites. Examples: Chrome, Firefox.

Provides personalized access to multiple services or data after login. Example: student
Web Portal
or banking portals.

Uniform Resource Locator, complete web address to locate a resource. Example:

Web Address Human-readable name to access a site. Example: [Link]

Email
Identifies a mailbox for sending/receiving emails. Format: username@[Link]
Address

Blog Online platform to post articles or opinions on topics.

Newsgroup Online discussion forum for users to share messages on topics.

HTML Standard language to structure web pages.

Difference Between Server and Web Server

Server Web Server

Provides multiple services like files, email, games. Specifically delivers web pages to browsers.

Uses protocols like FTP, SMTP. Uses HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

Handles many types of client requests. Handles only web-based requests.

Services Provided by Web Server

1. Hosting Websites: Stores and runs websites for online access.

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 2. File Management: Uploading and downloading files.
3. Processing Requests: Responds to browser requests using HTTP/HTTPS.
4. Security: Uses SSL/TLS for secure data transfer.

Website and Its Components

A website is a collection of web pages under a single domain providing information or services.

Components: - Web Host: Stores website data online. - Address (Domain Name): Unique URL for a site. -
Homepage: Main page, starting point for navigation. - Design: Layout, colors, and style of pages. -
Content: Text, images, videos, and multimedia. - Navigation Structure: Menus and links to move between
pages.

Difference Between Website and Web Portal

Website Web Portal

Collection of web pages for general info or business. Provides personalized information after login.

Same content for all visitors. Content varies per user preferences.

Examples: Wikipedia, Amazon Examples: Gmail, school portals

Web Pages

Web pages are single documents displayed through browsers containing text, images, videos, and links.

Types (Content-wise): - Informational: Provide knowledge or facts. - Interactive: Allow user actions like
forms. - Multimedia: Include video, animation, and audio.

Types (Structure-wise): - Static: Fixed content, changes only when edited. - Dynamic: Content changes
based on user interaction or databases.

Difference Between Web Page and Website

Web Page Website

Single document with content. Collection of multiple related web pages.

Part of a website. Full website under one domain.

Example: Contact page Example: [Link]

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Downloading and Uploading Files

• Downloading: Copying data from a remote server to local device.

Internet Protocols

Protocol Description

TCP/IP Main protocol for communication across the Internet.

HTTP Transfers web pages from servers to browsers.

HTTPS Secure version of HTTP using encryption.

SMTP Protocol to send emails.

POP3 Protocol to receive emails from server.

SSH Secure remote login protocol.

SFTP Secure file transfer protocol.

FTP Standard file transfer protocol.

SCP Secure copy for file transfer.

TELNET Remote login protocol (less secure).

Internet Services

• Information Retrieval: Accessing data online.

Web Services

• Chat, email, video conferencing.

Mobile Technologies

Technology Explanation

SMS Short text messaging.

MMS Multimedia messaging with images/videos.

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 Technology Explanation

3G Third generation network for internet & calls.

4G Fourth generation, faster speeds.

5G Ultra-fast fifth generation with low latency.

UNIT 2: HTML

Introduction to HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language to design and structure web pages. It defines
layout, text, images, and links.

Steps: 1. Open a text editor (Notepad). 2. Write HTML code. 3. Save file as .html. 4. Open in browser.

Basic HTML Structure

<html>
<head>
<title>My Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>This is my first HTML page.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tags and Attributes

Tag Purpose

<html> Start and end of HTML document.

<head> Contains metadata and title.

<title> Sets browser tab title.

<body> Visible page content.

<br> Inserts a line break.

<hr> Inserts horizontal line.

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 Tag Purpose

<!-- --> Comments not displayed on page.

<h1>–<h6> Headings, largest to smallest.

<p> Paragraph text.

<b>, <i>, <u> Bold, Italic, Underline.

Lists: - <ul>: Unordered list - <ol>: Ordered list - <li>: List item - <dl>, <dt>, <dd>: Description list

Attributes: type, start for <ol>; type for <ul>.

Font and Image Tags

Tag Purpose Attributes

<font> Set font style face, size, color

<img> Insert image src, width, height, alt

<sup> Superscript text N/A

<sub> Subscript text N/A

✏️ (Space for handwritten notes after printing)