MODULE - I
I.C. ENGINES
Introduction
Heat engine : Defined as any engine that
converts thermal energy to mechanical work
output. Examples of heat engines include:
steam engine, Diesel engine, and Petrol engine.
• In an Internal combustion engine, combustion
takes place within working fluid of the engine, thus
fluid gets contaminated with combustion products.
– Petrol engine is an example of internal
combustion engine, where the working fluid
is a mixture of air and fuel.
• In an External combustion engine, working fluid
gets energy using boilers by burning fossil fuels or
any other fuel, thus the working fluid does not come
in contact with combustion products.
– Steam engine is an example of external
combustion engine, where the working fluid
is steam.
• Internal combustion engines may be classified as :
– Spark Ignition engines.
– Compression Ignition engines.
• Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which
the combustion process in each cycle is started by use of
an external spark.
• Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in
which the combustion process starts when the air-fuel
mixture self ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression.
– Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine
operate on either a four stroke cycle or a two
stroke cycle.
COMPONENETS AND ITS FUNCTIONS
OF I.C. ENGINE
TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO
ENGINE
Top Dead Center (TDC)
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
Stroke
Bore
Displacement volume
Clearance volume
Compression ratio
• Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston
when it stops at the farthest point away from the
crankshaft.
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of the
piston when it stops at the point closest to the
crankshaft.
• Stroke : Distance travelled by the piston from one
extreme position to the other : TDC to BDC or
BDC to TDC.
• Bore : defined as cylinder diameter or piston face
diameter; piston face diameter is same as cylinder
diameter (minus small clearance).
• Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume
displaced by the piston as it travels through one stroke.
• Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the
cylinder available for the charge (air or air fuel
mixture) when the piston reaches at TDC during
compression stroke of the cycle.
– Minimum volume of combustion chamber
with piston at TDC.
• Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to
clearance volume of the cylinder is the compression
ratio of the engine.
– Typically compression ratio for SI engines
varies form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it
varies from 12 to 24
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
Theoretical Valve Timing Diagram for Four stroke Engine
Actual Valve Timing Diagram for Four stroke Engines
Actual Valve Timing Diagram for Four stroke Diesel Engine
Port Timing Diagram for Two stroke Petrol Engine
Comparison of Two stroke and Four stroke cycle Engines
Two stroke engine Four stroke engine
1 One power stroke for each revolution of the One power stroke for every two
crankshaft. revolutions of the crankshaft.
2 There are inlet and exhaust ports instead There are inlet and exhaust valves in
the engine.
of valves.
3 Crankcase is fully closed and air tight. Crankcase is not fully closed and air
tight.
4 Both sides of the piston compress the Top of the piston compresses the
charge.
charge.
5 Size of the flywheel is comparatively Size of the flywheel is comparatively
larger.
smaller.
6 Fuel is not fully consumed. Fuel is fully consumed.
7 Weight of engine per hp is comparatively low Weight of engine per hp is high.
8 Thermal efficiency is comparatively low. Thermal efficiency is high.
9 Two stroke engines are preferred where the Four stroke engines are preferred for higher capacity
compactness and less space area requirement engines
10 More wear and tear Relatively less wear and tear
Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines
petrol engine Diesel engine
Mixture of fuel and air is inducted in the Only air is inducted in cylinder in suction
cylinder in suction stroke. stroke.
It has got carburetor and ignition coil. It has got fuel injection pump and injector
Air fuel mixture is compressed in the Fuel is injected in combustion chamber
combustion chamber and it is ignited by an where burning of fuel takes places due to
electric spark heat of compression.
Its compression ratio varies from 5:1 to 8:1 Its compression ratio varies from 14:1 to 22:1
Engine weight per horsepower is low. Engine weight per horse-power is
comparatively high
Operating cost is high. Operating cost is low.
Compression pressure varies from 6 to 10 bar Compression pressure inside the cylinder
and temperature is about 260°C. varies from 35 to 45 bar and temperature is
about 500°C.
P-v Diagram for four stroke Otto cycle
P-v Diagram for four stroke Diesel cycle
Fuel supply system in I.C. Engine
Simple Carburetor
Fuel supply system for CI Engine
Fuel Injector
Ignition system for IC engines
• Battery or coil Ignition system
• Magneto ignition system
Battery coil Ignition system
Battery coil Ignition system
Magneto Ignition system
Magneto ignition system
Magneto Ignition
Cooling system for IC engines
• Air cooling system
• Liquid cooling system
Air cooling system
Liquid Cooling system
Lubrication system
• Wet sump lubrication system
a) Splash Lubrication system
b) Pressure lubrication system
• Dry sump lubrication system
Wet sump Lubrication system
Splash Lubrication system
Wet sump Lubrication system
Pressure Lubrication system
Dry sump Lubrication system