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Propositional and Predicate Logic Explained

The document explains two types of logic: Propositional Logic and Predicate Logic. Propositional Logic deals with simple statements that are either true or false, while Predicate Logic extends this by including objects, predicates, and quantifiers to express more complex statements about individuals and quantities. Examples illustrate the differences between the two logics, highlighting how Predicate Logic can represent statements about all or some individuals.

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22 views2 pages

Propositional and Predicate Logic Explained

The document explains two types of logic: Propositional Logic and Predicate Logic. Propositional Logic deals with simple statements that are either true or false, while Predicate Logic extends this by including objects, predicates, and quantifiers to express more complex statements about individuals and quantities. Examples illustrate the differences between the two logics, highlighting how Predicate Logic can represent statements about all or some individuals.

Uploaded by

mr.super700
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Propositional Logic (Statement Logic)

Definition

Propositional Logic deals with simple statements (propositions) that are either True (T) or False (F).
It does not look inside the statement to see who or what it is about.

Examples of Propositions

• “It is raining.” → True / False

• “2 + 3 = 5.” → True

• “Delhi is the capital of India.” → True

Each statement is treated as a single unit.

Logical Connectives

Symbol Meaning Example

¬P NOT ¬P

P∧Q AND It is hot and sunny

P∨Q OR It is hot or sunny

P → Q Implication If it rains, roads are wet

P ↔ Q Biconditional P if and only if Q

Example

Let:

• P: “It is raining”

• Q: “Roads are wet”

Then:

• P → Q : If it is raining, then roads are wet

Propositional logic cannot express:

“All students are intelligent”

Because it doesn’t talk about individuals or quantities.

2. Predicate Logic (First-Order Logic)

Definition
Predicate Logic extends propositional logic by including:

• Objects (variables)

• Predicates (properties or relations)

• Quantifiers

It describes who and how many.

Components

1. Predicate – property or relation

o Student(x): x is a student

o Intelligent(x): x is intelligent

2. Variables – x, y, z

3. Quantifiers

| ∀ | Universal quantifier | For all |


| ∃ | Existential quantifier | There exists |

Examples

Example 1:

English: All students are intelligent

Predicate Logic:

∀𝑥 (𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥) → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥))

Example 2:

English: Some students are intelligent

Predicate Logic:

∃𝑥 (𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥) ∧ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥))

Example 3:

English: Ram is a student

Predicate Logic:

𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑅𝑎𝑚)

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