📘 DEVELOPMENT – QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (Exact, Point-Wise)

1. What are the different questions that arise when we think about development of countries?

 What are the essential things that we require?

 Can life be better for all?

 How should people live together?

 Can there be more equality?

2. Development goals/aspirations of landless rural labourers.

 Wanted more days of work and better wages.

 Local school should provide quality education to children.

 Wanted to become leaders in the village.

 No social discrimination.

3. Prove that developmental aspirations sometimes conflict.

 Industrialists want more dams for electricity; tribal people oppose dams (submerge land,
disrupt life).

 A girl expects equal freedom/opportunity as brother; brother may not like it.

4. State two concepts of development goals.

 Different persons can have different developmental goals.

 What may be development for one may not be for another.

5. Two types of development goals.

 Money/material things: regular work, better wages, decent crop prices → more income.

 Non-material things: equal treatment, freedom, security, respect.

6. Why do people have different notions of development?

 Life situations differ.

 Born/brought up in different contexts.

 Educational/spiritual thoughts differ.

 Concepts of life differ.

7. Examples where factors other than income are important.

 Equal treatment, freedom, security, respect.

 Job with low income but regular employment preferred over high pay with no security.

 Desire for friendship → important in lifestyle.

8. Why is greater income considered important national goal?

 More income → more things people need/want.

9. What is per capita income?

 Average income of a citizen.

 Calculated: total income ÷ population.

 Example: Indian per capita income Rs. 28,000 (2004).

10. How did World Bank classify countries? Criterion & limitations.

 Classification:

o High income: per capita > Rs. 4,53,000.

o Medium income: Rs. 37,000 – Rs. 4,53,000.

o Low income: < Rs. 37,000.

 Criterion: per capita income.

 Limitations:

o Per capita income alone can’t bring development.

o High per capita income but low living standards in some countries.

11. Examples where average is used. Why use averages? Limitations.

 Per capita income used to compare economic development.

 Identify/analyze performance levels.

 Compare situations, find strong/weak points.

 Make calculations easier, reveal general performance.

 Limitations: averages don’t show actual performance; extremes distort reality.

12. Why is average income important criterion for development?

 Represents total income relative to population.

 Adequate average income → country considered developed.

 More income → more goods/services available.

13. Besides per capita income, what other property is important?

 Equal distribution of income.

 Utilization effect (how income is used).

14. Prove income alone not adequate indicator.

 Punjab per capita Rs. 26,000; Kerala Rs. 22,800 (2002).

 Punjab higher income but infant mortality 49 vs Kerala 11; literacy 70% vs Kerala 91%.
  Money cannot buy pollution-free environment or unadulterated medicine.

15. UNDP vs World Bank criteria.

 World Bank: only per capita income.

 UNDP: life expectancy, literacy rate, per capita income.

 UNDP considers health, education, income → overall human development.

16. Three components of Human Development Index.

 Per capita income (in dollars, adjusted for purchasing power).

 Life expectancy at birth (average expected length of life, infant mortality rate).

 Gross Enrolment Ratio/literacy rate (primary, secondary, higher education).

17. Present/future sources of energy in India.

 Present: conventional (coal, petroleum).

 Non-renewable → may not be available after 50 years.

 Future: non-conventional (solar, wind, hydel) or new sources.

18. Why is sustainability important for development?

 Future generations should not suffer due to present development.

 Requires judicious resource use, pollution prevention, avoiding wastage.

19. Why Kerala has low infant mortality & high literacy despite low income?

 Adequate health/education facilities; government spent fairly.

 Public Distribution System functions properly → essential goods at low price.

 High health/nutritional status.

20. How do public facilities indicate development?

 Money alone cannot protect from disease → community steps needed.

 Good education requires provision for all.

 Kerala: adequate health/education facilities, effective PDS → better health/nutrition.

21. Why scientists warn present development not sustainable?

 Not eco-friendly → ozone depletion, global warming, pollution.

 Over-exploitation of resources → depletion, future generations suffer.

22. Examples of environmental degradation.

 Large areas of forests destroyed.

 Industrial effluents discharged without treatment → land/water pollution.

23. What should India do to become developed?

 Increase life expectancy via health awareness, immunization, maternal/child care, medical
facilities.

 Increase literacy/Gross Enrolment Ratio via free compulsory education, education

24. Examples of collective provision cheaper than individual.

 Collective security for locality cheaper than individual house security.

 Pond/playground for all cheaper than individual ones.

25. Why is Per Capita Income calculated in US dollars?

 For comparison across countries.

 Internationally accepted currency.

 Adjusted so each dollar buys same amount of goods/services everywhere.

26. “The earth has resources to meet needs of all but not greed of one.” Relevance.

 Warns against modern production technology → over-exploitation, pollution, wastage.

 Greed causes unsustainable exploitation.

 Sustainable development = meet needs of present + future generations.