Second-Order Partial Derivatives

Taking a second-order partial derivative means taking a partial

derivative of the first partial derivative. If z = f (x, y), then
2 z  z
fxx = f x x(x, y) = =  
x 2  x x
2z  z
f x y = f x y(x, y) = =  
y x  y   x 
2z  z
fyx = f y x(x, y) = =  
x y  x  y
2z  z
fyy = f y y(x, y) = =  
y 2
y  y
1
 Example

Let f (x, y) = x3 y3 + x + y2.

a. Find f x(x, y).

2
 Example

Let f (x, y) = x3 y3 + x + y2.

a. Find f xx(x, y).
f x(x, y) = 3x2 y3 + 1
f xx(x, y) = 6xy3
b. Find f xy(x, y).

3
 Example

Let f (x, y) = x3 y3 + x + y2.

a. Find f x(x, y).
f x(x, y) = 3x2 y3 + 1
f xx(x, y) = 6xy3
b. Find f xy(x, y).
f x(x, y) = 3x2 y3 + 1
f xy(x, y) = 9x2 y2

4
 The Chain Rule
For u=f(x) and x=g(t), and both function are differentiable
function then

Where
u is dependent variable
t is independent variable
x is intermediate variable

5
 The Chain Rule (Case I)
The chain rule for functions of one independent variable and
two intermediate variables
If w=f(x,y) differentiable, and if x=g(t) , y=h(t) are
differentiable functions, then the composite function
w=f(x(t),y(t)) is differentiable function of t

6
 Example

Use the chain rule to find the first derivative of

w=x.y, with respect to t along the path x=cos(t) and y=sin(t)?
What the derivative’s value if t=π/2?

7
 Example

𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦
= . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑦 − sin 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
2 2
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
= cos 2𝑡

8
 Example

Note that
w=x.y=cos(t).sin(t)
= (1/2) sin(2t)

9
 Example

1. If 𝑤 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 where
𝑥 = sin(2𝑡) and 𝑦 = cos(𝑡)
𝑑𝑤
find when t=0
𝑑𝑡

2. If 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 , where
𝑥 = cos(𝑡), 𝑦 = sin(𝑡), 𝑧=𝑡

𝑑𝑤
find the derivative’s value at t=0
𝑑𝑡

10
 The Chain Rule (Case II)

The chain rule for functions of two independent variables and

two or more intermediate variables
If w=f(x, y) differentiable, and if x=g(t, s) , y=h(t, s) are
differentiable functions, then the composite function
w=f(x(t, s),y(t, s)) is differentiable function of t

11
 Example

Express and in terms of t and s

12
 Example

Express and in terms of t and s

13
 The Chain Rule (General Version)

Suppose w is differentiable function of n variables

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 and
each 𝑥𝑖 is a differentiable of the m variables 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡, … , 𝑡𝑚
Then w is a differentiable of 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡, … , 𝑡𝑚 , and

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥𝑛

= . + . + . + ⋯+ .
𝜕𝑡𝑖 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑡𝑖 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡𝑖 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑡𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑛 𝜕𝑡𝑖

for i=1,2,3,…,m

14
 Examples
1. Write the chain rule for the case of
and

2. If , where

find the values of

3. If , f is differentiable, show that

15
 Implicit differentiation

If is a differentiable function,
where

and the equation define y implicitly as

differentiable function of x
Prove that

16
 Example

If

Compute

17
 Example

Find

18
 Implicit differentiation

The previous theory can be extended to three variables

Suppose
Then
and

19
 Example
Find at (0,0,0) if

20
 Example

Find if

21
 Exercises

1. Use the chain rule to find for

a.

b.

c.

22
 Exercises

2. Use the chain rule to find and evaluate

a.

b.

23
 Exercises

3. Use the chain rule to find and evaluate

a.

b.

24
 Exercises

4. Let
prove that

5. if , where

Find

25
 Local Maxima and Minima

We want to examine local maxima and minima for functions

of the form z = f (x, y). We are going to extend the second-
derivative test previously developed for y = f (x).
Definition: f (a, b) is a local maximum if there exists a
circular region about (a, b) such that f (a, b)  f (x, y) for all
(x, y) in the region.
f (a, b) is a local minimum if there exists a circular region
about (a, b) such that f (a, b)  f (x, y) for all (x, y) in the
region.

26
Local Extrema and Partial Derivatives

Theorem:
Let f (a, b) be a local extremum for the function f. If both f x
and f y exist at (a, b), then
f x (a, b) = 0 and f y (a, b) = 0.
Example: z = x2 + y2. This is a paraboloid with vertex at the
origin and opening upward. Consider the vertex (0, 0).
f x(x, y) = 2x and f x(0, 0) = 0,
f y(x, y) = 2y and f y(0, 0) = 0.

27
Local Extrema and Partial Derivatives
(continued)

Unfortunately the converse of Theorem 1 is not true. That is, if

f x(a, b) = 0 and f y(a, b) = 0,
it does not necessarily follow that there is a local extrema at
f (a, b). For example, the above equations are true for the saddle
point indicated in the figure, which is not a local extremum.
Theorem 1 gives us necessary (but not sufficient) conditions for
f(a, b) to be a local extremum. Saddle point

28
 Second-Derivative Test
for Local Extrema

The following theorem, using second derivatives, gives us

sufficient conditions for a critical point to produce a local
extremum or a saddle point.
Theorem: Assume that
1. z = f (x, y)
2. f x(a, b) = 0 and f y(a, b) = 0
3. All second-order partial derivatives of f exist in some
circular region containing (a, b) as a center
4. A = fxx(a, b), B = fxy(a, b), C = fyy(a, b)
(continued)
29
 Second Test
(continued)

Then
Case 1. If AC – B2 > 0 and A < 0, then f (a, b) is a local
maximum.
Case 2. If AC – B2 > 0 and A > 0, then f (a, b) is a local
minimum.
Case 3. If AC – B2 < 0, then f (a, b) is a saddle point.
Case 4. If AC – B2 = 0, the test is inconclusive.

30
 Procedure

There exists a three step procedure to assist you in finding

extrema.
Step 1. Find the critical point: Find (a, b) such that
f x(a, b) = 0 and f y(a, b) = 0 simultaneously.
Step 2. Compute A = fxx(a, b), B = fxy(a, b), C = fyy(a, b).
Step 3. Evaluate AC – B2 and classify the critical point using
theorem 2.

31
 Example 1

Find local extrema for f (x, y) = 3 – x2 – y2 + 6y

Step 1. Find the critical point:

32
 Example 1

Find local extrema for f (x, y) = 3 – x2 – y2 + 6y

Step 1. Find the critical point:
f x(x, y) = – 2x = 0 when x = 0
f y(x, y) = – 2y + 6 = 0 when y = 3.
There is a critical point at (0, 3).
Step 2. Compute A = fxx(a, b), B = fxy(a, b), C = fyy(a, b).

33
 Example 1

Find local extrema for f (x, y) = 3 – x2 – y2 + 6y

Step 1. Find the critical point:
f x(x, y) = – 2x = 0 when x = 0
f y(x, y) = – 2y + 6 = 0 when y = 3.
There is a critical point at (0, 3).
Step 2. Compute A = fxx(a, b), B = fxy(a, b), C = fyy(a, b).
A = – 2, B = 0, and C = – 2
Step 3. Evaluate AC – B2 and classify the critical point

34
 Example 1

Find local extrema for f (x, y) = 3 – x2 – y2 + 6y

Step 1. Find the critical point:
f x(x, y) = – 2x = 0 when x = 0
f y(x, y) = – 2y + 6 = 0 when y = 3.
There is a critical point at (0, 3).
Step 2. Compute A = fxx(a, b), B = fxy(a, b), C = fyy(a, b).
A = – 2, B = 0, and C = – 2
Step 3. Evaluate AC – B2 and classify the critical point
AC – B2 = 4, A < 0. (0, 3) is a local maximum.
35
 Example 2

The annual labor and automated equipment cost (in millions

of dollars) for producing TV sets is given by

C (x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy + 3y2 – 16x – 18y + 54,

where x is the amount spent per year on labor, and y is the

amount spent per year on automated equipment (both in
millions of dollars).

Minimize the cost.

36
 Example 2
(continued)

C (x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy + 3y2 – 16x – 18y + 54

Step 1. Find the critical point:
C x( x, y) = 4x + 2y – 16 = 0
C y( x, y) = 2x + 6y – 18 = 0
Solving these equations simultaneously gives the
critical point (3, 2).

37
 Example 2
(continued)

C x(x, y) = 4x + 2y – 16 = 0
C y(x, y) = 2x + 6y – 18 = 0

Step 2. Compute A = Cxx(3, 2), B = Cxy(3, 2), C = Cyy(3, 2).

A = 4, B = 2, and C = 6
Step 3. Evaluate AC – B2 and classify the critical point.
AC – B2 = 20, A > 0. (3, 2) is a local minimum.

38
 Example 2
(continued)

We found the critical value of the point (3, 2) yielded a

minimum cost so we need to calculate
C (3, 2) = 2 · 32 + 2 · 3 · 2 + 3 · 22 - 16 · 3 - 18 · 2 + 54
= 12.
The minimum cost is 12 million dollars, when we spend
3 million dollars on labor and 2 million dollars on
automated equipment each year.

39
 Theorem 1 - Lagrange Multipliers

Step 1. Formulate the problem: Maximize (or minimize)

z = f (x, y) subject to g (x, y) = 0.
Step 2. Form the function F: F ( x, y,  ) = f ( x, y) +  g ( x, y)
Step 3. Find the critical points for F. Fx (x, y,  ) = 0
That is, solve the system
Fy (x, y,  ) = 0
F (x, y,  ) = 0
Step 4. Conclusion: If (x0, y0, 0) is the only critical point of F,
we assume that (x0, y0) is the solution. If F has more than one
critical point, we evaluate z = f (x, y) at each of them, to
determine the maximum or minimum.
40
 Example
Maximize f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2, subject to 2x + y = 10.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize z = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:

41
 Example
Maximize f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2, subject to 2x + y = 10.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize z = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:
F ( x, y ) = 25 − x 2 − y 2 +  (2 x + y − 10 )
Step 3. Find the critical points for F:

42
 Example
Maximize f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2, subject to 2x + y = 10.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize z = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:
F ( x, y ) = 25 − x 2 − y 2 +  (2 x + y − 10 )
Step 3. Find the critical points for F:
Fx = −2 x + 2 = 0, Fy = −2 y +  = 0, F = 2 x + y − 10 = 0
Solving simultaneously yields one critical point at (4, 2, 4).
Step 4. Conclusion:

43
 Example
Maximize f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2, subject to 2x + y = 10.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize z = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:
F ( x, y ) = 25 − x 2 − y 2 +  (2 x + y − 10 )
Step 3. Find the critical points for F:
Fx = −2 x + 2 = 0, Fy = −2 y +  = 0, F = 2 x + y − 10 = 0
Solving simultaneously yields one critical point at (4, 2, 4).
Step 4. Conclusion: Since (4, 2, 4) is the only critical point for F:
Max of f (x, y) with constraints = f (4, 2) = 25 – 42 – 22 = 5.
44
 Example 2

The Cobb-Douglas production function

for a product is given by N(x, y) = 10 x0.6 y0.4.
Maximize N under the constraint that
30x + 60y = 300,000.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize N(x, y) = 10 x0.6 y0.4
subject to g(x, y) = 30x + 60y – 300,000 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:

45
 Example 2

The Cobb-Douglas production function

for a product is given by N(x, y) = 10 x0.6 y0.4.
Maximize N under the constraint that
30x + 60y = 300,000.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize N(x, y) = 10 x0.6 y0.4
subject to g(x, y) = 30x + 60y – 300,000 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:

F ( x, y,  ) = 10 x y +  (30 x + 60 y − 300,000)
0.6 0.4

46
 Example 2
(continued)

Step 3. Find the critical points for F:

47
 Example 2
(continued)

Step 3. Find the critical points for F:

Fx = 6 x −0.4 y 0.4 + 30 = 0
Fy = 4 x 0.6 y −0.6 + 60 = 0
F = 30 x + 60 y − 300, 000 = 0
Solving yields one critical point (6000, 2000, – 0.1289)

Step 4. Conclusion:

48
 Example 2
(continued)

Step 3. Find the critical points for F:

Fx = 6 x −0.4 y 0.4 + 30 = 0
Fy = 4 x 0.6 y −0.6 + 60 = 0
F = 30 x + 60 y − 300, 000 = 0
Solving yields one critical point (6000, 2000, – 0.1289)

Step 4. Conclusion: Since (6000, 2000, – 0.1289) is the only

critical point for F, we conclude that
Max of N(x, y) under the given constraints
= N(6000, 2000) = 10 · 6,0000.6 2,0000.4 = 38,666.
49
 Functions of
Three Independent Variables

Any local extremum of w = f (x, y, z) subject to the constraint

g(x, y, z) = 0 will be among the set of points (x0, y0, z0, 0)
which are a solution to the system
Fx (x, y, z,  ) = 0
Fy (x, y, z,  ) = 0
Fz (x, y, z,  ) = 0
F (x, y, z,  ) = 0
where F ( x, y, z,  ) = f ( x, y, z ) +  • g ( x, y, z )
This is an extension of the two-variable case.
50
 Example
Find the extrema of f (x, y) = 2x + 4y + 4z,
subject to x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize w = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:

51
 Example
Find the extrema of f (x, y) = 2x + 4y + 4z,
subject to x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize w = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:
F ( x, y, z ,  ) = 2 x + 4 y + 4 z +  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9)
Step 3. Find the critical points for F:

52
 Example
Find the extrema of f (x, y) = 2x + 4y + 4z,
subject to x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
Step 1. Formulate: Maximize w = f (x, y) = 25 – x2 – y2
subject to g(x, y) = 2x + y – 10 = 0
Step 2. Form the function F:
F ( x, y, z ,  ) = 2 x + 4 y + 4 z +  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9)
Step 3. Find the critical points for F:
Fx = 2 + 2 x = 0
Solving yields two
Fy = 4 + 2 y = 0
critical points:
Fz = 4 + 2 z = 0 (– 1, – 2, – 2, 1) and
F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 = 0 ( 1, 2, 2, –1)
53
 Example
(continued)

Step 4. Conclusion.
Since there are two candidates, we need to evaluate the
function values:
f (1, 2, 2) = 2 + 8 + 8 = 18
f (–1, –2, –2) = – 2 – 8 – 8 = –18
We conclude that the maximum of f occurs at (1, 2, 2),
and the minimum of occurs at (–1, –2, –2).

54
Double Integrals
over Rectangular
Regions

55
55
 Partial Antiderivatives

We wish to extend the idea of integration to functions of two or

more variables. Lets begin by examining the idea of
antidifferentiation.


3 2
Evaluate 12 x y dx

Since we are integrating with respect to x, we can treat the y as

a constant:
 12 x y dx = 3 x y + c
3 2 4 2

 12 x y dy = 4 x y + c
3 2 3 3
In a similar manner
This process is partial antidifferentiation.

56
 Partial Antiderivatives
(continued)
Note: We are ignoring an important point here. If we do a
partial antidifferentiation with respect to x, any two
antiderivatives do not necessarily differ by a constant, but
rather by a function of y. For example,

12 x y dx = 3 x y + c( y )
3 2 4 2

However, we are really only interested in definite integrals,

where any antiderivative will work. There is no need to use
anything except c(y)=0.

57
 Definition of Double Integral

The double integral of a function f (x, y) over a rectangle

R = { (x, y) | a  x  b, c  y  d } is

f ( x, y ) dA =   f ( x, y ) dy  dx
b d

R
a
 c 

=   f ( x, y ) dx  dy
db

c
 a 
It represents the volume over the rectangle R, between the
xy plane and the surface z = f (x, y)

58
 Evaluating a Double Integral

 3 12 x 3 y 2 dy  dx = 
( ) 
2 2 3

   0  | y = 0  dx
3 3
 4 x y
1  1

2 2
=  108 x dx = 27 x | = 405
3 4
1 x =1

 2 12 x 3 y 2 dx  dy =
(
 4 2
) 
3 2 2

 0   1   1  3x y | x = 1  dy
2 3
=  45 y dy = 15 y | = 405
2 3
1 y=0

59
 Definition of Average Value
over Rectangular Regions

The average value of a function f (x, y) over a rectangle

R = { (x, y) | a  x  b, c  y  d } is

1
(b − a ) (d − c)  f ( x, y) dA
R

a b

60
 Example of Average Value

Find the average value of f (x, y) = x2 + y2 over the rectangle

R = { (x, y) | –1  x  2, 1  y  4 }
1
(b − a)(d − c)  f (x, y) dA
R

1 2 4
=   (x + y ) dy dx
2 2

(2 − (−1))(4 − 1) −1 1

 y 
( )
3
1 2 4 1 2
=  x y + 
2
| y = 1 dx = 9  3x 2 + 21 dx
9 −1  3 −1

1
( )1 3
( )|
2 2
=  3x + 21 dx = x + 21x =8
2

9 −1 9 x = −1
61
 Volume Under A Surface

If f (x, y)  0 over a rectangle R = { (x, y) | a  x  b, c  y  d },

then the volume of the solid formed by f over the rectangle R is
given by

V =  f ( x, y) dA
R

z = f (x,y)

R
62
 Volume Example

Find the volume of the solid formed by f (x, y) = 5 – x over

R = { (x, y) | 0  x  5, 0  y  5 }.
5 5
V =  x=0  y=0
(5 − x) dy dx
5 5
=  x=0
(5 − x) y |
y=0
dx
5
=  x=0
5(5 − x) dx
 1 2
5 125
= 5  − (5 − x) 
 2 
| x=0
=
2
63
 Regular x Regions

f (x) = 6x - x2
In this section we extend the concept of
double integration discussed previously
to non-rectangular regions. We begin
with an example. g(x) = x

Let R be the region shaded. We can describe R with the

inequalities R = { (x,y) | x  y  6x - x2, 0  x  5}
The region R can be viewed as a union of vertical line
segments. For each x in the interval [0,5], the line segment from
the point (x, g(x)) to (x, f (x)) lies in the region R. Any region
that can be covered by vertical line segments in this manner is
called a regular x region.
64
Definition of Regular x Region

A region R in the xy plane is a regular x region if there

exist functions f (x) and g(x) and numbers a and b so that
R = { (x, y) | g(x)  y  f (x), a  x  b}.

65
 Regular y Regions

x = y2
Consider the shaded region R in the
figure. It can be described with the
following inequalities:
x = y+2
R = { (x,y) | y2  x  y + 2, -1  y  2 }

The region R can be viewed as a union of horizontal line segments

going from the graph of h(y) = x2 to the graph of k(y) = y + 2 on
the interval [–1, 2]. Regions that can be described in this manner
are called regular y regions.
Definition: A region R is a regular y region if there exist functions
h(y) and k(y) such that R = { (x,y) | h(y)  x  k(y), c  y  d }.
66
 Examples

The shaded region at the top is both an x

and a y region, because it satisfies the
requirements for both.
The shaded region to the right in the
lower graph is neither an x region nor a y
region. A region is not a regular y region
if some horizontal line has a nonempty
intersection with the region that is neither
a closed interval nor a point.
Similarly, a region is not a regular x region if some vertical line has
a nonempty intersection with the regions that is neither a closed
interval nor a point.
67
 Describing A Regular Region

Problem: The region R is bounded by the

graphs of x + y2 = 9 and x + 3y = 9. Graph R
and describe it as a regular x region, a regular
R
y region, both or neither. Represent R using
set notation and double inequalities.

68
 Describing A Regular Region

Problem: The region R is bounded by the

graphs of x + y2 = 9 and x + 3y = 9. Graph R
and describe it as a regular x region, a regular
R
y region, both or neither. Represent R using
set notation and double inequalities.

Region R can be covered by vertical line segments that go from

the graph of x + 3y = 9 to the graph of x + y2 = 9. Thus R is a
regular x region. If we solve each of the equations for y, we get
1 and , so 1
y = 3− x y = 9 − x R = {(x, y) | 3 − x  y  9 − x ,0  x  9
3 3
Region R is also a regular y region and could be described by
solving each equation for x.
69
 Double Integrals over
Regular Regions

Now we want to extend the definition of double integration to

include regular x regions and regular y regions. Notice in the
following slide that the order of integration now depends on
the nature of the region R. If R is a regular x region, we
integrate with respect to y first, while if R is a regular y region,
we integrate with respect to x first.
It is also important to note that the variable limits of
integration (when present) are always on the inner integral,
and the constant limits of integration are always on the outer
integral.

70
 Double Integration Over Regular
Regions (continued)
Regular x region
If R = { (x, y) | g(x)  y  f (x), a  x  b}, then
b f ( x)
R y = f (x)
 F ( x, y)dA =  [  F ( x, y )dy ]dx
R a g ( x) y = g(x)
Regular y region a b

If R = { (x,y) | h(y)  x  k(y), c  y  d }, d

d k ( y) R
then
 F ( x, y)dA =  [ 
c
F ( x, y )dx]dy h(y) k(y)
R c h( y )

71
 Example of Evaluating a
Double Integral
Evaluate  2 xydA
R
where R is the region bounded by the
graphs of y = –x, y = x2, and x = 1.

72
 Example of Evaluating a
Double Integral
1 x2

 2xydA =  [  xydy]dx
Evaluate  2 xydA
R
R
1
0 −x

where R is the region bounded by the =  xy | 2 y= x 2

y=− x
dx
graphs of y = –x, y = x2, and x = 1. 0
1
From the graph we can see that R is a =  [x(x 2 )2 − x(−x)2 ]dx
regular x region described by 0

R = {(x,y) | –x  y  x2, 0  x  1}, so 1

=  (x 5 − x 3 )dx
0
4
x
= ( x6 − ) |x=1
6
R
4 x=0
1 1 1
= ( − ) − (0 − 0) = −
6 4 12
73
Reversing the Order of Integration

3 x −1

Problem: Reverse the order of integration in: [ 

1 0
f ( x, y )dy ]dx

74
 Reversing the Order of Integration

3 x −1

Problem: Reverse the order of integration in: [ 

1 0
f ( x, y )dy ]dx

Solution: The limits of integration indicate that the region of

integration is a regular x region: R = {(x,y)| 0  y  x – 1, 1  x  3}.
The graph shown below is a regular x region, and also a regular y
region. Thus,
3 x −1
y = x – 1 or
x=y+1
[ 
1 0
f ( x, y )dy ]dx

2 3
=  [  f ( x, y )dx]dy
0 y +1
75
 Volume and Double Integrals

In general, if a solid can be described by the graph of a

positive function f (x,y) over a regular region R (not
necessarily a rectangle), then the double integral of the
function f over the region R still represents the volume of the
corresponding solid.

76
 Example of Volume

Problem: The region R is bounded by the graphs of x + y = 1,

y = 0, and x = 0. Find the volume of the solid under the graph of
z = 1 – x – y over the region R.
The graph of R indicates that R is both a regular x region and a
regular y region. We choose to use the regular x region:
R = { (x,y) | 0  y  1 – x, 0  x  1}
x+y=1

77
 Example of Volume
(continued)
Thus, the volume of the solid is V = z
1 1− x
1
 (1 − x − y)dA =  [  (1 − x − y)dy]dx
R 0 0
1
1 2 y =1− x
=  [( y − xy − y ) | y =0 ]dx
0
2
1 1
1
1
=  [(1 − x) − x(1 − x) − (1 − x) 2 ]dx x
y
0
2
1
1 1
=  ( − x + x 2 )dx
0
2 2
1 1 1
= ( x − x 2 + x 3 ) |xx ==10
2 2 6
1 1 1 1
= ( − + )−0 =
2 2 6 6
78