SAMPLE PAPER [Difficult Concept] Time Allowed: 3 Hours] [Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: (@ This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and Section C is Physics. (i) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions. 1. Choose the type of nutrition exhibited in given figure. 1 [Conceptual Application] (@) Saprophytic nutrition (®) Parasitic nutrition (6) Symbiotic nutrition (@ Autotrophie nutrition 2. Identify the gas that is evolved as gas bubbles in the given diagram. 1 [Conceptual Application] ‘SoS Cas bubbles Pond weed Bright’ Fl sunlight |< — water 7 (@) Carbon dioxide (©) Oxygen (6) Nitrogen (@) Hydrogen3. Study carefully the given flow chart depicting cross between plant having red coloured flowers and white coloured flowers. 1 (NCERT, Page 130] Male plant with Female plant red coloured flowers. X —_with white coloured flowers, Self pollination F, generation A B ‘, generation Which of the following is/are correct statement/s about ‘A’ and ‘B’? (@) ‘A depicts all plants with red coloured flowers. (6) ‘B’ depicts all plants with white coloured flowers. (0) ‘& depicts plants with red coloured flowers and white coloured flowers are in the ratio of 3:1 (@) ‘B’ depicts plants with red coloured flowers and white coloured flowers are in the ratio of 1:3 4. Look at the figure and observe the leaves of Mimosa, which have been folded up. Which of the following is true for the above statement? 1 [NCERT, Page 106] (a) Phototropism (6) Photonasty (©) Thigmotropism —(d) Thigmonaty 5. Identify A in the given diagram 1 [NCERT, Page 121] (@) Pollen tube (©) Stigma (©) Female germ cell (d) Style 6. A stomata closes when 1 [NCERT, Page 83] (®) it needs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. (iit does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. (ii) water flows out of the guard cells. (iv) water flows into the guard cells. The correct reason(s) in this process is/are: (@) @ only (©) @ and (ii) (©) (i and ii) @ (i) and @v) 7. Which of the following is not a ductless gland?” 1 [Conceptual Application] (@) Adrenal (6) Liver (©) Thyroid (@ Pituitary @) Together with EAD Science—10‘The following two questions consist of two statements ~ Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. (®) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is f (@ Ais false but R is true. 8. Assertion (A): In male reproductive system, transport of sperm takes place in a fluid which also provide nutrition. Reason (R): Prostate glands and seminal vesicles secrete fluid in the vas deferens. 1 [NCERT, Page 123] 9. Assertion (A): Aerobic respiration release less energy as compared to anaerobic respiration. Reason (R): Mitochondria is the power house of the cell. 1 [Conceptual Application} 10. Observe the picture of waste disposal given and write any two methods to reduce the problem of waste disposal. 2 [Conceptual Application] 11, Write one example each of the following tropic movements: 2 INCERT, Page 107] (@) Positive phototropism (b) Negative phototropism (0) Positive geotropism (@) Negative geotropism or Explain feedback mechanism by taking the example of insulin, 2 [NCERT, Page 111] 12. Explain two types of respiration briefly. INCERT, Page 87-88] 13, (a) What is ‘environmental pollution’? 3 [Conceptual Application] (®) Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants. [Conceptual Application] (6) Choose the biodegradable pollutants from the list given below: [Conceptual Application] Sewage, DDT, radioactive waste, agricultural waste. 14, (a) Differentiate between Menarche and Menopause. 3 [Conceptual Application] () What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur? (NCERT, Page 124] 15, The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people’s defence systems against infections. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immunodeficiency results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections, cancers and other diseases that people with healthy immune systems can fight off. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take from 2 to 15 years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Though people living with HIV tend to be most infectious in the first few months after being infected, many are unaware of their status until the later stages. In the first few weeks after initial infection people may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or sore throat. 4 INCERT, Page 123] Sonic sw (3)Attempt either subpart (a) or (6) (a) Complete the given flow chart of methods of contraception. Methods of Contraception Mechanical Chemical IUCD D barrier meod ¥ YB A Cervical cap Loop C_-Vasectomy Tubectomy Or (8) Which of the above contraceptive method are used by males which also prevent sexually transmitted diseases? Name two STDs caused by the infection of bacteria. (©) Name one sexually transmitted disease caused by virus other than AIDS. (@) What is contraception? 16, (a) “Breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous process.” Justify this statement. [Conceptual Application] State the function of guard cells, What will happen to guard cells and stomatal pore when water flows into the guard cells? INCERT, Page 83] (©) Where is blood oxygenated in fishes? 5 [NCERT, Page 92] Or (a) Explain the functioning of heart, INCERT, Page 92] () What is the importance of double circulation? INCERT, Page 92] SECTION 17. A student notices that new hammer made of iron is shiny while an old one kept in the tool box has a reddish brown deposit over it. What does the change in colour of hammer indicate? 1 [NCERT, Page 13] (@) Effect of moisture on metals (6) Iron hammer turns brown after sometime. (0) Effects of kept in a box for longer duration, (d) Iron changes colour when kept with other tools. 18, Four students were asked by their teacher to arrange the set up I-IV as given below and identify the gas evolved in each case, if any. 1 {Conceptual Application] aivte HCI NaoH die Ho! NaoH o a am ay After observation, they arrived at the following inferences and recorded their observations in the form of a table as given below: STUDENT T i iy Vv A H, | Nogas | CO, Hy B 0; H,__[ Nogas [ CO, c 0; A, H, | No gas D No gas | CO, [| CO, i, Choose which student recorded the correct observation. (@) Student A (®) Student B (0) Student (@ Student D @® Together with EAD Science—10wf x]+ Ly] — [z In above reaction “X’ loses electrons and ‘Y” gains electrons. Which of the following properties are not shown by ‘Z”? 1 INCERT, Page 49] (@) Has high melting point (b) Has low boiling point (6) Oceurs as solid (@ Conducts electricity in molten state 20. A student tests a sample of drinking water and reports its pH value as 6 at room temperature. Which one of the following might have been added in water? 1 {Conceptual Application] (@) Calcium chloride (b) Sodium chloride (6) Sodium bicarbonate (@) Bleaching powder 21. A scientist in chemistry laboratory wants to make salt with pH = 5.5 using acid and base. The table shows the acid and base present in laboratory. 1 INCERT, Page 29] 1 2 3 4 5 Hel | Naon | H,CO, [NH,OH | CH,COOH ‘Which of the acid and base he should use for the reaction? (2) HCl and NaOH (6) H,CO, and NaOH (¢) HCl and NH,OH_ (d) CH,COOHandNaOH 22. When sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to ethanoic acid a gas evolves. Consider the following statements about the gas evolved? 1 INCERT, Page 74] (A) It turns lime water milky. (B) It is evolved with a brisk effervescence. (©) It has a smell of burning sulphur. (D) It is also by — product of respiration. The correct statements are: (@) (A) and (B) only (6) (B) and (D) only (c) (A), (C) and (D)_@) (A), (B) and (D) 23. Which vegetable is basic in nature? 1 [Conceptual Application] (@) Tomato (®) Radish (0) Carrot (@ Bitter gourd The following question consists of two statements ~ Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer this question by selecting the appropriate option given below: (@) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. (6) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (@ Ais false but R is true, 24, Assertion (A): Lead nitrate on thermal decomposi dioxide and oxygen gas. ion gives lead oxide, brown coloured nitrogen Reason (R): Lead nitrate is soluble in water. 1 [NCERT, Page 8-9] 28. When you mix the solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide, what is the colour of the precipitate formed and name the precipitate? Write the chemical equation for the reaction, 2. [NCERT, Page 12] 26. (a) Write the chemical formula of washing soda. What happens when crystals of washing soda are exposed to air? Explain giving chemical equation, 3 INCERT, Page 31](®) Why is sodium carbonate called as washing soda? [Conceptual Application] Or Sunlta carried out the following reactions in the laboratory: [Conceptual Application] (® Complete neutralisation of one mole of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid (i) Complete neutralisation of one mole of sodium bicarbonate with hydrochloric acid She found that the amount of carbon dioxide formed in both the reactions was the same. (a) Is her finding correct? Justify your answer. (6) How does the amount of salt formed in case (i) compare with the amount of salt formed in case (i)? 27. What is an oxidising agent? What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol? Explain with the help of a chemical equation, 3 INCERT, Page 71] 28. The melting points and boiling points of some ionic compounds are given below: ‘Compound Melting Point Boiling Point «® «) NaCl 1074 1686 LiCl 887 1600 CaCl, 1045 1900 ca) 2850 3120 MgCl, 981 1685 These compounds are termed ionic because they are formed by the transfer of electrons from. a metal to a non-metal. The electron transfer in such compounds is controlled by the electronic configuration of the elements involved. Every element tends to attain a completely filled valence shell of its nearest noble gas or a stable octet. 4 (@) Ina chemical reaction between ‘X’ and ‘Y’, compound *Z: is formed, °X’ loses electron and *Y’ gains electron. Which of the following properties is not shown by ‘Z’ ? (®) Has high melting point (i) Insoluble in water (iii) Conducts electricity in molten state Justify your answer. () While forming an ionic compound say sodium chloride how does sodium atom attain its stable configuration? Or Give reasons: (® Why do ionic compounds in the solid state not conduct electricity? (i) What happens at the cathode when electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride? two different forms °Y’ and (©) A non-metal °X’ exists i *Y’ is the hardest natural substance Z’ is a good conductor of electricity. Which of the following option is true? whereas ( °X’ - Diamond, *Y’ - Carbon, °Z’ - Graphite (ii) *X° — Carbon, *Y’ - Diamond, ‘Z’ ~ Graphite (iii) “X° ~ Graphite, (i) ‘X’ - Carbon, “Y’ - Graphite, Justify your answer. = Diamond, *Z’ ~ Carbon ~ Diamond, @) Together with EAD Science—1029, In the following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown in the given figure, what would happen if following changes are made? [Conceptual Application] Delivery tube ycrogen Sulphur aie Zine granules wth hydrogen Soap soliton (@ In place of zine granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube. (b) Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken. (©) In place of zine, copper turnings are taken. (@ Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube is heated. 5 Or (2) What is chlor-alkali process? Give chemical equation of the reaction involved, INCERT, Page 30] () Write any two uses of bleaching powder. INCERT, Page 31] (©) Wri (® acid and base (i) acid and hydrogen carbonates SECTION - C 30. The image of a distant object is obtained on a screen by using a concave mirror. The focal length of the mirror can be determined by measuring the distance between 1 [Conceptual Application] .quations to show the reaction between: INCERT, Page 21] (@) the object and the mirror (®) the object and the screen (6) the mirror and the screen (@) the mirror and the screen as well as that between the obje 31. A student traced the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism. and the screen @ (ii) (iii) The trace most likely to have been done correctly by the student, is: 1 [NCERT, Page 166] @ @ () Ww) (©) @i) @ @) The following question consists of two statements ~ Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer this question by selecting the appropriate option given below: (@) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. @) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (@ Ais false but R is true,32. Assertion (A): The magnetic field inside a solenoid is uniform, Reason (R): The magnetic field lines inside a solenoid are parallel. 1 (NCERT, Page 201] 33. List four characteristics of the images formed by plane mirrors. 2 [Conceptual Application] 34. How will the magnetic field produced at a point due to a current carrying circular coil change if we: 2 [Conceptual Application] (@) increase the current flowing through the coil? (®) reverse direction of current through the coil or State the function of ‘fuse’ in a circuit. How is it connected in the domestic electric circuit? [NCERT, Page 190] 38. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of an object placed in front of it is always erect and diminished, what is the nature of this lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. If the numerical value of the power of this lens is 10 D, what is its focal length in the Cartesian system? 3 INCERT, Page 155] 36. A wire of resistance 5 © is bent in the form of a closed circle. What is the effe between the two points at the ends of any diameter of the circle’ 3 [Conceptual Appl 37. (a) State the rule used to find the force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic ive resistance ation] field 3 INCERT, Page 203] (6) Given below are three diagrams showing entry of an electron in a magnetic field. Identify the case in which the force will be [Conceptual Application] (1) maximum and (2) minimum respectively. Give reason for your answer. Electron Electron = EB magnetic Magnetic ies field 0 @ ened Elec" Magnetic ——> fad (i 38. Electricity requires an electric path to flow and there are many conducting materials used for this, purpose. There are non-conducting materials also which are used as insulation during working on live-lines. Permanent indoor wiring is responsible for bringing electricity throughout your home. In house hold wiring, switches, holders and sockets should be fixed on wooden/sunmica boards and blocks. ‘Nowadays, there are many semiconducting materials which are used to reduce the voltage and also drop the current flow. This will reduce our consumption of electrical energy. 4 (@) In which combination household wiring is done? INCERT, Page 187] () What is the effective resistance between A and B of the circuit given below? [Conceptual Application] 40. 60 an BO Attempt either subpart (c) or (d) (©) Write the equation relating power to voltage and current, for an electrical resistance. Also, describe what physical form this dissipated energy usually takes. INCERT, Page 191] Or (@ Calculate the energy consumed in kWh by 1500 W electric geyser in 3 hrs in a day. [Conceptual Application] @) Together with EAD Science—1039. (a) Why is Tyndall effect shown by colloidal particles? State four instances of observing the Tyndall effect. [Conceptual Application] (b) How is the eye defect of old person differing from myopia and hypermetropia? 5 [NCERI, Page 163-164] Or A narrow beam PQ of white light is passing through a glass prism ABC as shown in the diagram, ‘Trace it on your answer sheet and show the path of the emergent beam as observed on the screen DE. INCERT, Page 167] A > (a) Writ () Where else in nature is this phenomenon observed? (6) Based on this observation, state the conclusion which can be drawn about the constituents of white light. the name and cause of the phenomenon observed.ANSWERS L@ 2. @) 3. (@) 4.@) 5.) 6 © 7. @) 8. (@) 9. (@) 10. Problem of waste disposal can be solved by following methods: (8) by disposing biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes separately. (i) by reusing materials as much as possible. LL. (a) Positive phototropism: shoots growing towards light. (b) Negative phototropism: roots growing away from light towards ground. (0) Positive geotropism: growth of roots towards earth due to the pull of the earth, (@) Negative geotropism: shoots growing away from the earth during the process of fertilisation in a flower. Or Hormones are secreted in extremely less quantities. Excess or deficiency of such hormones can have harmful effects on our body. A feedback mechanism controls the timing and secretion of hormones released by various glands. For example: On the rise of blood glucose level, information is sent to pancreas to release insulin, When the appropriate amount of glucose level is obtained in the blood, the release of insulin is, stopped, 12, Two types of respiration are (a) Aerobic Respiration: Respiration which takes place in presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration. C\H,,0, + 0, — > CO, + H,0 + Energy (b) Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration which takes place in absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. For example: Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. 13, (a) Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the natural environment, brought about by man’s activities. This pollution may affect the soil, rivers, seas or the atmosphere. (6) Differences between: Biodegradable pollutants Non-biodegradable pollutants (®) These pollutantscan be broken-down into | (i) These pollutants cannot be broken non-poisonous substances in nature by -down into non-poisonous substances the action of microorganisms. by microorganisms. (ii) They get recycled thus, do not need any| (ii) They cannot be recycled thus, require dumping sites. cumping sites. (iii) These are obtained from living things. | (ii) These are obtained from non-living things. (iv) They cause minimum environmental | (iv) They cause environmental pollution, pollution. (0) Biodegradable pollutants are sewage and agricultural waste. Go) Tagether with® BAD Science—1014, Is. 16. @) () @ () () @ f@) () @) (6) Menarche Menopause (O Itis the start of menstruation in females.| (@ It is the stoppage of menstruation in females. (ii) Tt occurs at the age of 10-12 years, (i) It occurs at the age of 50 years. The thick and spongy lining of the uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous if fertilisation does not occur. This is known as menstruation and it lasts for about two to eight days. A~ Condom B- Pills © - Copper-T D ~ Surgical method Or By the use of condoms, STDs can be prevented both in males and females STDs caused by the infection of bacteria are gonorrhoea and syphilis Genital warts It is the avoidance of pregnancy which can be achieved by preventing fertilisation of ova. Breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus, it is a rhythmie process. But exchange of gases is a continuous process as it takes place between blood and each and every cell by diffusion. Function of guard cells: Control the opening and closing of stomata, When water flows into the guard cells, they become turgid and become curved and cause the opening of stomatal pore, In fishes, the heart only has one atrium and one ventricle. The oxygen-depleted blood that returns from the body enters the atrium and then the ventricle and is then pumped out to the gills, where the blood is oxygenated, Or The human heart is divided into four chambers ~ the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle. Flow of blood in the heart: (® The heart has superior and inferior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supplies this deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. (i) The right atrium then contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle, through an auriculo-ventricular aperture. (ii) Then the right ventricle contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood into the two pulmonary arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated. From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium. of the heart. (jv) Then the left atrium contracts and through the auriculo-ventricular aperture, the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle. (v) The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body. Therefore, the blood goes twice through the heart, This is known as double circulation. Importance of double circulation: The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is very useful in warm-blooded animals such as birds and mammals, that use energy to maintain their body temperature all of the time. Sample Papers (14)17. (@) 18. (©) 19. (6) 20. (@) 2. (©) 2. 23. (@) 24. (b) Fe,0, .xH,0 is formed. NH,Cl is acidic salt CO, gas is evolved with brisk effervescence, is also by-product of respiration and turns lime water milky. 28. The colour of the precipitate is yellow. The name of compound formed as a precipitate is lead iodide (PbI,) 26. (a) Pb(NO,), (aq) + 2KI (ag) —> PDI, (s) + 2KNO, (aq) Na,CO,.10H,O When crystals are exposed to air, they lose water of crystallisation to give white powder. Na,CO,10H,0 —““> Na,CO, + 10H,0(@) (White powder) (b) It is a stronger base and is used for washing clothes. That is why, it is called as washing soda. @) ) Or Yes, her finding is correct. 1 mole of CO, is produced in both the cases. Na,CO,(s) + 2HCI(dil.) —s 2NaCl(aq) + H,0 + CO,(g) -) NaHCO,(s) + HCI(dil.) —+ NaCl(ag) + H,0() + CO,(g) li) The amount of salt (2 mole NaCl) formed in case (i) is twice the amount of salt (1 mole of NaCl) formed in case (i). 27. Those substances which add oxygen are called oxidising agent and propanoie acid is formed. CH,CH,CH,OH + 2[0] Alkaline KMn0,\H,S0, CH,CH,COOH + H,O 1-Propanol Propanoic acid Propanol will get oxidised to propanoic acid by acidified KMnO,. 28, (a) () © (i) Insoluble in water °X’ loses electron —> ‘X’ is a metal *Y’ gains electron —> ‘Y’ is a nom-metal The compound ‘Z’ formed is therefore, an ionic compound. Proper ~ High melting and boiling points — Conduct electricity in molten state Soluble in water of ionic compounds = Solid at room temperature Na(2,8,1) loses one electron to form Na” (2,8), stable configuration, Or (0 Itis because ions are not free to move in solid state, (ii) At cathode: 2H* + 2e° —+ Hg) (ii) ‘X° — Carbon, “Y’ - Diamond, *Z’ ~ Graphite °X’ is carbon, *Y’ is diamond as it is the hardest natural substance and °Z’ is graphite as it is good conductor of electricity. 12) Together ith BAD Science—1029. (a) The reaction will become faster because zine dust has more surface area, (b) Nearly same amount of hydrogen gas will be evolved. (©) No reaction will take place as copper is less reactive than hydrogen. (d) The reaction will take place and hydrogen gas will be evolved. Heat Zn + INaQH —“> Na,ZnO, + Hy(g) Zine Sodium Sodium — Hydrogen hydroxide incate Or (a) Chlor-atkali Process: In this process, chlorine gas, H, gas and sodium hydroxide are produced industrially by the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl). 2NaCl(aq) + 2H,0() ——> 2NaQH(aq) + Cl,(g) + H,(e) (©) @ Ttis used as oxidising agent, chlorinating agent and disinfectant. (ii) It is used for manufacture of chloroform. (©) @ Reaction between acid and base NaOH(aq) + HCI(ag) ——> NaCi(aq) + H,0() (Base) (Acid) (Salt) (Water) (i) Reaction between acid and hydrogen carbonates 2NaHCO, + HSO, ——> Na,SO, + CO,* + H,0 Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Carbon Water Hydrogen acid sulphate dioxide Carbonate 3.0 3L@ 2@ 33. Characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror (®) It is always virtual and erect. (ii) The size of image is equal to that of the object. (iii) ‘The image is formed at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the (iv) The image is laterally inverted, 34. Magnetic field (B) at the centre of the circular coil (a) increases if the current is increased as B « I (b) reverses on reversing the current. Or The fuse wire is always connected in series with the live wire or electrical devices in domestic circuit. If the flow of current exceeds the specified preset value due to some reason, the heat produced melts it and disconnects the circuit or the device from the mains. In this way, fuse wire protects the electrical appliane, 38. It is a concave or diverging lens.=0.1 m Or f = -10 om 36. Length of wire between A and B = 3 of whole wire As Rel 250 Resistance of each section between two points A and B 2 =252 Effect 1s4 ‘ . fective resistan tod fective resistance a" % tA R= 125.9 37. (a) Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand mutually perpendicular to each other such that the forefinger point towards the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the thumb will indicate the direction of motion or force experienced by the conductor. It is to be applied only when the current and magnetic fields both are perpendicular to each other. z Magnetic Field (b) (1) Force on the electron will be maximum in the case of figure (j) because the direction of motion of electron and magnetic field both are perpendicular to each other. (2) Force on the electron will be mi moving along the direction of magnetic field, 38. (a) Parallel combination imum in the eof figure (iii because the (6) The effective resistance between A and B is 4. as 6 © resistor is shorted. (c) The equation relating power to voltage and current, for an electrical resistance is given by P =VI. Energy dissipated by an electrical resistance is usually in the form of heat (H = PRO, although sometimes it is also in the form of light. Or 1500 1000 Now, E = Pxt=153=45 kWh Total energy consumed = 4.5 kWh 39. (a) Tyndall effect: Scattering of beam of visible light by the colloidal particles present in the colloidal solution is called Tyndall effect. It occurs when the dimension of the dispersed particle that are causing the scattering are larger than the wavelength of incident light ice 10” m, Accordingly, the colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particles in colloidal solution. Four instances of observing the Tyndall effect are (Headlight of a car shining through fog. (d) Given: P = 1500 W = 5 KW, t = 3 hrs @) Tagether with® BAD Science—10(i) When a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole, (iii) When sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest. (i) Blue colour of sky (®) Presbyopia occurs when the natural lens in the eye loses its flexibility with aging while farsightedness and near-sightedness are related to the change in shape of the eyeball and are caused by the genetic and the environmental factors. Or (@) Dispersion: The splitting of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion. The dispersion of white light occurs because different constituent colours of white light travels at different speeds through the glass prism. It offers different refractive indices to the material of the prism, accordingly, the different colours refracted through a glass prism by different angles. As a result, the spreading of seven colours form a spectrum. (6) In nature, it appears in the form of rainbow, (©) @ A beam of white light consists of seven colours (i) The violet colour suffers maximum deviation and the red colour suffers minimum deviation,