Concentration Terms

Refer class 11th

LIQUID SOLUTION
Ø Vapour Pressure : Pressure of any volatile substance at any given temperature.
T ­ Þ V.P. ­
Attractive forces ­ Þ V.P. ¯

Ø Raoult’s law :
Non volatile solute and volatile solvent solution.
B = Non volatile solid
If
PB = 0
PA = PA° X A

Ø Colligative Properties : Properties depends on no. of particles of Non volatile solute in solution.
No. of particle of Colligative
Þ
Non volatile solute Properties
(1) Relative lowering of V.P. :
PA° - PA nB n
=i ;i B
PA° nA + nB nA

Where nB = mole of Non-volatile solute.

i = Vant Hoff’s factor.

(2) Elevation in B.P. :

DTb = (Tb¢ –Tb) = i. kb × m.

RTb2
where K b =
1000 ´ l v

where Tb = B.P. of pure solvent.

lv = Latent heat of vapourization per gm
Kb = molal elevation constant
M = molar mass Solvent
Solution

V.P.
æ DH vap ö DTb = (Tb¢ – Tb)
where lv = ç ÷
è M ø

(3) Depression in FP. Tb Tb¢

T
DTf = Tf – Tf¢ = i kf × m

RTf2
where kf =
1000 ´ l f
Tf = f.p. of pure solvent
kf = molal depression contsant
lf = latent heat of fusion per gm.
(4) Osmotic presssure :
Pext = Posmotic = p
p µ ( PA° - PA )
p = iC. S.T. solvent
Solution
where p = osmotic pressure
C = molarity (mole/lit)
S = R = const. for solution.
Sol.(1) Sol (2)
If p1 = p2 Isotonic
n
sol (1) hypertonic
If p1 > p2 n
sol (2) hypotonic

Van’t Hoff factor for different Cases of solutes undergoing Ionisation and Association :

Solute Example Ionisation/association y* van'thoff Abnormal

(x degree) factor mol. wt. (m1¢ )
Non- urea-glucose, none 1 1 normal [Link].
electrolyte sucrose etc. (m1)
m1
Binary NaCl, KCl, HCl AB ˆˆˆ
†
‡ˆˆ
+
ˆ Ax + Bx
–
2 (1 + x)
1- x (1 + x)
electrolyte CH3COOH,
A+B– FeSO4 etc.

ˆˆˆ
† + 2– m1
Ternary K2SO4, BaCl2, A 2B ‡ˆˆˆ 2A + B 3 (1+2x)
1- x 2x x (1 + 2x)

m1
electrolyte K3[Fe(CN)6], ˆˆˆ
†
AB 3 ‡ˆˆ 3+
ˆ A + 3B
–
4 (1+3x)
1- x x 3x (1 + 3x)
A2B, AB3 FeCl3
1 æ xö æ2- x ö 2m1
Associated benzoic acid ˆˆˆ
†
2 A ‡ˆˆˆ A2 ç1- 2÷ = ç 2 ÷
2 è ø è ø (2 - x)
Solute in benzene

ˆˆˆ
† 1
forming dimer A ‡ˆˆˆ A2
(1- x) 2 x/2

é ù
ê m1 ú
ˆˆˆ
†
nA ‡ˆˆ 1 é æ1 ö ù ê æ1 ö ú
any solute ˆ An ê1 + ç n – 1 ÷ x ú ê1 + ç n – 1 ÷ x ú
n ë è ø û
ê è ø ú
ë û
ˆˆˆ
† 1
forming A ‡ˆˆˆ An
(1- x) n x/2
polymer An
m1
General one mole of ˆˆˆ
†
A ‡ˆˆˆ yB y [1+(y–1)x] [1 + (y - 1)x]
solute giving
y mol of products
 Raoult’s law :
(1) Volatile binary liquid mix :
Volatile liq. A B
Mole fraction XA/YA XB/YA Þ liq/vapour

V.P. of pure liq. PA° PB°

PA°
PB°
Binary liquid solution :
O XA ® 1

By Raoult’s law Þ PT = PA° X A + PB° X B = PA + PB ......(i)

By Dalton’s law Þ PA = YAPT ......(ii)

PB = YBPT ......(iii)
Ø Ideal and Non-Ideal solution :
Solution-A Solution-B
A......A B......B
F1 F2

V1 V2

A......B
F
VT

~ ~
Ideal solution : F1 F2 F Þ DHsolution=0
VT = V1 + V2

Non-Ideal solution :
Ptotal P°A
(1) Solution showing +ve deviation : V.P.

F < F1 & F2 P°B PA

PB
VT > V1 + V2 Þ DHsolution> 0
PB
0 XA 1
1 XB 0
(2) Solution showing –ve deviation :
Þ F > F1 & F2 P°A

V.P.
Þ VT < (V1 +V2)
P total
P°B PA

Þ DHsolution < 0
PB
0 XA 1
1 XB 0
 DEVIATION FROM RAOULT'S LAW

Positive deviation Negative deviation Zero deviation

(DH=+ve) (DH=–ve) (DH=0)
(i) ethanol + cyclohexane acetone + chloroform benzene + toluene
(ii) acetone + carbon disulphide benzene + chlorform
n-hexane + n-heptane
(iii) acetone + benzene nitric acid + chloroform ethyl bromide + ethyl iodide
(iv) ethanol + aceton acetone + aniline chlorobenzene + bromo
benzene
(v) ethanol + water water + nitric acid
(vi) carbon tetrachloride diethyl ether +
chloroform chloroform
Ø Azeotropic mixtures :
Some liquids on mixing form azeotropes which are binary mixture having same composition in
liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature. Azeotropic mixture cannot be separated
by fractional distillation.

Ø Types of Azeotropic mixtures

(i) Minimum boiling Azeotropic mixtures

The mixture of two liquids whose boiling point is less than either of the two pure components. They
are formed by non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation. For example (95.5%) + water (4.5%) +
water boils at 351.15 K.

(ii) Maximum boiling Azeotropic mixtures

The mixture of two liquids whose boiling point are more than either of the two pure components.
They are formed by non-ideal solutions showing negative deviation. For example HNO3 (68%) +
water (32%) mixture boils at 393.5 K.