Framing
Framing is a point-to-point connection between two computers or devices consisting of a
wire in which data is transmitted as a stream of bits.
However, these bits must be framed into blocks of information.
Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits
that are meaningful to the receiver.
Frames have headers that contain information such as error-checking codes.
Types of framing
There are two types of framing:
1. Fixed-size: The frame is of fixed size and there is no need to provide boundaries to the frame,
the length of the frame itself acts as a delimiter.
Drawback: It goes through internal fragmentation when the data size is less than the frame size.
Padding is a solution to avoid such a situation
2. Variable size:
Variable size framing is a method of dividing data into frames where each frame can have a
different size.
In this approach, the length of each frame is determined dynamically based on the amount of
data that needs to be transmitted at a given time.
For example, It is possible that out of 200 bits of data, 100 bits constitute frame 1, 25 bits constitute
frame two, and the rest bits constitute frame 3.
In this type of framing, the size of each frame to be transmitted may vary; hence additional
mechanisms are kept to define the end of one frame and the start of the next frame.
ARQ
ARQ stands for Automatic Repeat Request also known as Automatic Repeat Query.
ARQ is an error-control strategy used in a two-way communication system.
It is a group of error-control protocols to achieve reliable data transmission over an unreliable
source or service.
These protocols reside in the Transport Layer and Data Link Layer of the OSI(Open System
Interconnection) model.
These protocols are responsible for the automatic retransmission of packets that are found to be
corrupted or lost during the transmission process.
Working Principle
In these protocols, the receiver sends an acknowledgement message back to the sender if it receives
a frame correctly. If the sender does not receive the acknowledgement of a transmitted frame
before a specified period of time, i.e. a timeout occurs, the sender understands that the frame has
been corrupted or lost during transit. So, the sender retransmits the frame. This process is repeated
until the correct frame is transmitted.
There are three main types of ARQ: Stop-and-Wait, Go-Back-N, and Selective Repeat.
1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ:
The sender sends a single frame and waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) before sending the
next frame.
If no ACK is received within a timeout, the sender retransmits the frame.
This protocol is simple to implement but can be inefficient in high-delay or high-error
environments.
2. Go-Back-N ARQ:
The sender can send multiple frames (within a window size) without waiting for
acknowledgements.
If a frame is lost or corrupted, the receiver sends a negative acknowledgment (NACK).
The sender, upon receiving a NACK or timeout, retransmits not only the erroneous frame but
also all subsequent frames in the window.
This protocol is more efficient than Stop-and-Wait but can still have inefficiencies due to
potential retransmission of many frames.
3. Selective Repeat ARQ:
The sender can send multiple frames without waiting for acknowledgements.
The receiver only sends ACKs for frames it successfully receives.
If a frame is lost or corrupted, the receiver can request retransmission of only the specific
missing frame, not the entire window.
This protocol is the most efficient of the three, as it minimizes unnecessary retransmissions.
Network Computing Model
1. Client server network
With neat diagram explain client server network along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Explanation:-
1. Client server Architecture consists of Client computers or nodes, which are connected to centralized
server.
2. The servers stores all the network's shared files and applications programs, such as word
processor documents, compilers, database applications, spreadsheets, and the network
operating system.
3. Client will send request to access information from the server, based on the request, server will
send the required information to the client.
Advantages of Client Server Network:
1. It has the centralized control. i.e. centralized user accounts, security, and access, to simplify
network administration.
2. It does not slow down with heavy use.
3. The size of the network can be expanded to any size.
4. Proper Management in which all files are stored at the same place. In this way, management
of files becomes easy. Also it becomes easier to find files.
5. As all the data is stored on server it’s easy to make a back-up of it.
6. Reduces Data duplication by storing data stored on the servers instead of each client, so it
reduces the amount of data duplication for the application.
Disadvantages of Client Server Network:-
1. Server failure leads to whole network failure.
2. It is very expensive to install and manage as dedicated hardware (server) and special software
is required.
3. A Professional IT person is required to maintain the servers and other technical details of
network.
P2P network architecture
In the P2P network architecture, the computers connect with each other in a workgroup to share
files, and access to internet and printers.
Each computer in the network has the same set of responsibilities and capabilities.
Each device in the network serves as both a client and server.
The architecture is useful in residential areas, small offices, or small companies where each
computer act as an independent workstation and stores the data on its hard drive.
Each computer in the network has the ability to share data with other computers in the
network.
The architecture is usually composed of workgroups of 12 or more computers.