IGCSE Cambridge (CIE) Further Maths 50 questions

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1 (a) px( ) = 15x 3 + 22x 2 − 15x + 2
Find the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by x + 1.
Answer

Using the remainder theorem to find the value of

[1]
Simplifying gives

[1]
(2 marks)

(b) (i) Show that x + 2 is a factor of p x ( ) .

[1]

(ii) Write p ( x ) as a product of linear factors.

[3]

Answer

i) Using the factor theorem, if is a factor of , then

Simplifying each term

[1]
ii) If is a factor then factorising by inspection or using polynomial division
gives

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 correct method to find the quadratic factor [1]

fully correct quadratic factor [1]

Factorising the second bracket

We need a pair of numbers that for , multiply to and add to . In this

case this is -3 and -5.
Rewrite the middle term using and

Group and factorise the first two terms, using as the highest common factor, and
group and factorise the second two terms, using -1 as the factor

Note that these terms now have a common factor of so this whole bracket
can be factorised out, leaving in its own bracket.
This means that the quadratic factorises to

Therefore, the cubic factorises to

[1]

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 (4 marks)

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2 (a)

8π
The diagram shows the graph of f ( x ) = a cos bx + c for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
radians. Explain

why f is a function.

Answer

Each value of is mapped to a unique value of [1]

(1 mark)

(b) Write down the range of f .

Answer

The range of f means the values that the function can take

Look at the minimum and maximum points of the function

[1]
(1 mark)

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 1
3 gx
( ) =3+ x for x ≥ 1 .

(i) Find an expression for g −1 ( x ) .

[2]

(ii) Write down the range of g −1 .

[1]

(iii) Find the domain of g −1 .

[2]

Answer

i) Let

Rearrange the equation to make the subject

Subtract 3

Make the subject

[1]

[1]

ii) The range of is the domain of

[1]

iii) The domain of is equal to the range of

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 To work out the range of , consider what the graph without a restriction on the
domain will look like

However, the domain is restricted to so work out at the point when

When is greater than this, the graph tends towards the asymptote so the minimum
of the graph is when but it cannot be equal to this point due to the asymptote

So the range of is which means the domain of is

correct numbers [1]

correct inequalities [1]
(5 marks)

4 Solve the inequality ( x − 8 x − 10

) ( ) > 35 .

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Answer

Expand the double bracket

Collect the like terms on the left hand side of the inequality

Subtract 35 from both sides to make the right hand side 0

[1]
We want to find where the quadratic graph is greater than 0

Consider and draw a sketch

Identify the roots by factorising (or using the quadratic formula)

[1]

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 [1]

The quadratic is greater than 0 when the graph is above the -axis

[1]
is also accepted
(4 marks)

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5

The diagram shows the graph of y = f x , where f x = 2 x + 1 2 x – 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
Use the graph to solve the inequality f x ⩽ – 1 .
( )

Answer

Find the critical values (the solutions of ) by drawing on the

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diagram and reading the values where it intersects

for the first and last value above, answers from -1.4 to 1.5 and from 0.8 to 0.9 are allowed [1]
Use these values to write as inequalities the regions of the diagram where the curve
is below

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 [2]
one mark for each correct inequality

Take care to use "or equals to" inequalities, corresponding to the condition

(3 marks)

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6 (a) The polynomial px
( ) = 6x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 2 , where a and b are integers, has a
factor of x–2.
Given that p 1 = – 2p 0 , find the values of a and b .
( ) ( )

Answer

In this question you need to use the information given to form and then solve two
linear simultaneous equations
has a factor , so from the factor theorem we know is a solution
of . Substitute into

Now simplify to get an equation in terms of and .

[1]
We can also collect like terms and pass the constant term to the right hand side

As all the terms are even, we can also divide both sides by 2

We now have one of two simultaneous equations

To get the other, use "p(1) = -2p(0)". Substitute 1 into p to get p(1), substitute 0 into
p to get p(0)

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 p(1) = -2p(0) so equate p(1) to negative two times p(0)

[1]
Simplify this and pass the constants to the right hand side to get the second of the
two simultaneous equations

Solve the simultaneous equations by elimination as below or by substitution;

whichever method you feel most comfortable with!

Subtract from , taking care with the negative numbers

any valid attempt to solve simultaneous equations [1]

And substitute into or ( is easier) to obtain

Make sure that both the values of and are clearly written.
[1]
(4 marks)

(b) Using your values of a and b ,

(i) find the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by 2x –1

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(ii) factorise p ( x ) .

Answer

i) From (a) we know that

The remainder theorem tells us that when p(x) is divided by (2x - 1), then the
remainder is equal to .

So substitute into p:

[1]
Evaluate to find the remainder:

0 [1]

ii) From (b)(i) we know that the remainder of is 0.

Therefore:
is a factor
[1]

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We also know from the (a) that is a factor, therefore:

Looking at the constant terms in the factors (the numbers on their own inside the
brackets), -1 times -2 equals 2, therefore the missing constant must be '1' And
looking at the coefficients of in the factors (the numbers next to inside the
brackets), 2 times 1 equals 2 so to multiply to '6' the missing coefficient of must
be '3'
[1]
You can also use polynomial division
(4 marks)

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 3
7 (a) It is given that f ( x ) = 5 ln 2x + 3
( ) for x > −
2
.

Write down the range of f .

Answer

The domain is given by and this would prevent taking a natural log of a
negative number or 0. This means that all other numbers are valid and the output
could be any real number.
[1]
(1 mark)

(b) Find f −1 and state its domain.

Answer

To find the inverse function, we set the function equal to y, rearrange to make x the
subject, and then "swap" the variables.

Set the function equal to y

Divide both sides by 5

Take exponentials of both sides

[1]
Make x the subject

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 "Swap" the variables

The domain of an inverse function is the range of the original function, therefore

[1]

[1]
(3 marks)

(c) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y =fx ( ) and the graph of y = f −1 ( x ) . Label

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each curve and state the intercepts on the coordinate axes.

Answer

One of the key features of a log graph is that is has an x-intercept at (1 , 0) and an
asymptote at . We need to apply a horizontal translation in the negative
direction of 3 units, a horizontal stretch of scale factor , and a vertical stretch of
scale factor 5. This means that the x-intercept is now (-1 , 0) and the asymptote is
now . The y-intercept occurs when , so in this case

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 The inverse function is a reflection in the line .

correct shape of [1]

correct shape of [1]

correct intercepts for [1]

correct intercepts for [1]

correct line of symmetry [1]
(5 marks)

8 Solve the equation 2x − 11 x + 12 = 0 .

Answer

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Rewrite the equation, using

Let

Factorise and solve.

[1]

and

Replace with .

and

[1]
Solve.

and [1]
(3 marks)

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9 (a) On the axes, sketch the graph of y = 5 x +1
( ) ( 3x − 2 x − 2 , stating the intercepts
) ( )

with the coordinate axes.

Answer

If we expand the brackets of the equation, the highest power of we would get
would be . Therefore, the graph is cubic.
Solve to find where the the curve will cross the axis.

Substitute into to find where the curve will cross

the axis.

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 Draw a cubic curve on the given axes. Label where the curve crosses the and
axes.

Correct shape [1]

Correct roots at [1]

Correct y-intercet at [1]

(3 marks)

(b) Hence find the values of x for which 5 ( x + 1 3x − 2 x − 2

) ( ) ( ) > 0.
Answer

above the axis.

Look at the graph from part to identify the values where the curve is above the
axis.

[1]

[1]
(2 marks)

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10 (a) px
( ) = ax 3 + 3x 2 + bx − 12 has a factor of 2x + 1 . When p x ( ) is divided by x − 3 the
remainder is 105.

Find the value of a and of b .

Answer

By the factor theorem, if is a factor, then [this is obtained by

solving to get ]

Substitute this into the polynomial

Multiply through by 8

Collect the constant term on one side

[1]
so use this to make a second equation

[1]

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 [1]
Now we have two equations which we can solve simultaneously

Multiply the second equation by 4 and then subtract the equations

Subtracting gives

Find b

[2]
(5 marks)

(b) Using your values of a and b , write p x

( ) as a product of 2x + 1 and a quadratic factor.
Answer

so
Rearrange so that the first 2 terms have a common factor of and the second
2 terms have a common factor of 1

A shortcut is to spot that the first two terms are equal to the last two terms multiply
by 2x. Take out the common factor of the first 2 terms and the second 2 terms

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 Factorise

[2]

1 mark for each term

(2 marks)

(c) Hence solve p ( x ) = 0.

Answer

so we are solving

either

if

if
[1]

[1]
(2 marks)

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11 (a) px ( ) = 6x 3 + ax 2 + 12x + b , where a and b are integers.
p x has a remainder of 11 when divided by x − 3 and a remainder of −21 when
( )

divided by x + 1 .
Given that p x = x − 2 Q x , find Q x , a quadratic factor with numerical
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

coefficients.

Answer

Using remainder theorem, and .

[1]
Rearrange and simplify to get two equations in terms of and .

[1]

Solve the simultaneous equations.

For example, by multiplying the second equation by 9 and using the elimination
method.

[1]
Substitute into one of the equations to find .

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 [1]
Substitute these values into the original equation.

Use algebraic (polynomial) long division to divide by .

using algebraic long division [1]

Therefore,

[1]
(6 marks)

(b) Hence solve p ( x ) = 0.

Answer

Factorise in order to write as the product of three linear factors.

[1]

Therefore,

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 When

Solve.

[1]
(2 marks)

12 Find the values of k for which the equation x 2 + k + 9 x + 9 = 0 has two distinct real
( )

roots.

Answer

When an equation has two real roots, the discriminant is positive.

[1]
Expand and simplify.

[1]

Factorise and solve to find critical values.

[1]

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 Since we want where the positive quadratic is greater than 0, we want values to the
left of -15, and to the right of -3.

[1]
(4 marks)

13 f x
( ) = 4 ln 2x − 1
( )

(i) Write down the largest possible domain for the function f .

[1]

(ii) Find f −1 ( x ) and its domain.

[3]

Answer

(i) Since you cannot take the logarithm of a negative number, must be greater
than 0.
Therefore, the domain of is

[1]

(ii) To
find the inverse of , switch and , then rearrange to make
the subject.

Exponentiate both sides and rearrange.

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 [1]

[1]

can be any real number, therefore the domain is

(4 marks)

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14 (a) On the axes below sketch the graph of y = − 3 x − 2 x − 4 x + 1 , showing the
( ) ( ) ( )

coordinates of the points where the curve intersects the coordinate axes.

Answer

Notice that the graph will be a negative cubic since .

Find where the graph will cross the -axis. This is true when .

Either

So

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Find where the graph will cross the -axis. This is true when .
Substitute into the equation giving:

Plot the intercepts onto the graph which will be:

correct shape [1]

correct -intercepts [1]
correct -intercept [1]

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 (3 marks)

(b) Hence find the values of x for which −3 x − 2 x − 4 x + 1 > 0.

( ) ( ) ( )

Answer

We want to find where the graph is greater than 0 (but NOT equal to 0). In other
words, where the graph is strictly above the -axis.
The graph is above the -axis in 2 sections:

When or when

1 mark for each statement [1]

(2 marks)

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15 (a) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = 


5x − 7  , showing the coordinates of the
points where the graph meets the coordinate axes.

Answer

The line would have -intercept and would intersect the -axis
at

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Sketch this on the axes

We need to sketch which means that all the values are made positive.
This means the part of the graph that goes below the -axis gets reflected in the -

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axis:

The final graph should look like this

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 correct V shape with vertex on positive -axis [1]
correct coordinate [1]

correct coordinate [1]

(3 marks)

(b) Solve 5  5x

− 7 − 1 = 14.




Answer

Add 1 to both sides and then divide by 5

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Use part (a) to see where the graph of and the line intersect

There are 2 intersections so the original equation will have 2 solutions

Use the equation of the positive straight line and solve

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 [1]
Use the equation of the negative straight line and solve

[1]

[1]
(3 marks)

2
16 hx
( = 2 ln 3x − 1 for x ≥ 3 .
) ( )

The graph of y = h x intersects the line y = x at two distinct points. On the axes
( )

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below, sketch the graph of y =hx ( ) and hence sketch the graph of y = h−1 ( x ) .

Answer

Consider the graph of

It is a transformation of the graph
Find the -intercept of i.e. when

Solve for

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Since the domain of is , the graph will start from this point

Draw a sketch of and

[1]

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 Now draw which will be a reflection of in the line

reflection in the line [1]

both graphs drawn over correct domain [1]
correct graphs intersecting twice [1]
(4 marks)

17 Find the values of the constant k for which the equation

( 2k – 1 x 2
) + 6x + k + 1 = 0 has real roots.
Answer

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A quadratic equation has real roots if , and

[1]
Solve for k

[1]
Factorise or use the quadratic formula to solve and find the critical values

[1]

both critical values found [1]

To decide which way the inequalities go, draw a very quick sketch of the graph of
with the critical values marked; it's a positive quadratic and we're

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 looking for the values below the x-axis (or sketch as a negative
parabola, and look for the region above the x-axis)

5
− 2 ≤ k ≤ 2 [1]
(5 marks)

1
18 The three roots of p = 0 , where p x = 2x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c are x = 2 , x = n and
( x ) ( )

x = − n , where a , b , c and n are integers. The y -intercept of the graph of y = p x is ( )

4. Find p ( x ) , simplifying your coefficients.

Answer

The -intercept is 4 and this occurs when

Substitute into

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Rewrite the polynomial

(1)

Use the given roots to factorise the polynomial

[1]
Expand the first 2 brackets

Simplify

[1]
Expand the brackets

(2)
[1]
(1) and (2) are the same cubic so:

Compare constants:

[1]

Compare coefficients of

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 Compare coefficients of

Write down

[1]
(5 marks)

b
19 It is given that hx ( ) =a+ x2
, where a and b are non-zero constants.

(i) Explain why –2 ⩽ x ⩽ 2 is not a suitable domain for h x .

( )

(ii) Given that h ( 1 ) = 4 and h' 1 = 16 , find the values of a and b .

( )

Answer

i) We can't divide by 0; so at x = 0, which is undefined

the function is undefined at x = 0 [1]

ii) We will form simultaneous equations in and from the information given
so for the first equation,

so we need to differentiate h(x). Start by rewriting as a negative power

of x

Now differentiate h(x). Remember that and are just constants like any others

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 correct derivative as well as ' ' [1]

Now form a second equation from

As was eliminated by the differentiation, we can simplify and solve for directly

Substitute into and solve for

[1]
(3 marks)

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20 (a) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = − x + 2 x − 1 x − 6 , showing the
( ) ( ) ( )

coordinates of the points where the graph meets the coordinate axes.

Answer

Find where the graph intersects the axis by substituting in

Find the intercept by substituting in

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The shape of the graph will be an inverted cubic.
Draw on the given axes, labeling where the curve crosses the axes.

correct shape [1]

correct coordinates , , and [1]

(2 marks)

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(b) Hence solve − x + 2 x − 1 x − 6 ≤ 0.
( ) ( ) ( )

Answer

on and below the axis.

Look at the graph from part to identify the range of values for which the curve
is on or below the axis.

[1]
[1]
(2 marks)

21 Find the values of x for which 12x 2 − 20x + 5 < ( 2x + 1 x − 1 .

) ( )

Answer

Expand the right-hand side of the inequality

Simplify

[1]
Make the quadratic inequality equal to 0 on one side

Find the roots of the quadratic equation using the quadratic formula

factorise or solve quadratic equation [1]

for correct values [1]

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We have a positive quadratic and we are trying to see where the quadratic is strictly
less than 0 (i.e. below the -axis)

[1]
(4 marks)

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22 (a) The polynomial p ( = ax 3 − 9x 2 + bx − 6, where a and b are constants, has a factor
x )

of x − 2 . The polynomial has a remainder of 66 when divided by x − 3 . Find the value of

a and of b .

Answer

Using the Factor Theorem, .

Therefore

[1]
Rearrange.

Using the Remainder Theorem, .

[1]
Rearrange.

Solve the simultaneous equations to find the values of and .

Substitute into one of the equations to find the value of .

correct method to solve for both and [1]

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 and [1]
(4 marks)

(b) Using your values of a and b , show that p x ( ) = x −2 q x

( ) ( ) , where q ( x ) is a quadratic
factor to be found.

Answer

To work out the quadratic factor , we can use algebraic long division to divide
by

first two terms correct:

(2 marks)

(c) Hence show that the equation p ( x ) = 0 has only one real solution.
Answer

Using from part , examine the discriminant to find any real roots.

[1]
In the quadratic formula, the discriminant is square rooted. Since we cannot take the
square root of a negative number, a negative discriminant means no real roots.

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Therefore, the only real solution to is when
is the only real root

has no real solutions, hence only has one real solution [1]
(2 marks)

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23 (a) f:x ↦ ( 2x + 3 2 for x
) >0
Find the range of f .

Answer

Consider the graph of the function

The domain is so the part of the graph we want is the part to the right of the
-axis
When

We want the section of the graph to the right of this so the range is

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 [1]
(1 mark)

(b) Explain why f has an inverse.

Answer

Only one-one functions have an inverse

Since the domain has been restricted by , f is now one-one so it does have an
inverse (without the restriction it would not have had an inverse because this would
be a many-one function)
It is a one-one function because of the restricted domain [1]
(1 mark)

(c) Find f −1 .

Answer

Let

[1]
Rearrange to make the subject
Square root both sides

Subtract 3

Divide by 2

[1]

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 Replace the with and the with
Take the positive square root as range of the inverse is the same as the domain of f
which includes only positive values

[1]
(3 marks)

(d) State the domain of f −1 .

Answer

The domain of is the same as the range of (but remember that domains are
written in terms of )

[1]
(1 mark)

(e) Given that g : x ↦ ln x + 4

( ) for x > 0 , find the exact solution of fg x = 49.
( )

Answer

Method 1

Find

[1]

Use that

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Square root

Subtract 3

Divide by 2

[1]

Take the exponential of both sides to undo the natural log

[1]
Method 2

Rearrange by taking the inverse of f

Substitute 49 into the expression for the inverse of f

[1]
use the expression for the function g

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 [1]
Take the exponential of both sides to undo the natural log

[1]
(3 marks)

24 Solve the inequality




4x − 1  > 9.
Answer

Sketch the two graphs.

To find the values of x when the two graphs are equation form two equtions.

[1]

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Solve each equation to find the x values.

[1]
We want when the modulus function is greater than the constant function. This
happens when the graph of the modulus function is above the graph of the straight
line.

or [1]
(3 marks)

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25 (a) Write 9x 2 − 12x + 5 in the form p x − q 2 + r , where p , q
( ) and r are constants.

Answer

Dividing the first two terms by the coefficient of

Completing the square inside the bracket

Expanding the square bracket gives

1 mark for each correct of p, q, and r [3]

(3 marks)

(b) Hence write down the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve
y = 9x 2 − 12x + 5 .
Answer

If then the turning point is at

[1]
(1 mark)

2 1
26 Solve 2x 3 − x − 10 = 0.
3

Answer

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Let , then

[1]
Solving the quadratic gives

Substituting

[1]
Cubing both sides of each equation gives

[1]
(3 marks)

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27 (a) px
( ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 23x + 12
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟
Find the value of p ⎜⎜ ⎟.

⎝
2⎠

Answer

Substituting into the equation gives

[1]
(1 mark)

(b) Write p ( x ) as the product of three linear factors and hence solve p ( x ) = 0.
Answer

Using the factor theorem, if , then is a factor of .

To find the other factors, we need to use polynomial division to find the quadratic
factor.

Two correct terms in the quadratic factor [1]

Fully correct quadratic factor [1]

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This means that

We need to factorise the quadratic bracket by finding a factor pair of -12 that has a
sum of -1. This would be -4 and +3, therefore

[1]
To solve, we find the value of x that would make the bracket equal to 0. In
this case

Two correct solutions [1]

All three correct solutions [1]
(5 marks)

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28 (a) The polynomial p = ax 3 + bx 2 − 19x + 4, where a and b are constants, has a
( x )

factor x + 4 and is such that 2p 1 = 5p 0 . ( ) ( )

Show that p ( x ) = x +4
( ) ( Ax 2 + Bx + C , where A , B and C are integers to be found.
)

Answer

Find .

Therefore,

Find .

Therefore,

We are told that .

Therefore,

[1]
We are told that is a factor of . Using factor theorem, this means that
.

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Divide through by 16.

[1]
We now have two equations in terms of and . Solve simultaneously.

Substitute into one of the equations to find a value for .

1 mark for each value [2]

Substituting these values into the polynomial,

We know one of the factors of the polynomial is . We can find the missing
quadratic factor by inspection.

must be 6 to achieve the . must be 1 to achieve the 4.

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 [1]

When expanded, the terms are and . Sum and equate to .

Therefore,

(6 marks)

(b) Hence factorise p ( x ) .

Answer

Factorise .
For example, by using the AC method.

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 [1]
(1 mark)

(c) Find the remainder when p 'x

( ) is divided by x .

Answer

Differentiate

When is divided by , we substitute 0 into the equation.

[1]
(1 mark)

29 On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = 

(

x −2 x +1 x +2
) ( ) ( )



showing the

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coordinates of the points where the curve meets the axes.

Answer

Sketch the graph first

This will be a positive cubic graph since

Find where the graph crosses the -axis
When ,

Find where the graph crosses the -axis

When ,

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Sketch the graph of

The modulus graph will be similar to the graph above, but

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 any parts below the -axis will be reflected up above the -axis

correct shape [1]

correct -coordinates [1]

correct -coordinate and max in first quadrant [1]

(3 marks)

30 gx ( )= x + 5 for x ∈ℝ
3
hx( ) = 2x − 3 for x ≥ 2

Solve gh x
( ) = 7.
Answer

Substitute into

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Equate to 7.

[1]
Rearrange to make the subject.

[1]

[1]
(3 marks)

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31 (a) The functions f and g are defined as follows.

f x
( ) = x 2 + 4x for x ∈ R
gx( ) = 1 + e2x for x ∈ R
Find the range of f .

Answer

Identify the coordinate of turning point by completing the square for

.

Since the coefficient of is positive, this turning point is the minimum point.

(2 marks)

(b) Write down the range of g .

Answer

For , as ,

must be greater than , but will never reach 0, and therefore the function must
be greater than .

(1 mark)

(c) Find the exact solution of the equation fg ( x ) = 21, giving your answer as a single
logarithm

Answer

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Substitute into , expand and simplify to get .

Factorise .

The first bracket will lead us to . Since we cannot take a logarithm of a

negative number, we cannot use this bracket to achieve a solution. We can use the
second bracket.

Take the natural log of both sides and solve.

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 (4 marks)

32 Find the set of values of k for which 4x 2 − 4kx + 2k + 3 = 0 has no real roots.
Answer

A quadratic has no real roots when the discriminant is negative, since we cannot
take the square root of a negative number.

Substitute the values from the equation into

[1]
Expand and simplify.

[1]
Divide through by 16.

Factorise and solve to find critical values.

[1]
and
[1]

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We are solving a quadratic inequality, therefore we need to examine the graph of
to determine which inequality signs are needed. Since we want the
equation to be smaller than 0, we want the part of the graph under the axis,
between the two critical values.
Therefore,
[1]
(5 marks)

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33 (a)

The diagram shows the graph of y =fx ( ) , where f ( x ) is a cubic polynomial. Find f x .
( )

Answer

The roots of the graph are and

Therefore, we can start with:

If I were to expand this, the constant at the end would be:

This would also be the intercept of the graph.

Since we want a intercept of , and an inverted cubic shape, we need to multiply

our equation by

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 for negative [1]

for [1]

correct factors [1]

(3 marks)

(b) Write down the values of x such that f ( x ) <0.

Answer

when the graph under the axis.

Examine the graph to decide between which values of the graph is negative.
[1]
[1]
(2 marks)

2 1
34 Solve 6x 3 − 5x + 1 = 0 .
3

Answer

This is a hidden quadratic equation which is easier to solve if we let . This

means that the quadratic becomes

To factorise this quadratic, we know that the final terms in the brackets must both
be -1, as they must have a product of +1. The first terms in the brackets must have
a product of 6, so this must be 3 and 2, or 1 and 6. Upon inspection we see that the
brackets must be

[1]
Solving these by setting each bracket equal to 0 gives

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Using our previous substitution we have

[1]
Cubing both sides of each equation gives us the final solutions

[1]
(3 marks)

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35 (a) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = x −2 x +1 3−x
( ) ( ) ( ) , stating the intercepts
on the coordinate axes.

Answer

If we expand the brackets of the equation, the highest power of we would get
would be . Therefore, the graph is cubic. Since one of the in the brackets is
negative, we will have an inverted cubic shape.
Solve to find where the the curve will cross the axis.

Substitute into to find where the curve will cross the

axis.

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 Draw a cubic curve on the given axes. Label where the curve crosses the and
axes.

correct shape [1]

correct axis intercepts [1]

correct axis intercept [1]

(3 marks)

(b) Hence write down the values of x such that ( x −2 x +1 3−x

) ( ) ( ) > 0.
Answer

is above the axis.

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Look at the graph from part to identify the values where the curve is above the
axis.
[1]

[1]
(2 marks)

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36 (a) f x
( ) = x 2 + 2x − 3 for x ≥ − 1
Given that the minimum value of x 2 + 2x − 3 occurs when x = − 1 , explain why f x ( )

has an inverse.

Answer

We are told that the function has a domain of . So it is only only half of a
quadratic graph.
This means that we have a one-one function, since every point will only have one
value of .

One-one functions have inverse functions.

It is a one-one function because the function is always increasing for the given
restricted domain [1]
(1 mark)

(b) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y =fx ( ) and the graph of y = f −1 ( x ) . Label

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each graph and state the intercepts on the coordinate axes.

Answer

We are told in part that the minimum for occurs when .

Substitute into the equation to find the corresponding value.

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Substitute into the equation to find the intercept.

Solve the equation to find the point where the curve crosses the axis.

and
We can exclude because of the given domain.

Therefore, we need to draw half a parabola starting a that passes through

and
The inverse function of can be drawn by reflecting this in the line

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 correct graph of [1]
correctly labelling (0,-3) and (1,0) [1]

correct graph of [1]

correctly labelling (-3,0) and (0,1) [1]

(4 marks)

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37 f x
( ) = 3e2x + 1 for x ∈ℝ
gx
( ) = x + 1 for x ∈ℝ
(i) Write down the range of f and the range of g .

(ii) Find g2 ( 0 .
)

(iii) Hence find fg2 ( 0 .

)

(iv) On the axes below, sketch the graphs of y =fx ( ) and y = f –1 x

( ) . State the
intercepts with the coordinate axes and the equations of any asymptotes.

Answer

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i) therefore

Therefore

Therefore the range of is

[1]
is a linear function therefore there is no restriction on the range

[1]
ii) Method 1
Find

Find

Method 2

Find

Now find

Either method leads to

[1]

iii) Find

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 [1]
Evaluate

[1]

iv) Find to be sure of the -intercept

So the curve crosses the y-axis at 4. In addition we know from part (i) that
therefore there is a horizontal asymptote at and we should know the general
shape of the graph of an exponential function. So we are ready to sketch .

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Make sure the the curve passes through (0, 4) and mark the horizontal asymptote
with a broken line and its equation

[1]

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 is a reflection of in . Draw on the diagram and
sketch a reflection of on it Note that the reflection should go through (4, 0)
and there will be a vertical asymptote at x = 1

correct shape of inverse [1]

correct asymptotes [1]
correct symmetry in y = x [1]
(9 marks)

38 Find the values of k for which the line y = kx + 3 is a tangent to the curve
y = 2x 2 + 4x + k − 1 .
Answer

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 If the line meets the curve, they will have the same and -coordinate at one point.
Set the curve equal to the line.

[1]

Bring all the terms to one side to equal the equation to 0:

[1]

Simplify:

If the line is tangent to the curve, they meet once, therefore this quadratic equation
will have 1 solution only. Use that the discriminant is equal to 0.

[1]

Solve the quadratic equation using the quadratic formula:

[2]
(5 marks)

39 Solve



3x − 2  = 4+x .
Answer

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Sketch the lines and on the same axes to identify how many
intersections there are.

By examining the graph, we can see there is an intersection in the first quadrant.
This is where and cross.

The other intersection is where the reflection of in the axis and the line
cross.

The equation of this reflection is .

Therefore,

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 [1]

[1]
[1]
(1 mark)

40 Find the values of k for which the line y = x − 3 intersects the curve
y = k 2x 2 + 5kx + 1 at two distinct points.
Answer

Since they intersect, set the line equal to the curve

[1]

Rearrange the equation to make it equal to 0

Subtract from both sides

Add 3 to both sides

[1]

The line meets the curve twice (at 2 distinct points) so the discriminant,
Work out the discriminant

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 [1]

Expand the double bracket

Simplify

[1]
Solve the quadratic inequality
Find the critical values using the quadratic formula (or by factorisation)

[1]
We are trying to find where the (positive) quadratic is greater than zero, so consider
where the graph is above the -axis

[1]
(6 marks)

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41

The diagram shows the graph of y = | f x | , where f x

( ) ( ) is a cubic function. Find the
possible expressions for f x in factorised form.
( )

Answer

The function has roots at , and , so due to the factor theorem

we know that:

' ' or an equivalent factorisation [1]

The y-intercept of the function is (0, 10) so substitute and into the
above, and solve to find .

[1]

Remember that the graph is of the modulus of so could be positive or

negative 5

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 [1]
(3 marks)

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42 (a) The function f is defined by f x ( ) = ln 2x + 1
( ) for x ≥ 0.
Sketch the graph of y =fx ( ) and hence sketch the graph of y = f −1 ( x ) on the axes
below.

Answer

The key features of the logarithmic graph are that it has an asymptote at
, a root at and does not have any minimum or maximum points.
The function has been translated by 1 unit to the left, then
stretched in the horizontal direction by a scale factor , so now passes through
. The questions wants a sketch over the domain .

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 The graph of the inverse function is a reflection in the line .

correct shape of f or f -1 [1]

for symmetry of f and f -1 in the line y = x [1]

sketched over the correct domain, x ≥ 0 [1]
(3 marks)

(b) The function g is defined by g ( x ) = x − 4 2 + 1 for x ≤ 4 .

( )

(i) Find an expression for g −1 ( x ) and state its domain and range.

[4]

(ii) Find and simplify an expression for fg ( x ) .

[2]

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(iii) Explain why the function gf does not exist.

[1]

Answer

i) Tofind the inverse function, set the equation equal to y and rearrange to make x
the subject.

[1]
Since the domain of g is given as , we disregard the positive square root. The
domain of the inverse is the same as the range of the original function and vice
versa.

[1]

[1]
[1]
ii) To
find the composite function , substitute the equation for into the
equation for

[1]
Expanding the brackets gives

Simplifying

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 [1]
iii)

The function gf does not exist because the range of includes values that are
not valid in the domain of [1]
(7 marks)

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43 (a) The diagram shows the graph of a cubic curve .

Find an expression for f x .

( )

Answer

The graph crosses the x axis at the roots of the equation, and this will help us to
identify the factors:

correct factors [1]

This would give us a y-intercept of , but the graph shows us that the y-intercept
is , so we need to adjust our expression with a reflection in the x axis and a vertical
stretch of

[1]
(2 marks)

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(b) Solve f x
( ) ≤ 0.
Answer

We are looking for the parts of the graph that are below the x-axis. This happens
when:

and

1 mark for each statement [2]

(2 marks)

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44 (a) f x
( ) = 3 + ex for x ∈ ℝ
gx
( ) = 9x − 5 for x ∈ ℝ
Find the range of f and of g .

Answer

For , as ,

is greater than , and will never reach 0, and therefore the function must be
greater than .
[1]
The function is a linear function, and its domain is is all real numbers.
Therefore, its range is all real numbers .
[1]
(2 marks)

(b) Find the exact solution of f −1 x ( ) = g' x ( ) .

Answer

Work out the inverse of .

Switch and to find the inverse function.

[1]
Differentiate .

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 Put and equal to each other, exponentiate both sides and solve.

[1]

[1]
(3 marks)

(c) Find the solution of g2 ( x ) = 112 .

Answer

Substitute into and put equal to .

[1]
Solve.

[1]
(2 marks)

45 Find the exact values of the constant k for which the line y = 2x + 1 is a tangent to the
curve y = 4x 2 + kx + k − 2 .
Answer

Method 1
Put the equations equal to each other and simplify.

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 [1]

[1]

and only intersect once (because is a

tangent to the curve) and so must have only one real
root and therefore

[1]

[1]

Solve using the quadratic formula.

[1]

and [1]
Method 2
Put the equations equal to each other.

The gradients of the curve and the line are equal because the line is a tangent to the
curve, so differentiate both sides.

[1]
Rearrange to get an equation for .

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Substitute this into the original equation, simplify and rearrange.

[1]

[1]
Solve using the quadratic formula.

[1]

[1]
Substitute into and solve to find .

and [1]
(6 marks)

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46 (a) Write 2x 2 + 3x − 4 in the form a x + b 2 + c , where a, b and c are constants.
( )

Answer

Factorise the first two terms to make the coefficient of equal 1 inside the
brackets.

[1]
Complete the square for the expression in the brackets. To complete the square,

[1]
Simplify.

Expand the outer brackets only and simplify.

[1]
(3 marks)

(b) Hence write down the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve
y = 2x 2 + 3x − 4 .
Answer

The minimum point on the curve is .

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 For ,

1 mark for each coordinate [2]

(2 marks)

(c) On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = 



2x 2 + 3x − 4 , showing the exact values




of the intercepts of the curve with the coordinate axes.

Answer

Solve when to find the intercepts.

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Solve when to find the intercept.

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 is a parabola. Since we are taking the modulus, everything below
the axis will be reflected above the axis.

correct shape [1]

correct intercepts [1]

correct intercept of 4 [1]

(3 marks)

(d) Find the value of k for which




2x 2 + 3x − 4 = k has exactly 3 values of x .




Answer

Using the graph from part , identify where we would need to draw the horizontal
line to achieve three intersections with the curve.
Three intersections are achieved at the reflection of the minimum point found in part
, when the line is

[1]

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 (1 mark)

47 Find the values of k for which the line y = kx − 7 and the curve y = 3x 2 + 8x + 5 do
not intersect.

Answer

Setting the two equations equal to each other

[1]

Collecting all terms to the left to set the quadratic equal to 0

[1]
If the line and the curve do not intersect, then there are no solutions so the
discriminant must be less than 0.

[1]
Expanding the brackets and simplifying gives

[1]
Factorising to find critical values

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 Critical values are

[1]
To determine the correct region that satisfies the inequality, sketch a graph of the
quadratic.

The region that satisfies the inequality is less than 0 so the correct region is below
the x axis.
[1]
(6 marks)

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48 The curve y = 2x 2 + k + 4 intersects the straight line y = k + 4 x at two distinct
( )

points. Find the possible values of k .

Answer

Substitute into

Rearrange.

[1]
Since the lines intersect at two distinct points, this means the discriminant of this
equation must be greater than 0.

Substitute values from the equation into

[1]
Simplify.

Factorise and solve to find critical values.

and
[1]

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 Since we want where the graph is greater than 0, we want values to the left of the
negative root, and to the right of the positive root.
and [1]
(4 marks)

49

The diagram shows the graph of y = 



p x  , where p x is a cubic function. Find the
( ) ( )

two possible expressions for p ( x ) .

Answer

The graph crosses the x-axis at the roots of the equation, and this will help us to
identify the factors:

This means that the brackets must be

correct brackets [1]

If we expand the brackets, we get

We can see from the graph that it has a y-intercept of 24, therefore, we need to
multiply the whole function by 3 to give the positive cubic graph.

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 for multiplying by 3 [1]

The graph of means means anything below the x-axis gets reflected
above the x-axis.

We could also multiply the function by -3 to give the negative cubic graph.

As before, the graph of means anything below the x-axis gets reflected
above the x-axis.

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 Therefore, the final expression for the function would be
[1]
(3 marks)

50 Solve the inequality




3x + 2  > 8+x.
Answer

The two possible options for the modulus function is a positive and a negative.
Solving the positive bracket

Collecting like terms

Solving the negative bracket

Multiplying out the bracket

[1]
Collecting like terms

[1]

[1]
(3 marks)

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Add Math - Aaditya

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