University of 20 August 1955 Skikda

Department of Technology

Module: computer science 01

Level: 1 LMD ST

Chapter 01

Introduction to
Computer Science

University year: 2023/2024

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1/ Brief history of computer

1) Pre-generation (before 1945)
Pascaline
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
 It is too expensive.

Leibniz Machine
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
 The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Charles Babbage Machine

Gottfried
 Invented in 1822 by Charles Babbage referred as a “Father of Computer”.
 It is the first mechanical computer.

The history of computer is considered with the generations of a computer from first generation to fifth
generation.

2) First generation (1946- 1958)

 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Developed in 1946 by John Presper Eckert
and John W. Mauchl.
 It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.

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 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

Vacuum tube
 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ), the First Stored Program
Computer
 Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
 It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

3) Second generation (1959 -1964)

 John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain designed the transistor.
 One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
 The invention of transistor made it possible to make computers smaller, faster.

transistor

4) Third generation (1956 -1970)

 In 1958 Jack kilby invented the Integrated Circuit (IC).
 Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller
and cheaper than their predecessors.

Integrated Circuit

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5) Fourth generation (1971-Present):

 In 1971 Intel invented the first microprocessor.

 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated

circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
 As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
6) Fifth generation (Present-Future):
 Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI): The study of computer systems that attempt to model
and apply the intelligence of the human mind.
 There are now several applications based AI such as ChatGPT, Chatbots, self-driving…

2 / Computer system:
Computer hardware and software need each other, and neither of them can work independently.
Without them, computers would be of no use.
A computer system consists of two parts:

1) hardware part
2) Software part

1) Hardware part :
Definition of computer: Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to
a list of instructions.
Major types of computers:
 Desktop Computer
 Personal Computer
 Laptop(NoteBook)
 Smartphone
 Tablet
 WorkStation
 SuperComputer

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Computer Components:
Motherboard: A motherboard is a circuit board inside computers that stores electrical components
and helps them communicate.

Figure: Major Motherboard Components

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

 The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store
data, and output results.
 Inside a CPU there are thousands of microscopic transistors
 Without a CPU, we could not run programs on a computer.
 Modern computers have the ability to support more than one core inside the main chip.
For example, there are dual-core CPUs, meaning there are two CPUs on the same chip and can
run two instructions at the same time.

Memory Card: There are two basic types of computer memory

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Primary memory:
1) RAM = Random Access Memory

 RAM is a type of computer memory that is used to temporarily store data that the
computer is currently using or processing.
 RAM is volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is lost when the power
is turned off.
 RAM is typically used to store the operating system, application programs, and data
that the computer is currently using.

1) ROM = Read Only Memory :

 ROM is used to permanently store data that does not need to be modified.
 ROM is non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is retained even
when the power is turned off.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer’s BIOS (basic input/output system), which
contains the instructions for booting the computer.

Secondary memory

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Different types of computer Ports:

Expansion Card Computer:

USB Card Sound Card Graphics Card

Wireless Card TV Card Network Card

2) Software part: The software in a computer system is any program, script, or application
running on it.

Classification of different type of software: The two main classifications of software

that all programs fit under are:

 System software
 Application software

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System software:
 The system software is an intermediator or a middle layer between the user and the hardware.
 To make most hardware run we need to use software (driver).
 An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the
most important type of system software in a computer system.
 Examples of Operating Systems:
 Windows (Vista,7,8,10,11 for PC)
 Linux (Open source OS for Workstations like: Red Hat, Suse, Fedora, Ubuntu…)
 macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and workstations (MacBook,
iMac).
 Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones/tablets/smart watches)
 iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch).

Application software:
 Software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks.
 Examples of application software :
 Microsoft office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint…)
 Antivirus (Avast, Kaspersky…)
 Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, Telegram…..
 Games
 Programming languages ( java, C, Pascal, Matlab, Python…..)

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3/Information encoding in computer:

Introduction:
 Computers can handle all types of data, including numbers, text, photos, audio, and video files.

 As we all know, computers do not understand all types of data.

 Solution: we use encoding to convert these into binary language.
 Computer understands only binary language which uses 0 and 1 to represent any data.

Definition of information encoding: is the process of converting information from one

form to another so that it can be easily stored, processed, and transmitted.

Process of information encoding: The process of information encoding involves several

steps, depending on the context and the type of data being encoded.
1) The information will be expressed by a series of numbers.
2) Each number is encoded in binary form.
3) Each binary element is physically represented.

Data Storage Units: Data storage units are measures used to quantify the amount of digital
information a storage device can hold. Here are the most common data storage units, listed from
smallest to largest:
Unit of Data Equivalence
1 byte 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes
1 megabyte(MB) 1024 Kilobytes
1 gigabyte(GB) 1024 megabytes
1 Terabyte(GB) 1024 gigabytes
Number System
 A number system is a method to represent (write) numbers.
 Every number system has a set of unique characters or literals.
 The count of these literals is called the radix or base of the number system.
 The four different number systems used in the context of computer are shown in Figure.

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 Decimal number system is most commonly used by humans,

 but digital systems understand binary numbers;
 whereas Octal and hexadecimal number systems are used to simplify the binary representation
for us to understand.
Conversion between Number Systems: Now, we learn how to convert a number from
one number system to another number system for better understanding of the number representation in
computers.
1) Conversion from Decimal to other Number Systems:
To convert a decimal number to any other number system (binary, octal or hexadecimal), use the steps
given below:
1) Step 1: Divide the given number by the base value (b) of the number system in which it is to
be converted
2) Step 2: Note the remainder
3) Step 3: Keep on dividing the quotient by the base value and note the remainder till the quotient
is zero
4) Step 4: Write the noted remainders in the reverse order (from bottom to top)
A. Decimal to Binary Conversion:

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B. Decimal to Octal Conversion :

C. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

2) Conversion from other Number Systems to Decimal Number System

We can use the following steps to convert the given number:
Step 1: Write the position number for each alphanumeric symbol in the given number
Step 2: Get positional value for each symbol by raising its position number to the base value b symbol in
the given number
Step 3: Multiply each digit with the respective positional value to get a decimal value
Step 4: Add all these decimal values to get the equivalent decimal number

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A. Binary number to decimal number

B. Octal number to decimal number

D. Hexadecimal number to decimal number

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3) Conversion from Binary Number to Octal/Hexadecimal Number and Vice-Versa:

A binary number is converted to octal or hexadecimal number by making groups of 3 and 4 bits,
respectively, and replacing each group by its equivalent octal/ hexadecimal digit.

A. Binary Number to Octal Number :

B. Octal Number to Binary Number :

C. Binary Number to Hexadecimal Number

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D. Hexadecimal Number to Binary Number

4) Conversion of a Number with Fractional Part :

In this section, we will learn about conversion of numbers with a fractional part.
A. Decimal Number with Fractional Part to Binary Number :
We can use the following steps to convert the fractional part of a decimal number to Binary number:
Step 1: Repeatedly multiply the fractional part by the base value 2 till the fractional part becomes 0.
Step 2: Use integer part from top to bottom to get equivalent number in that number system.
 If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive multiplication, then stop the process when
getting the required number of bits.
 In some cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop further calculation.
Example 01: (4,25)10 = (???? )2

integer part(4) fractional part(0,25)

(4)10 = 0,25*2 = 0,5 = 0 + 0,5

(100)2 0,5*2 = 1,0 = 1 + 0,0

(4,25)10 = (100,01 )2

Example 02: (5,8)10 = (???? )2

Integer Part(5) Fractional Part(0,8)

(5)10 = (101)2 0,8*2 = 1,6 = 1+ 0,6

0,6*2 = 1,2 = 1+ 0,2
0,2*2 = 0,4 = 0+ 0,4
0,4*2 = 0,8 = 0+ 0,8

(5,8)10 = (101,1100 )2

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B. Binary Number with Fractional Part to Decimal Number:

We can use the following steps to convert Binary Number with Fractional Part to Decimal Number:

Step 01: Compute positional value of each digit in the given number using its base value (2).
Step 02: Add the product of positional value and the digit to get the equivalent decimal number with
fractional part.

Example:

Binary Arithmetic:
1/ Binary Addition :
 Binary addition works similarly to standard arithmetic but uses only two values, 0 and 1.

 It follows set rules where 0+0 equals 0, 1+0 equals 1, 0+1 equals 1, and 1+1 equals 10 where
10 in binary is equivalent to 2 in decimal. (0 with carrying over 1 to the next bit, similar to
carrying in decimal addition).

Examples :

2/ Binary Subtraction
 This operation is similar to the basic arithmetic subtraction performed on decimal numbers in
Maths.
 Hence, when we subtract 1 from 0, we need to borrow 1 from the next higher order digit.

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Examples:

3 / Binary Division
 The process of binary division is performed on binary numbers and it is pretty similar to the
division of decimal numbers.
 The base of the binary number system is 2. It uses only two digits (0 and 1) when performing
the division of binary numbers.
 The binary division procedure involves both binary multiplication and binary subtraction.

Examples:

4/ Binary Multiplication
 Binary multiplication is similar to the multiplication of decimal numbers.
 We have a multiplier and a multiplicand. The result of multiplication results in a product. Since
only binary digits are involved in binary multiplication, we get to multiply only 0s and 1s.

Example:

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Character Encoding
 Encoding is the method or process of converting a series of characters, letters, numbers,
punctuation, and symbols into a special or unique format for transmission or storage in
computers.

 Data is represented in computers using ASCII, ISCII, Unicode (UTF8, UTF16, UTF32)
encoding schemes.

 UNICODE has been developed to incorporate all the characters of every written language of the
world.

ASCII Code:
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
 ASCII was developed in 1960 for standardizing the character representation.
 ASCII use 8 bits to represent characters.
 But ASCII is able to encode character set of English language only.

Example:
character Decimal value Binary value

" 34 00100010
b 98 01100010
B 66 01000010
K 75 01001011
O 79 01001111

Example Encoding of data entered using keyboard

O = 79 = 01001111 K= 75= 01001011

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Image Encoding:
 The image is described point by point.
 The points of an image are called pixels (picture elements).
 Each pixel is described by a number indicating its color. The image is therefore represented by
a series of numbers.
 The encoding of the image is done by successively writing the bits corresponding to each pixel.
 Total of pixels = total pixels in line * total pixels in column

Pixel

Color Encoding
Each box in the table contains a value that represents the color of the associated pixel. Depending on
the number of colors allowed, the value is stored on a number of bits.

Color type bits per pixel

Black and white 1 bit

16 colors 4 bits

256 colors 8 bits

true color:16 million colors 24 bits

1. Encoding images with Black and White:

Each pixel is represented with a 1 bit (black=1, white=0)

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2. Grayscale Images Encoding

If there are 256 levels of gray for pixels, we can represent each pixel using 8 bits.
11111111 = white , 00000000 = black

3. Encoding images with 256 colors:

Each pixel is represented with an 8-bit value that is an index into a palette of 256 colors.

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4. Encoding images with RGB color:

 Colors are represented as mixtures of red (R), green (G), and blue (B).
 Each pixel is represented using three 8 bit values, one for each color component.
 This representation allows for = 16,777,216 different colors.
 This representation is also called “true color”.

(R,G,B)=(255,0,0) Red
(R,G,B)=(0, 255,0) Green
(R,G,B)=(0,0, 255) Blue

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