C2.
2 Knowledge Organiser
Chemical and Physical Changes 11. Extra atoms cannot be made,
and atoms cannot disappear.
1. A chemical change produces a
new substance whereas in a
physical change no new
substance is produced.
2. A chemical change is irreversible
whereas a physical change is
reversible.
3. Melting, evaporating, condensing, Reactions of Metals with Oxygen
freezing and sublimation are
examples of physical changes 12. Metals react with oxygen to
because they only change the produce metal oxides.
state (solid, liquid or gas) of the 13. The general equation is: Metal +
substance. oxygen → Metal oxide
4. These processes only change the 14. Example 1: Copper + oxygen
energy that each particle has (how → copper oxide
much it moves) and not its 15. Example 2: Lithium + oxygen
arrangement or properties (e.g. its → lithium oxide
boiling or melting point). 16. These reactions are oxidation
reactions because the metals
gain oxygen
17. Reduction is the loss of oxygen
18. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen
19. Exothermic reactions transfer
energy to the surroundings
20. Endothermic reactions take in
5. A chemical change can be energy from the surroundings
identified if there is a change in
colour or temperature, or if the
reaction produces light. Reactions of Metals with Acid
6. In a chemical change, a new
substance (or product) is always 21. Acids react with some metals to
made. produce salts and hydrogen
22. Metal + acid → salt +
Chemical Reactions hydrogen
23. This can be remembered by
7. A chemical change can also be MASH: Metal + Acid → Salt +
called a chemical reaction. Hydrogen
8. The number and type of atoms do 24. Example 1:
not change in a chemical change Copper + Hydrochloric acid
and are only rearranged. → copper chloride + hydrogen
9. The total overall mass is conserved 25. Example 2:
in a chemical change (the mass of Sodium + Nitric Acid → sodium
the reactant is equal to the mass of nitrate + hydrogen
the products). Reactions of Acids with Alkalis,
10. Every reactant atom will Bases and Metal Carbonates
become a product atom.
C2.2 Knowledge Organiser
26. Acids are neutralised by alkalis Sulfuric Acid + sodium chloride
(e.g. soluble metal hydroxides) → sodium sulfate + water
and bases (e.g. insoluble metal 35. Example 3:
hydroxides and metal oxides) to Nitric Acid + sodium hydroxide
produce salts and water, → sodium nitrate + water
27. Acid + alkali → salt + water 36. Example 4:
28. Acid + base → salt + water Hydrochloric Acid + sodium
29. Acids are neutralised by metal carbonate → sodium chloride
carbonates to produce salts, + water + carbon dioxide
water and carbon dioxide. 37. Example 5:
30. Acid + metal carbonate → salt + Nitric Acid + sodium carbonate
water + carbon dioxide → sodium nitrate + water +
31. The particular salt produced in carbon dioxide
any reaction between an acid 38. Example 6:
and a base or alkali depends on Sulfuric Acid + sodium
the acid and metal in the base, carbonate → sodium sulfate +
alkali or carbonate water + carbon dioxide
32. Hydrochloric acid produces
chloride salts, nitric acid
produces nitrate salts, and
sulfuric acid produces sulfate
Tests for Gases
salts
39. The test for hydrogen uses a
burning splint held at the open
Acid Salt produced end of a test tube of the gas.
Hydrochloric Chloride Hydrogen burns rapidly with a
Acid squeaky pop sound.
Sulfuric Acid Sulfate 40. The test for carbon dioxide uses
Nitric Acid Nitrate a solution of calcium hydroxide
(limewater).
33. Example 1: 41. When carbon dioxide is shaken
Hydrochloric Acid + sodium with or bubbled through
hydroxide → sodium chloride + limewater the limewater turns
water milky (cloudy)
34. Example 2: