1 17 1 15 6

16 17

Well, your desk needs to be cleaned.

Sorry. I’ll put it back where it was next time.
I think you need to apologize to me for that.
Right. Your stapler will be delivered tomorrow.
Please knock on the door before entering my room.

2 7

Sorry, but I’m too busy to help you with the test.
Good idea. Let’s prepare for the math test together.
Yes, I have. I’m sure that I’ll get an A+ on the math test.
You’re right. Everyone has to work hard to get a good result.
No. Last night I had a fever and I couldn’t study at all.
8

9
$240 $290 $330 $480 $510

10 Peace Grand Bridge

4

11 Community Garden Contest

11 13
5
10
3
12 18
Ulta Beauty Shop’s Shampoo
The Bartlett family has been honored to be a part of the
Brand Hair Type Feature Organic / Regular Price Rolling Meadow community for the past forty-three years.
Nahua Oily Color-treated Organic $28 Running the Tavern on the Square has been a labor of love
Organix Normal Color-treated Organic $26 for three generations of our family. It is with regret, though,
Organix Normal Scalp Care Organic $32 that we must announce that we will be closing our doors on
Nexus Normal Scalp Care Regular $24 October 31. We have found we can no longer compete
Ausino Normal Scalp Care Regular $22 financially against the many chain restaurants that have come
to town. We believe we have offered the best food at the best
13 possible prices, but this battle is one we cannot win. All of us
will be working for the next two months. We hope that our
Woman: ___________________________________________ customers many of whom have become like part of our
That’s why I bought the plane ticket for you. extended family will understand our difficult decision.
Don’t worry. You can make it to the airport in time.
I’m sorry, but I don’t have any information about it.
Yeah. Please let me know where to stay in Australia.
I’ll keep it in mind. Thank you for the great information.

14

Man: ______________________________________________
19 Sarah

I don’t want to take the bus again. It was about eleven o’clock when Sarah had arrived at her
Some of the parts are out of stock for now. motel. The parking lot was almost deserted. While she hurriedly
I have to be in hospital for two more weeks. was walking toward the door, an odd sensation tickled at the
That’s because of the heavy traffic on the road. back of her neck. It was the feeling that somebody was watching
The truck driver insisted that the accident was my fault. her. She twirled around to survey the surroundings. The only
other car parked in front of the motel was on the other side of
15 Emily Andy the office. A large trash dumpster stood on the right side of the
parking lot, and a little distance away, several trees grouped
Emily: _____________________________________________ around a picnic table. Then she noticed a man in dark clothing
standing near the picnic table area. He stood there, motionless,
Oh, sure. Then, let me take care of the dishes.
looking at her. Her heart started to beat hard, and her palms
You don’t have to. You’re a guest in my house.
were sweaty. She was trying to turn the key to unlock the door,
No problem. The messy room is not your fault.
but her hands were shaking so badly that she couldn’t manage it.
Okay, let’s go to the housewarming party together.
Thanks to you, I had a really good time at the party. scared curious disappointed
lonely sympathetic
16 17
20
16 The average American father still acts as if child-rearing is
effects of sunlight on skin primarily “woman’s work.” As a result, there is a general
ways to relieve sunburn tendency to ignore or minimize the strengths fathers can and do
importance of managing pain bring to the parenting process. The result of this lopsided state
home remedies for protein shortage of affairs is that mothers tend to feel more responsible for their
common misconceptions about sunscreen children than they actually are, while fathers often feel
insignificant and even excluded. Worse yet, some fathers use
17 this myth as a convenient excuse to exclude themselves. In
milk yogurt coffee effect, many American mothers, even though married and living
tea coconut oil with their spouses, function as single parents. There are
predictable differences in the ways mothers and fathers relate to
18 and interact with their children. These differences have to do
with biology, psychology, cultural expectations, and practical
 considerations. But primary need not and should not mean 23
exclusive. Even during the early years, fathers are important to
At the University of Arizona’s Program in Integrative
their children.
Medicine, Andrew Weil teaches physicians and other health
professionals lifestyle medicine, which is oriented toward
prevention of diseases. He encourages people to change their
lifestyle habits before disease appears. Eating well is one aspect
of lifestyle, which is only one set of variables in the mix
accounting for healthy living. Weil argues that there are multiple
determinants of health, starting with genetics and including a
21 great many environmental, psychosocial, and spiritual factors
A lifeguard may have an obligation to rescue a drowning we cannot control easily. We cannot change our genes. We
swimmer that the ordinary bystander does not. A parent has cannot always control the quality of the air we breathe, and we
more obligations to prevent harm to his or her child than a cannot completely avoid the stresses of everyday life. However,
stranger does. In the case of nonhuman animals, do we have diet is one of the lifestyle factors over which we have a large
similar obligations to prevent harm? Or do we feel constrained degree of control. We can decide what to eat and what not to eat.
to prevent the pain and deaths of animals in the wild? In general, Weil says, “My conclusion is that diet is an important influence
it would seem that although we may choose to do so out of on health, one that you can control to a greater extent than other
sympathy, we may not be obligated to do so. At least the factors.”
obligation to prevent harm seems less stringent than the Don’t Take Too Much Medicine
obligation not to cause a similar harm. However, if there is this Lack of Control Causes Ill Health
moral difference between preventing and causing harm, then Going on a Diet Is Bad for Health
while we may be justified in allowing animals in the wild to die Physical Health Leads to Mental Health
or suffer pain, it does not follow that we are justified in causing Change Eating Habits to Prevent Disease
similar pain or harm to them. Just because nature is cruel, that
does not necessarily give us the right to be so.
24

(%)
100
White Black Hispanic
80

60

22 40
44.9
41.4 39.1
28.7 27.2
With the Internet, people who live in rural areas can go 23.3
20 15.1 13.9 15.8
shopping just like their counterparts in the city. No longer does
0
living in a country or rural setting imply that one must travel Eighth Grade Tenth Grade Twelfth Grade

into the city to undertake shopping. Rural residents are on an

The above graph shows the percentages of eighth-, tenth-, and
equal position with city dwellers when it comes to shopping on
twelfth-grade students who watched four or more hours of
the Internet. In this regard, the Internet provides a service for
television on weekdays by race in 2012. Black students were
country folks that the catalogs did in the past. The importance of
much more likely than white students to watch four or more
the Internet for non-city shoppers should not go unnoted. It
hours of television per weekday, at all grade levels. Among
brings them into the realm of mainstream shopping. It puts them
twelfth-graders, about 40 percent of black students watched four
on an equal position with city residents in terms of price,
or more hours of television, compared with about 16 percent of
quality, and style. No longer does the teen in a rural area have to
white students. This difference was greater among tenth- and
make a trip to a big city to find items of fashion, for example.
eighth-grade students (41.4 versus 13.9 percent for tenth-
The latest and most up-to-date styles are available right at home.
graders, and 44.9 versus 15.1 percent for eighth-graders).
alternatives to many mainstream shopping malls Rates for Hispanic students were between those for white and
rapid increase in the number of Internet shoppers black students at each grade level, and were higher than white
positive effects of the Internet on rural residents’ shopping students and lower than black students. The higher the grade,
continuous change in consumer preferences in rural settings the lower the rates for the white students and black students who
necessity of increasing Internet service supply in rural areas watched four or more hours of television per weekday.
25 Peter Singer 27 Design & Advertising Competition
Peter Singer was born in Melbourne, Australia on July 6,
1946. His parents were Austrian Jews who escaped Nazi-ruled
Vienna in 1938. Singer grew up in Melbourne, where he Design & Advertising Competition
eventually attended the University of Melbourne, from which he How to Enter
earned his B.A. and M.A. in philosophy. Then he went to the All competition entries are processed through our online
University of Oxford, England on a scholarship, and Singer’s competition system.
time in England proved instrumental. There, he became Please submit only one version of each entry (i.e., do not
committed to vegetarianism and the animal rights movement. In send printed copies if you already uploaded digital files of
1975, Singer’s book Animal Liberation came out in which he the same entry).
talked about animal rights and how we practice speciesism in Entries can be submitted in the following formats:
our modern culture. Peter Singer, in his career of almost three Print Entries: Must be sent to our office by mail. Any
decades, has challenged the traditional ideas of ethics. In 2009, project over 18"_24" must be submitted as digital images.
he was voted as one of Australia’s ten most influential public Digital Images: Must be submitted in JPG format, no larger
intellectuals. than 1,024 pixels on the longest side. NO EXCEPTIONS.
*speciesism: Registration Period: September 15 29, 2017
After the registration period, we will accept entries for two
weeks, but a late entry fee of $10 per entry is required.
Melbourne
All pieces sent in physical form must have an entry form
taped to the back of the work. Do not send work in poster
1975
tubes as they are frequently damaged in transit.
Questions
If you have any other questions, you can reach us at:
26 2017 Washington Walkathon
Email: competition@[Link] / Phone: (650) 326-6040
/ Fax: (650) 326-1648.

2017 Washington Walkathon

The Washington Walkathon is our main fundraiser! With a
strong commitment from Washington Elementary School
parents and students, our goal is to raise $55,000! What could
be better than walking with friends and raising money for your
school?
Date, Start Time & Location
Date: Saturday, October 21, 2017
28
Start Time: Registration at 9:30 a.m., Walk begins at 10:30 a.m.
Location: Washington Elementary School An interesting question related to processing fluency in
organizations concerns how organizations gauge their
BBQ Lunch begins at 12:00 p.m. on completion of the
Walkathon. employees’ and customers’ opinions. Consider the following
example. A manager consistently gets requests from one
Parking: Available at the school
employee that a company policy is changed. From those
T-shirts: Prepurchased Walkathon Welcome T-shirts will be
requests, the manager must decide how the other people in the
delivered to your child’s classroom the week before the event.
organization feel about the issue in question. Will the vocal
Attire: Be sure to wear comfortable shoes and clothing,
employee’s frequent requests bias the manager’s sense of how
along with sunglasses and a hat or other sun protection. You
may want to bring rain gear, too. This is a rain or shine event! the rest of the people in the organization feel about the
PRIZE: The classroom that raises the most amount of policy? Research by Weaver, Garcia, Schwartz, and Miller
money will be given a pizza party. suggests the answer is yes. In a series of six experiments, they
demonstrated that people have a tendency to infer that a familiar
55,000 opinion is a prevalent one, even if the perceived familiarity is
the result of one particularly vocal group member. Thus, this
research indicates that opinions that feel familiar are believed
to be representative of the group’s opinion, even when the
source of the familiarity is irrelevant.
29 (A) (B) (C) 31 34

31 We think of the word normal in many different ways

The New Look movement of the 1950s claimed that usual, expected, average, mean, common, regular, and
perception is not merely a reflection of reality but instead is optimal. Operating normally usually means “without a
shaped by internal motivations and experiences. (A),ConL siL stL enL tL /L problem.” The trouble starts when we associate “normal” with
InLcoL nsL isL teL ntL . with this notion, research in recent years has common or expected, as in the case of age-related changes.
demonstrated that affective experiences can exert a significant Many of the negative changes associated with increasing age,
influence on perceptual experiences. For example, individuals for example, are considered “normal” because they are so
standing on the top of a hill on a skateboard judged the hill to be common. The same is true for a chronic disease at older ages.
steeper than those standing on a flat platform on the ground. Most elderly people have multiple diagnoses and are on several
Both state and trait fear similarly lead individuals to prescriptions. This is often seen as normal simply because it is
(B),ovLeLreLstLiLmLaLteL /L uLnLdLeLreLsLtiLmLaLteL. height when making their so common. Doctors often perpetuate the misconception by
estimates while looking down compared with looking up. A explaining diagnoses as: “It’s just part of aging, the price we pay
number of other studies similarly suggest that affect can for living so long.” We expect older folks to have these diseases.
(C),biaLsL /L jL LusLtiLfyL. perceptual judgments of visual space, visual However, by definition, disease is not normal in the sense that it
brightness, and auditory sounds. For example, in a study represents a disconnect from “proper” functioning. Normal may
conducted more than a half a century ago, researchers found that actually be worse than aging in how it is .
people who failed an exam bisected a square lower in visual
used learned refused
space than people who received an A on the exam.
restored optimized
(A) (B) (C)
Consistent overestimate bias
Consistent underestimate justify
Consistent overestimate justify
Inconsistent underestimate bias
Inconsistent overestimate justify

32 We hear about the abduction of a child on her way home

from school and instantly worry about our child, even though
tens of thousands of children walk home from school safely
30 they[their] every day and the abduction took place in a distant city. The
mere existence of the occurrence makes a stronger impression
The drongos of Sri Lanka commonly search for food in mixed
on us than the slim odds of that occurrence. A comparison of
flocks, and they enjoy greater success with catching insect
news coverage of car crashes versus airplane crashes shows us
prey. To increase the size of the flock, the drongos imitate the
how much the media favor the sensational story, even though
calls of these gregarious species, drawing more to the area. The
statistics would work the other way. Our risk of dying in a car
drongos use their mimicry abilities to engage in “false alarm
accident is about 1 in 6,000 each year while the risk of dying in
calling.” The false alarm calls startle other species into dropping
a plane crash each year is 1:250,000, meaning that 1 of every
prey, which the crafty drongo then snatches up. Drongos can
250,000 deaths each year occurs in a plane crash. But the media
mimic the sounds of eagles and hawks, magpies and monkeys,
devote a lot of attention to airplane crashes, and little or none to
and the alarm calls of at least two bird and one squirrel species.
car crashes because car crashes are so common. Therefore, we
And they imitate the different mobbing calls other birds use
worry about plane crashes. As the late Supreme Court Justice
for terrestrial predators versus aerial enemies. It may seem that
Oliver Wendell Holmes put it, “Most people .”
the other birds are being manipulated. Perhaps, but they
benefit, too. The drongos serve as “guards,” giving reliable
alarm signals when they detect potential predators. Thus, accept information from experts
while other birds in the vicinity may occasionally lose an insect seek and find confirmatory evidence
to a drongo, the loss is compensated by an enhanced security think dramatically, not quantitatively
system. see an outcome as inevitable in retrospect
*drongo: overestimate the accuracy of their judgments
33 The borderline between the center and the periphery is not 35
sharp and may often go unnoticed in our everyday experiences. Long-term research has revealed the relationship between
In everyday life we are usually under the impression that the work-related factors and physical and emotional health.
perceptual world around us is equally clear and detailed Studies conducted in various workplaces show that positive
everywhere. This, however, is an illusion brought about by the interactions among coworkers or superiors at work are
rapid shifts of attention within the field of consciousness. The associated with improved cardiovascular functioning and
spotlight of selective attention is the name for the cognitive strengthened immune systems. Other research indicates that
mechanism that separates the center from the background in work is central to maintaining psychological health, feelings of
phenomenal consciousness. Wherever we turn the spotlight of satisfaction and accomplishment, and emotional stability.
our attention in the sphere of experience, there the nebulous What’s better, the single most reliable predictor of a long life
mists of the phenomenal background immediately dissolve and has been known to be satisfaction with one’s job. The average
reveal definite images. Therefore, it is impossible to life span of employees isn’t closely related to whether they are
, for any attempt to pay special temporary workers or not regardless of the type of work.
attention to an aspect in the background will turn against itself People who are satisfied with their work, indeed, tend to live
the background becomes the foreground and the vague much longer than people who are dissatisfied with their work.
phenomenal halo becomes the precise image. *cardiovascular:
*nebulous:

change a background to a foreground

catch the vagueness of the background
cause consciousness to become stronger
tell whether or not the background is moving
focus on any particular shape and space

34 Shifts from optimism appear to correspond closely to 36 37

. For example, aspiring premed
students may be quite confident in their ability to land a spot in
a desirable medical school when the admission deadline is 36
several months away. However, after they take the MCAT When it comes to statistical significance, the size of the
(Medical College Admission Test) and begin the arduous groups being compared matters. For instance, a poll of ten
application process, they may entertain a more conservative athletic friends and ten couch potato friends could give you
forecast, as they identify shortcomings in their application some insight into whether or not knee problems were
materials or learn more about the selective nature of medical associated with participation in sports.
schools. In addition, once the behavior is complete (the
application is sent out in the mail), these aspiring premed (A) With such a large sample size, the 50 percent/20 percent
students may show further declines resulting from the fact that statistic could not be due to a few unusual people throwing
the process has moved out of their hands into the hands of the off the result, as could have been the case with the smaller
admissions committee. Finally, at the moment of truth, people group.
may abandon any remaining ray of optimism. On the day on (B) However, if five of the athletes and two of the couch
which they hope to learn their admissions decision, the hopeful potatoes complained of knee pain, would this be good
premed students may be thinking about the virtues of a career in evidence that knee pain is related to participation in sports?
law in anticipation that the decision will be unfavorable. Not really, because with such small group sizes, the
*premed: difference easily could have arisen by chance.
(C) On the other hand, if 1,000 athletes and 1,000 couch
assessments about correct and incorrect performance of tasks
potatoes were randomly selected and polled, and 500 of the
the temporal proximity of behavior that bears on the outcome
athletes and 200 of the couch potatoes had knee pain, this
the relationship between academic achievements and career
would be much stronger evidence that a correlation existed
aspirations
between knee pain and participation in sports.
an individual’s level of self-esteem in the academic and
career domain (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C)
competing motives to maintain optimistic predictions of the (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B)
outcome (C) (B) (A)
37 39
A perennial problem at daycare centers is that an absent- In contrast, for ascetically inclined “deep greens,” the crisis
minded or overworked parent can sometimes show up late to results less from the quality than from the quantity of
pick up his or her child at the end of the day. Having to keep consumption.
the center open late is expensive for the center because it
Green consumer behavior has come to function as a prism for
must pay its workers overtime and may be burdensome for
disputes among environmentalists and social scientists.
the workers.
One debate, as simple as it is straightforward, pits “liberal
(A) When the fine was imposed, the transaction stopped being consumerists” against “counter-consumerists.” For the
personal and became commercial. Parents just compared the former, the roots of environmental crisis lie in the nature of
small, $5 cost with the benefit of staying a bit later at work modern consumption. They emphasize the ability of
and often found it worthwhile to be late. consumers to make a difference and see responsible
(B) The effect of the fine was surprising. Instead of reducing the consumption as a catalyst for environmental campaigning.
lateness problem, the number of parents who showed up late As the awareness of environmental crisis spreads, and as
doubled. One explanation is that, prior to the fine being individual consumers respond by opting for environmentally
imposed, parents put considerable weight on the well-being friendly products and services, the purchasing power of the
of the center and the workers and tried very hard to show up mass market will come to force businesses to “green” their
on time. products and their manufacturing and distribution processes for
(C) To study the effect of monetary incentives on this lateness fear of being shunned in the marketplace by green-leaning
problem, researchers conducted an experiment in which consumers. For them, the primary aim should not be
they approached a number of daycare centers within the consuming discerningly but, rather, consuming less.
same city. They randomly selected a sample of the centers to *ascetically: **shun:
impose a monetary fine (amounting to about $5 for being 10 40 (A) (B)
or more minutes late).
(A) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B)
Your “lucky” choice of the fastest-moving supermarket
(B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)
checkout line might seem to have been based on nothing
(C) (B) (A)
more than a hunch, a gut feeling, or intuition, but previous
visits to that store might have given you useful information
that you didn’t know you had, about the various clerks. In a
38 39 laboratory study that supports this notion, people watched
videotaped television commercials while the changing stock
prices of fictional companies crawled across the bottom of
38 the screen. Later, these people were asked to choose which of
Unfortunately, however, you will not always be lucky these companies they liked best. They couldn’t recall anything
enough to have an acting coach who knows or cares standing they had seen about the companies’ stock, so they had to make
over your shoulder giving you expert advice. their choice on the basis of their gut reaction to the company
names. Nevertheless, their choices were not random; they
Stanislavski warned, “Young actor, fear your admirers!” After
more often chose companies whose stock prices had been
you enter the magic circle of self-deception, it is difficult to
rising rather than those whose stock prices had been falling.
escape the mendacity. It is pleasant to hear the flattery and
praise of your adoring admirers because you desperately want to
believe them. However, you should not enter into this Some of the decisions and choices we make in everyday life
profession simply to amuse your followers, and do not discuss may be guided to some extent by (A) processes that
your artistic process with anyone other than trusted mentors and occur without our (B) .
colleagues. The naive compliments of your friends and
family who are not actors will not help you grow as an (A) (B)
artist. Talk to your admirers, but listen, understand, and ongoing permission
even love the observations of a true professional. There mental certainty
is nothing more beneficial to your growth than the brutally mental awareness
honest words of someone who knows. Therefore, you dynamic knowledge
must know how to objectively observe your own work. dynamic resistance
41 42 (B)

Did you take a standardized test like the SAT or ACT to get As time went on, the farmer began to take the cool, sweet
into college? How many people were in the room when you water for granted. One day, he left on a trip and forgot to get
took the test? What does it matter? Research by Stephen Garcia someone to pump water for him each day while he was away.
and Avishalom Tor shows that it may matter a lot. Garcia and When he returned, the water at the bottom of the well was
Tor first compared SAT scores for locations that had many stagnant and almost gone. He tried pumping in fresh water, but
people in the room taking the test versus locations that had nothing came out. Later, he went to town and told the well
smaller numbers. digger his well had dried up. Then (b) he asked, “Did you
Students who took the SAT test in a room with fewer people remember to pump water from the well every day?” The
scored higher. Garcia and Tor hypothesized that when there are younger man confessed his neglect and asked why this
only a few competitors, you feel that you can come out on top, mattered.
so you try harder. And, the theory goes, when there are more
(C)
people, it’s harder to assess where you stand and therefore
you’re less motivated to try to come out on top. The presence He told the farmer that the well would last for a good many
of extra contenders, far from inspiring you by adding extra years, assuring him of the quality of the well he had provided.
challenge, can actually have the opposite effect. Packing up his gear to leave, (c) he left the home owner with
Garcia and Tor decided to test their theory in the lab. They some important advice: “Every day you must pump some
asked students to complete a short quiz, and told them to water from the well. If you don’t, you’ll be sorry.” The farmer
complete it as quickly and accurately as possible. The students thanked the man for the advice, and for weeks (d) he followed
were told that the top 20 percent would receive $5. Group A the well digger’s counsel and pumped water every day.
was told that they were competing against 10 other students.
(D)
Group B was told that they were competing against 100 other
students. Participants in Group A completed the quiz The well digger replied, “The water in the well comes from
significantly faster than those in Group B. The interesting thing an underground river that feeds the small tributaries of water
is that there was no one actually in the room with them! They which are connected to your well. Water must continue to flow
were just told that other people were taking the test. It means through these small tributaries so that the well can receive
a(n) factor affected performance. water. If you quit pumping the water, the ground will dry up
slightly and the underground river can’t find its way to your
41 well. This cuts off the water supply.” Then (e) he concluded,
Competition Motivates Some, but Not All “Remember, the source of the water is the river, not the well.”
Competition Is Only Motivating with Rewards *tributary:
The Better Mood, the More Competitive Mindset
Cooperation Is More Beneficial than Competition 43 (A)
Competition in Smaller Numbers Motivates More
(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)
(D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)
42
psychological cultural political
44 (a) (e)
biological ethical
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

43 45 45
(A)

Years ago, a young farmer was building a house in rural New

England. Needing water for his new home, he commissioned
an expert to dig a well. The old well digger, seasoned in the art
of his trade, scouted out the property, searching for the right
spot to sink a shaft. At last, (a) he selected a spot in the farmer’s
backyard, and kept drilling, deeper and deeper, until at thirteen
feet he hit water.