TISSUES

CLASS- 9TH
SUBJECT- SCIENCE
TEACHER- VAIBHAV TIWARI
INSTITUTE- VASUNDHARA COACHING
CONTACT- 8934909620
• 1) Tissues :-Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function.
• In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out specific functions.
• Eg:- In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue contract and relax and help
in movements.
• In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water and food from one part of
the plant to the other.
 Plant Tissues
Cells specialized to perform a specific functions in plants are
plant tissues.
Characteristics of Plant Tissues:
1. Growth in Plants Occurs only in Certain Specific Regions, this
is due to dividing issues located at the points.
2. . These dividing issues are also called meristematic issues.
3. When the meristematic tissues take up a specific role and
lose the ability to divide - they form a specific type of
permanent recommendations.
• Meristematic Tissues)
• Meristematic tissues are those tissues in which the cells divide continuously and help in increasing the length and
growth of plant.
• Characteristics:
• 1. Meristematic tissues may be spherical, oval, polygon
or rectangle in shape.
• 2. They are very active.
• 3. They have thin cellulose walls.
• 4. They have very few or no vacuoles
• 5. They have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
• Occurrence:
• They are growth tissues and found in the growing region.
Apical lateral intercalary

Situated at Present at growing tipoff

stems and roots
Found beneath the barkand in Location at the base of leave
vascular dicot roots and stems and internodles
Brings about elongation of Causes organ to increase in Produces an increase in the
roots and stems. This diameter and girth, called length of organ such as leaves.
Functions increases height of plant, secondary growth.
called primary growth.
• Permanent Tissues
• The tissues that are completely grown and have lost the
ability to divide are known as permanent tissues.
• This permanent shape, size and function is attained by
the process called differentiation.
• Simple Permanent Tissue
• The tissues that are made of one type of cells and are structurally and functionally similar.
• A) PARENCHYMA
• Nature:
• 1. Most common simple permanent tissue
• 2. The cells are rounded or isodiametric
• 3. They are living cells.
• 4. They are generally loosely arranged, thus
have large space between them.
• 5. The cell wall is thin.
• Occurrence:
• 1. Widely distributed in plant bodies such as stems, roots, leaves.
• 2. Found in soft part of plants, i.e. cortex of roots, ground tissues.
• Function:
• 1. These tissues generally stores food
• .2. Serves as a packing tissue- to fill the spaces between other tissue.
• 3. Transport of materials occurs through cells or cells wall of parenchyma cells.
• 4. It stores waste product of plants.
• 5. It maintains the shape and firmness of plants due to its turgid cells.
• B) COLLENCHYMA
• Nature:
• 1. Collenchyma tissue also consists of living cells.
• 2. Intercellular spaces are generally absent.
• 3. The cells are elongated in shape.
• 4. They often contain four chloroplasts.
• Occurrence:
• 1. Cells are located below the epidermis of dicotyledon stem and petiole.
• 2. The cells also occur in the midribs of dicot leaves.
• Function:
• 1. It provides mechanical support and elasticity.
• 2. It allows easy bending in various parts of a plant without actually breakng it.
• 3. When cells of collenchyma contain same chloroplast, they manufacture sugar
and starch.
• (C) SCLERENCHYMA
• Nature:
• 1. They are dead cells and are devoid of protoplasm.
• 2. The cell walls of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened of lignin.
• 3. The cell of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
• Occurrence:
• 1. Occurs in abundance either in patches or definite layers.
• 2. They are found in stems, roots, veins of leaves, hard covering of seeds and
nuts.
• *Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchyma tissue (present in mesocarp of
coconut
• Function:
• 1. It gives strength, rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to plant body.
• The transverse section and longitudinal section of sclerenchyma are as shown:
 a). Longitudinal
section
b). Transverse section
• Protective Tissues:
• The tissues which provide protection to the plants from loss of [Link] are
two types of protective tissues:
• (A) Epidermis:
• 1. The entire surface of plants has an outer covering called epidermis covered
with cuticle.
• 2. It is the outermost layer of cells and is usually made of single layer of cells.
• Function:
• 1. The main function is to protect the plant from desiccation and infection.
• 2. It prevents loss of water.
• *Epidermal cells of leaf bear small pores known as stomata- they | are then
enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells. Stomata are are necessary
for exchange of gases with atmosphere.
• (B) Cork (or phellem):
• 1. It is a protective tissue found in the outer bark of woody plants, particularly in
trees with secondary growth.
• 2. It is a dead, water-resistant, and durable tissue.
• 3. It contains a waxy substance called Suberin that makes d the tissue impervious
to water and gases, providing excellent protection to plant.
• Complex Permanent Tissue
• Complex permanent tissues are those that consist of more than one type cells having a
common origin.
• These cells coordinate to perform a common function i.e. to transfer water, mineral
salts and food material to various parts of plant body.
•

• Xylem (Transport water) Phloem (Transport food)

• Both are conducting tissues.
• They are also called vascular tissues.
• Together both constitutes vascular bundle.
• XYLEM:
• 1. It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• 2. Tracheids and vessels have tubular structure which allows them to transport water
vertically.
• 3. Xylem parenchyma stores food.
• 4. Xylem fibres are mainly supportive in nature.
• PHLOEM:
• 1. Phloem is made up of five type of cells: sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion
cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma.
• 2. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
• 3. Except phloem fibres, other phloem cells are living cells.
• 4. Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• Epithelial Tissue
• 1. Covering or protective tissues in the animals are epithelial tissues.
• 2. It covers most organs and also forms a barrier to keep different body system
separate.
• 3. These are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
• 4. Almost no intercellular space.
• 5. It has single layer of cells and as a result anything entering or leaving the body
must cross atleast one layer of epithelium.
• 6. The permeability of cells of various epithelia plays an important role in
regulating the exchange of materials between the body and external
environment and also different parts of body.
• 7. All epithelium is separated from the underlying tissue by an extra cellular
fibrous basement membrane.
• Basement Membrane: It is a thin, pliable sheet that provides support to tissue as
well as supply nutrients and blood to epithelial cells.
• All epithelial cells are on basement membrane.
• epithelial tissue

Simple Stratified Columnar

Cuboidal
squamous squamous (ciliated
epithelium
epithelium epithelium epithelium)

Simple Squamous Epithelium Stratified squamous

1).Cells are arranged in single layer. epithelium.
2).Oesophagus and the lining of 1).Cells are arranged in
mouth. multiple layers. 2). Skin
3). Forms delicate lining
Prevents wear and tear.
• Cuboidal Epithelium:
• Cells are cube-shaped and are placed on a basement membrane.
• Location: Lining of kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the salivary glands.
• Function: It helps in absorption of useful material from urine before is passed
out.
• Ciliated Columnar Epithelium:
• In this, cell has hair like projection on the outer surface of epithelial tissue which
helps in movement of particle.
• Location: In respiratory tract, in fallopian tube.
• Function: It helps in movement of particle. Eg: In respiratory tract, the movement
of cilia pushes the mucous forward to clear it.
• Columnar Epithelium:
• These cells are tall and cylindrical like pillars.
• Location: Inner lining of the stomach and intestines.
• Function: It absorbs nutrients from digested food.
• Muscular Tissue
• 1. It consists of elongated cells also called muscle fibres.
• 2. It is responsible for movement in body.
• (A) Skeletal Muscles/ Striated muscles:
• They are long, cylindrical, unbranched and
multinucleate.

• Location: They are found mostly attached to bones

• Function: It helps in voluntary muscle movement and locomotion.
• (B) Smooth MuscleThe cells are long with
pointed ends and Uninucleate
• Location: Found in iris of eye, uterus, digestive
Tract and other internal organs.
• Function: Carry out involuntary movement
• Eg: Movement of food in elementary canal
 Connective Tissue
The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in intercellular matrix.
Matrix can be jelly like fluid, dense or rigid
Areolar Connective Tissue
It is a type of connective tissue that support and helps to protect organs, muscles and
many other tissues.
Loose Connective Tissue
In this, cells are embedded in loose
gel like matrix.
Location:
Between skin and muscles.
Around blood vessels and nerves.
Function:-
It fills space inside the organ.
Support internal organs.
Helps in repair of tissues.
• Dense Connective Tissue
• In this, cells are embedded in type-1 Collagen-hard matrix.

Tendons
Ligament
- It connects muscle to bones
- It connects bones to bones.
- - Fibrous tissue
- Little matrix is present
- Limited flexibility
- Considerable strength
- Great strength

• Adipose Connective Tissue

• It is formed from aggregation of fat cells.
• Location : Below skin- Between internal organs
• Function:- Cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules - Fat Reservation.
• - It act as an insulation storage of fats also lets it act as an insulator.
• Skeletal Connective TissueIt
• forms the endoskeleton of the vertebrate body
• 1. Cartilage
• It has extensive matrix of protein and sugar.
• Location: Nose tip, Ear pinnae
• Function: Support and flexibility to body parts.
• 2. Bones
• Characteristic-
• It is a strong and non-flexible tissue.
• - It is embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds.
• Function-
• It forms the framework that supports the body.
• - It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of body.
• Fluid Connective Tissue
• It makes connectivity in the body (i.e. present in whole body)
• Blood
• Characteristics
• Composed of blood cells.
• Blood cells move in liquid matrix Blood Plasma.
• Blood cells are of three types: RBC, WBC and Platelete
• Function
• Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste material to
different parts of body.
• Lymph
• It is a colourless fluid in which one WBC is present.
• Nervous Tissues
• Nervous tissue receives stimulus and transmits it from one part of tissue to other.
• The cells of this tissue are called Nerve cells or Neurons, these are highly
specialised for receiving stimulus and then transmitting it very rapidly from one
place to another within body itself.
• Location: Brain, spinal cord and neurons.
1. Neurons are the body's longest cells.
2. A single neuron consist of
(a) Cell body: It has nucleus and cytoplasm
(b) Axon: It transmits impulse away from the cell body
(c) Dendrites: It carry information from their tips towards axon.