Chapter 1 – Exception Handling
1. Types of Errors
Type Description Example
Syntax Error Occurs when Python syntax rules are broken. print "Hello"
Runtime Error Occurs during program execution. 10/0
Logical Error Program runs but gives wrong output. (a+b)/3 instead of (a+b)/2
2. Difference between raise and assert
Feature raise assert
Purpose Manually raise an exception Test a condition during runtime
When used To trigger an exception on purpose To check correctness of a condition
Syntax raise ExceptionType('message') assert condition, 'message'
Example raise ValueError('Invalid value') assert x>0, 'x must be positive'
3. Five Common Built-in Exceptions
Exception Meaning Example
ZeroDivisionError Division by zero 10/0
ValueError Invalid type of value int('abc')
TypeError Invalid type of operand '2' + 2
IndexError Invalid list index a=[1,2]; a[3]
KeyError Accessing invalid key d={'a':1}; d['b']
4. Key Definitions
Exception Object: Object created when an error occurs.
Exception Handling: Detecting and managing runtime errors.
Throwing an Exception: Creating and raising an exception object using raise.
Catching an Exception: Handling exception using try–except.
Run-time System: Python environment that detects exceptions.
Exception Handler: Code block that deals with exceptions.
5. try–except Structures
try … except: Used to handle exceptions.
Example:
try:
a=10/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Cannot divide by zero!')
try … except … else: else block runs if no exception occurs.
Example:
try:
x=int(input('Enter number: '))
except ValueError:
print('Invalid input!')
else:
print('Valid number.')
try … except … else … finally: finally block always executes.
Example:
try:
f=open('[Link]')
except FileNotFoundError:
print('File not found')
else:
print('File read success')
finally:
[Link]()
Chapter 2 – File Handling in Python
1. Difference between Text File and Binary File
Feature Text File Binary File
Content Human-readable text Binary (0s and 1s)
Example .txt, .csv .dat, .bin
Usage open('[Link]','r') open('[Link]','rb')
2. File Functions – Purpose, Syntax, Example
Function Purpose Syntax/Example
open() Opens a file f=open('[Link]','r')
close() Closes a file [Link]()
open() with clause Auto-closes file with open('[Link]','r') as f:
3. Important Differences
Functions Difference
write() vs writelines() write() writes one string; writelines() writes list of strings
read(n) vs read() read(n) reads n chars; read() reads entire file
readline(n) vs readlines() readline() reads one line; readlines() reads all lines
seek() vs tell() seek() moves cursor; tell() gives cursor position
dump() vs load() dump() saves object; load() retrieves object
Serialization vs Deserialization Convert object→file vs file→object
4. Definitions
File: Collection of data stored permanently.
File Offset: Current position of file cursor.
Reference Point: Starting position for seek().
Pickling: Converting object to byte stream.
Unpickling: Restoring object from byte stream.
5. File Access Modes
Mode Meaning Description
r Read Opens file for reading
w Write Opens file for writing (overwrites)
a Append Opens file to add data at end
r+ Read/Write Read and write both allowed
w+ Write/Read Overwrites and allows reading
a+ Append/Read Appends and allows reading
rb / wb / ab Binary modes Same but for binary files