GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chapter 1:
Matter: Its Properties and
Measurement

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Slide 1 of 25

 Ch 1: Matter:
Its Properties and Measurement
CONTENTS

1-1 The Scientific Method

1-2 Properties of Matter
1-3 Classification of Matter

1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units

Density and Percent Composition: Their

1-5
Use in Problem Solving

1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

1-7 Significant Figures

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Matter: Its Properties and Measurement
 Chemistry and chemicals are integral part of life
 No chemicals added !!!!!
 Organically grown !!!!!
 All material objects (living or inanimate)
are made up only of chemicals
 people have always practiced chemistry.
Glazing pottery, ore smelting, tanning,
fabric dyeing, making cheese, wine, beer,
soap......

A Hubble Space Telescope image of a cloud

Chemistry is the central science. Scientific
of hydrogen gas and dust (lower right half of progress depends on the way scientists do
the image) that is part of the Swan Nebula their work, asking the right questions,
(M17). The colors correspond to light
emitted by hydrogen (green), sulfur (red), designing the right experiments to supply
and oxygen (blue). The chemical elements the answers, and formulating reosanable
discussed in this text are those found on
Earth and, presumably, throughout the
explanations of their findings.
universe.

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1-1 The Scientific Method
 The scientific method originated in the seventeenth century with such people as
Galileo, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton.
 The key to the method is to make no initial assumptions, but rather to make
careful observations of natural phenomena.
 When enough observations have been made so that a pattern begins to emerge,
a generalization or natural law can be formulated describing
the phenomenon.
 Natural Laws are concise statements often in mathematical form, about
natural phenomena
e.g. Nicholoas Copernicus, 1473-1543 astronomical observations,
e.g. Radioactive decay law.
 The success of a natural law depends on its ability to explain observations
and to predict new phenomena, however, Natural Law is not an absolute truth:
e.g. Johannes Kepler/ half a century later / planets travel in elliptical orbits
rather than circular stated by Copernicus.
 To verify natural law, a scientist designs experiments to support their
conclusions deduced from natural law.
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1-1 The Scientific Method
 A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a natural law.
If a hypothesis survives testing by experiments, it is often referred to as a theory.
 In a broader sense, a theory is a model or way of looking at nature that can be used to
explain natural laws and make further predictions about natural phenomena

The scientific method is the combination of observation, experimentation and the

formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories.

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1-1 The Scientific Method
Scientists need to be alert to unexpected observations: Chance and
serendipidity
Many discoveries have been made by accident.
 1839 Charles Goodyear  natural rubber
/ less brittle in cold // Less tacky in warm.
Accidental spilling of a rubber-sulfur mixture on a hot stove
 X-rays, radioactivity, penicillin

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

“ Chance favors the prepared mind”
 developer of germ theory
 Pasteurization
 rabies vaccination
Called the greatest physician of all time by some.
He was a chemist by training and profession.

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1-2 Properties of Matter
Dictionary definitions of chemistry usually include the terms:
* matter, composition, and properties, as in the statement that

“ chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of
matter.

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components of a matter.

ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

Properties: Qualities or attributes that we can use to distinguish one

sample of matter from the other.

the properties of matter are generally grouped into two broad

categories: physical and chemical.

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Physical and Chemical properties and changes:
Physical prop: Chemical Prop:
-one or more kinds of matter are
- color, malleability, ductility
converted to new kinds of matter
- no change in composition with different compositions
e.g. Water-ice -change in composition
e.g. burning a sheet of paper
Zinc and gold reaction with HCl

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
* Decomposition: A chemical change
* The decomposition of compounds into their constituent elements is a
more difficult matter than the mere physical separation of mixtures.

* A chemical compound retains its identity

during physical changes, but it can be
decomposed into its constituent elements by
chemical changes.

* ammonium dichromate, when heated,

decomposes into the substances chromium(III)
oxide, nitrogen, and water. This
reaction, once used in movies to simulate a
volcano.

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 1-3 Classification of Matter
• Matter is made of atoms. Each different type of atom is the building
block of a different chemical element
• 114 elements. About 90% available from natural sources The remainder
do not occur naturally and have been created only in laboratories.
• Compounds are comprised of atoms of two or more elements.
Scientists have identified millions of different chemical compounds. In
some cases, we can isolate a molecule of a compound
• Molecules are the smallest units of compounds having the same
proportions of the constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole

(3) (4) (19996)

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 A classification scheme for matter

FIGURE 1-4 Every sample of matter is either a single substance (an element or compound) or a
mixture of substances. At the molecular level, an element consists of atoms of a single type and a
compound consists of two or more different types of atoms, usually joined into molecules. In a
homogeneous mixture, atoms or molecules are randomly mixed at the molecular level. In
heterogeneous mixtures, the components are physically separated, as in a layer of octane
molecules (a constituent of gasoline) floating on a layer of water molecules.
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Separating Mixtures: a physical process
-Homogeneous mixtures
- Sieving
- Filtration
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Distillation
- Chromatography

- Chromatography is a separation
science based on the differing
abilities of compounds to adhere to
the surfaces of various solid
substances, e.g. paper, starch

FIGURE 1-5
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States of the Matter: Macroscopic and microscopic views
- Eye - atomic and molecular level

Figure 1-7

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 1-4 The Measurement of Matter
Chemistry is a quantitative science, which means that in many cases we can
measure a property of a substance and compare it with a standard having a
known value of the property. We express the measurement as the product of
a number and a unit.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Temperature: To establish a temperature scale, we arbitrarily set certain
fixed points and temperature increments called degrees

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 SI and non-SI Units Compared
1 Imperial qt
1.136 L

1 US qt
1L
0.936 L

1 kg 1 lb
1 in 1 cm

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SI Units Non-SI Units
Length meter, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa
mol-1 1 Atm = 760 mm Hg

Derived Units
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

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 1-5 Density and Percent Composition
Density (d) = mass (m) / Volume (V) (g/mL) or (g/cm3)
• Density is an intensive property. An intensive property is
independent of the amount of matter observed.
- density of pure water at 25 °C has a unique value, whether
the sample fills a small beaker (small mass/small volume) or a
swimming pool (large mass/large volume)
• Density is a function of temperature.
density of water at 4 ºC = 1000 g/1000 mL, 1.000 g/mL.
20 ºC= 0.9982 g/mL

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Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object

FIGURE 1-10

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1-7 Significant Figures

Figure 1-11
Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

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Significant Figures in numerical calculations:
Division and Multiplication:
The result of multiplication or division may contain only as many
significant figures as the least precisely known quantity in the
calculation.
14.79 cm * 12.11 cm * 5.05 cm = 904 cm3
(4 sig. fig.) (4 sig. fig.) (3 sig. fig.) (3 sig. fig.)
Addition or subtraction :
The result of addition or subtraction must be expressed with the
same number of digits beyond the decimal point as the quantity
carrying the smallest number of such digits.
15.02 g + 9986.0 g + 3.518 g = 10,004.5 3 8 g

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Rounding Off Numerical Results
 increase the final digit by one unit if the digit dropped is
 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 and
 leave the final digit unchanged if the digit dropped is
 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

* To three significant figures, 15.44 rounds off to 15.4,

and 15.45 rounds off to 15.5.
15.55 rounds to 15.6, and
17.65 rounds to 17.7.

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A sick child has a fever of 40.00 °C. What is the child’s fever in
(a) K and (b) °F?
A certain amount of seawater containing 3.5% NaCl is
evaporated to dryness in order to obtain a 75 g sample of NaCl.
How many liters of seawater should be taken for this purpose?
Assume the density of seawater is 1.03 g/mL
Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:
(a) 478 cm,
(b) 6.01 g,
(c) 0.825 m,
(d) 0.043 kg,
(e) 1.310 × 10^22 atoms,
(f) 7000 mL.
Q1. In normal blood, there are approximately 5.4×10⁹ red blood cells per milliliter.
The volume of a red blood cell is about 90×10⁻¹² cm³ and its density is about 1.096
g/mL. How many liters of whole blood are required to collect 0.5 kg of red cells?

Soru 1: Normal kanda mililitrede yaklaşık 5,4x109 kırmızı kan hücresi vardır. Kan
hücresinin yaklaşık hacmi 90x10-12 cm3 ve yoğunluğu yaklaşık 1,096 g/ml dir. 0,5 kg
kırmızı hücre toplamak için kaç litre tam kan gerekir?
Q2. A cylindrical glass bottle with 21.5 cm length is filled with cooking oil which has
0.953 g/mL density. If 1360 g of oil is required to fill the bottle, calculate the bottle’s
inner diameter

Soru 2. Uzunluğu 21,5 cm olan silindir şeklindeki cam şişe yoğunluğu 0.953 g/mL
olan yemeklik yağ ile dolduruluyor. Şişeyi doldurmak için gerekli olan yağın kütlesi
1360 g ise şişenin iç çapını hesaplayınız.
Q 3. A medical thermometer, commonly used at home, can read temperatures to an
accuracy of ±0.1°F. These thermometers can be accurate to ±0.1°C in doctor's
offices. Calculate the percentage error in the measurement in degrees Celsius for a
person with a body temperature of 38.9°C based on measurements taken with both
thermometers.

Soru 3. Genellikle evlerde kullanılan tıbbi termometre ile sıcaklık ±0.1 °F

duyarlıkla okunabilir. Bu termometrelerin duyarlılığı doktor muayenehanelerinde
±0.1°C olabilir. Her iki termometre ile yapılan ölçmelere göre vücut sıcaklığı
38.9°C olan bir insan için, ölçmedeki hata yüzdesini hesaplayınız?
Q4. Very small amounts of vanillin (the vanilla flower used in ice cream and some foods) can
be detected by the human nose. The smallest detectable amount is 2.0 x 10-11 g in one liter
of air. If the market price of 50 g of vanillin is $112, what is the detectable amount of vanillin
in a large aircraft hangar with a volume of 5.0 X 107 cubic feet?

Soru 4. Çok az miktarda vanilin (dondurma ve bazı gıdalarda kullanılan vanilya çiçeği),
insan burnu tarafından algılanabilir. Algılanabildiği en küçük değer bir litre havada 2.0 X 10 -
ll g’dır. Vanilinin 50 g’ının piyasa fiyatı 112 dolar olduğuna göre 5.0 X 10 7 fit3 hacimli büyük
bir uçak hangarında algılanabilir vanilin miktarının fiyatı ne kadardır?
 Q 5. An adult at rest needs 240 mL of pure oxygen per minute, and they breathe an

average of 12 times per minute. If the air inhaled contains 20 percent oxygen by
volume and the air exhaled contains 16 percent oxygen, what is the volume of air per
breath? (Assume that the volume of air inhaled equals the volume of air exhaled.)

Soru 5. Dinlenme halinde olan yetişkin bir insanın saf oksijen ihtiyacı dakikada 240
mL’dir ve bu insan bir dakikada ortalama 12 kez nefes alır. Eğer nefes olarak alınan
hava hacimce yüzde 20 oksijen içeriyorsa ve dışarıya verilen nefeste yüzde 16
oksijen bulunuyorsa. nefes başına havanın hacmi ne kadardır? (Nefes alırken alman
hava hacminin nefes verirken verilen hava hacmine eşit olduğunu varsayınız.)
Q 6. Tum tablets are a common remedy for heartburn (acid indigestion). A typical Tum tablet
contains calcium carbonate and some inert ingredients. When ingested, the tablet reacts with
gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) to form carbon dioxide. When a 1.328 g tablet reacts with
40.00 mL of hydrochloric acid (density: 1.140 g/mL), carbon dioxide gas is formed,
weighing 46.699 g. If the density of carbon dioxide gas is 1.81 g/L, calculate the amount of
carbon dioxide gas released in liters.

Soru 6. Tum tablet mide ekşimesi (asit hazımsızlığı) için yaygın bir çözümdür. Tipik bir
Tum tablet kalsiyum karbonat ve bazı inert maddeler içerir. Tablet mideye alındığında, mide
sıvısı (hidroklorik asit) ile karbondioksit oluşturmak üzere tepkime verir. 1,328 g'lık bir tablet
40.00 mL hidroklorik asit (yoğunluğu: 1,140 g/mL) ile tepkime verdiğinde karbondioksit
gazı oluşuyor ve çözelti 46.699 g geliyor. Karbon dioksit gazının yoğunluğu 1.81 g/L ise.
açığa çıkan karbon dioksit gazını litre cinsinden hesaplayınız.
 Q7. The human brain weighs approximately 1 kg and contains approximately 1011
cells. Assuming that each cell is completely filled with water with a density of 1
g/mL and that one cell is cube-shaped, calculate the cell's edge length in
micrometers.

Soru 7. İnsan beyninin ağırlığı yaklaşık 1 kg olup, yaklaşık 1011 hücre içerir. Her
bir hücrenin, yoğunluğu 1 g/ mL olan su ile tamamen dolu ve bir hücrenin de küp
şeklinde olduğunu farz ederek hücrenin kenar uzunluğunu mikrometre cinsinden
hesaplayınız.
Q8. When a child is ill, a medication containing 80 mg of acetaminophenon per
0.5 teaspoon is used. A dosage of 1.5 teaspoons is recommended for a child
weighing between 24 and 35 lbs. Express the acetaminophen dosage for a child
weighing between 24 and 35 lbs as mg acetaminophen/kg body weight. 1 pound
(lb): 0.4536 kg

Soru 8. Bir çocuk hastalandığında her 0,5 çay kaşığı başına 80 mg asetaminofenon
içeren bir ilaç kullanılmaktadır. Ağırlığı 24 ile 35 lb aralığında olan bir çocuk için 1,5
çay kaşığı dozaj önerilmektedir. Ağırlığı 24-35 lb aralığında olan bir çocuk için
asetaminofenon dozajını mg asetaminofenon / kg vücut ağırlığı olarak ifade ediniz.
1 pound (lb): 0.4536 kg