pe INDEX) iF LIST OF PHYSICS PRACTICALS SR. NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS PAGENO. | DATE | SIGN 1. _ |SPRING-MASS OSCILLATOR 4 SURFACE TENSION 17 2alal2s 23 alg|es NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING YY 35 os forl2s SONOMETER I: LAW OF LENGTH Bea 5. |SONOMETER II: LAW OF TENSION 43 joules VLE 4 6. [RESONANCE TUBE 50 |26lotlzs 7. |CURRENT SENSITIVITY 59 LAWS OF RESISTANCES USING 66 |aslel2® 8. |METER BRIDGE RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER BY 1 alas KELVIN'S METHOD 10. E, /E, USING POTENTIONMETER I. INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF CELL 16 | Se [als 84 20,4 (25 12. |n,/, BY SUSPENSION METHOD 88 13. |CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE 94 aslsl* 14. |STUDY OF LOGIC GATES 102 |aslotlas 15. _|CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR 108 LIST OF ACTIVITIES |__| EFFECT OF DETERGENT ON SURFACE 118 201 le * |TENSION 2. _ |SECONDS PENDULUM 120 | Bols]25 3, |MELDE'S EXPERIMENT 122 arla}es 4, |FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF 124 2\al2s "|LOSS OF HEAT OF LIQUID 5, |DIFFRACTION 128 6. _|HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT 130 7, |\VARIATION OF POTENTIAL DROP 132 | 20/4175 8, |USE OF MULTIMETER 134 | 23/8] 29) 9.__ |LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR 137 ea[rs QUESTIONS SLIPS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION - 151 aaaFormuta : Where, T= surface tension of liquid renee h= height of liquid column in capil os ve ofthe capillary inner radius of the cross section of bo! P= density of the liquid (water) ies 9 = angle of contact between water and gI For water, p= 1.0 g/cm? Angle of contact between water and glass is very small. i€.8=0, coso= 1 Procedure:- To measure inner diameter of bore @ Determine the least count (L. C.) of the travelling microscope. Clamp the capillary horizontally with the help of retort stand. Focus the microscope on the bore ofthe eapillary. end of the bore. Record th Adjust the vertical cross wire such that itis tangential to one reading on the horizontal scale (x). : i 5. With the help of the fine adjustment screw make the vertical eross-wire tangential to the other end of the bore. Record the reading on the horizontal scale (y). | 6. Repeat the Steps 4 and 5 for horizontal cross wire and record the reading on the vertical scale, 7. Immerse the capillary tube vertically in the beaker containing water to measure h, & h, 8. Remove the air bubbles by pressing the rubber tube and adjust the level of water in the beaker So that meniscus in the bore of capillary should be above the edge of the beaker and below the lower edge of the capillary stand, 9. Adjust the tip of the pointer so that it just touches the level of water. Focus the travelling microscope on the meniscus such that the horizontal Coss -wire is tangential to the convex surface of the meniscus. Record the reading on vertical scale (h,). 10. Remove the beaker without disturbing the Position of the capillary tube. 11. Adjust the microscope such that the horizontal cross -wire is tangential to the tip of the Pointer. Record the reading on the vertical scale (a). Awne 12. Repeat the steps 8 to I1 for second set of observations, 1S. Caleulate the surface tension ofthe given liquid (water), Observation ; Least count (L.C.) of travelling microscope : Smallest division of main scale (P) Total no. of divisions on the Vernier scale (N) LC. of travelling microscope (P/N) LCObservation Tables : 1) Measurement of radius of bore (r) + Obs. Reading when crosswire is Diameter of mean ‘mean radius al No. ltangentiolto re ‘diometer rom | ne side of | [other side of the d= x—yem dem fine tore xem Ibore ye fea. teading along 1 3.245 Us SE No gios \diameter - — 2 | B20 14g eadingciong |! | g.9g4 0:635 oF erpendicular ito diameter fe 2.524 0-814 1) Measurement of capillary rise (h): ‘Obs. Reading when the microscope is focused on | Capillary rise Mean No. Fe h=h,-h, capillary ‘The meniscus h, em the tip of the pointer h, cm Bi rise MSR_| VSR hy MSR_| VSR how acm | n__jat(nxL.C) bem on _b+(nxL.C) \ | Ti 6a] my | 544) BE S06 3630 28224 gage 2 15-9 | So 5.42% 3:6 SO 3650 2-280) Calculations: T= BPS for water, P= 1 g/m’ 2 2:28%% 6.466325 £980 — lhl. 56 2 a rg 2 dyne /em >. N/m Results: Surface tension of given liquid (water) T= dyne/em = Precautions : 1. The capillary should be thoroughly cleaned. 2. There should be no air bubbles inside the capillary. Capillary must 3. The capillary should be vertical.1. Define angle of contact. hem. the liquid. 15..in. Contract. ee en Bedigseb eth... ctangent...droen. £0. ne re ea ay Sar Foce..of the. tiquid..tond..the SPC" OF Solid “otk. the. point... of. Contrect:.mea sure : qui 18... Called... angle. of _Gntroct..: ae : 2. List the factors affecting surface tension. “Tempo. Surface Eengion..dem decreasing with oo Contoination.. the. pressure OF... Cantaine d. [Link] dust. Por kicie...are..lubcicatting materig on. the tiquid..Sveface..decreases..at.... the Serko.) 3. Why should the capillary be cleaned every time before use ? oTise. oF water in athio [Link].. ic 5 s '5. Caused. by Forces. oF attractio, ab] the pa olecules oF water & the 1495 wall OMmaNG...th@. molecules. of water them Selveg The... norcower 2. Force Meighe.®..the water oF. the Copillery tobe rises, . 4. Where A) cap @ eater rise upto..the Lop peat Piece of. Sponge retaing. us A) towel..absorb...twoter ‘y aker. to Gp lian OEM GSta nee | Fro. Body: “all lamp ck. Remark and sign of teacher :,ive sign indicates the loss of the K’ = luis is water equivalent of the calorimeter, negative $19 decrease in temperature of water, | Procedure : Experiment without wooden box. i 1. Heat the water in water bath. . erature) by using therm, : 2. Note down the temperature of the surrounding (room temp 3 °C to 80°C upto — “ofits og. 3. Fill the thimble or calorimeter with hot water ce m cr ‘water “Pa, Insert the thermometer such that its bulb is well inside i =a en ‘Note the initial temperature which is about 75°C to 80" Start the stop watch. | | Note the temperature after every one minute. Take required number of readings tll temperature of the ae falls oo i ic Plot the graph of temperature of water (0°C) against time (t) . 4 stg curve through the points. ea ane 9. Plot the graph of uc0 against temperature 0. Hence determine the room tempera dt 10. Plot a graph’ of rate of cooling against excess temperature above the surrounding Hey verify Newton’s law of cooling. Observations : 1, Least count of stop watch = 2. Least count of thermomete: 3. Temperature of the surrounding (8,) = Observation Table (1) : Ob.|)" Time in min “Temperature of | Ob.) Time in min ‘| Temp No. | oil water °C i a5 1 [~~ 6616 } 2 1 63 7 1 3 2 62 18 2 &26| la | 2 al 19 3 etm 5 4 64 20 uy at 6 | 5 60 21 C a 56 7 € Bq 22 6 5 8 7 68 23 7 9 8 By 24 © 10 4 56 25 4 loResult i : : isacurve. Itis known 1. Thenature of the graph of temperature of water against time 1S SNe, Cooling curve. less steep as the 2. This cooling curve will be steep at fist, aftr it will become ee ‘pproaches to temperature of the surrounding. Ae ing through origin, Ney. , 3. As the graph of a against ((@ — 0,) is straight line, passing Sh origin, Newton, of cooling is verified. _ 25 0c Room temperature by graph , 0, Precautions : A : insi iter. 1) Make sure that the bulb of thermometer is well inside the wal a i i ‘ i 4) The enclosure should have proper insulation to avoid loss of heat due to condugn convection from hot water. ' The water in the calorimeter should be gently stirred continually. Certain quantity of water cools form 70°C to 60°C in the first 5 min. and 54°C in the 5 min. What will be the temperature of the surrounding? (Ans 45°C). “By. newton. [Link]..ooling..sle.=.~! : 1 (65,-T) A. B4-bo btn = 1. a sie(st- 71) 2. You take an ice-cream out of the freezer, ketp at - 18°C. Outside it is 32°C Afer one wi the ice creeam has warmed to - 8°C what is the temperature of the icecream offer five mit (Ans. = 15.6°C). ot 1 250 eb HI 5) eo 3. State Newton's law of cooling. Write its Ths. Take..OF folloF temp (a Remark and sign of teacher :6. Change the distance between two knife edges slowly and adjust the distance vonael s i off. : . 7. ee is dons batten two knife edges. This is the vibrating length ofthe wir, one more reading with the same tuning fork and find the mean vibrating length (2) * Repeat the procedure with different tuning forks with decreasing order of frequency, Note the Corresponding lengths of vibrating wire. Calculate ‘né* for each tunning fork. Plot a graph of reciprocal of vibrating length —~ on (Y-oxis) against frequency non X (axis), Determine unknown frequency from the graph and calculations. Calculate linear density of the wire using mean né. Observations: Mass of the hanger M, =2500.. Total mass M Tension applied to the wire 990.. x 980 dyne, 9. 10. ll. 12, To measure vibrating length: ; | ri | | ioe Obs. No. praneney of ening forIc| Viprating length ofthe wire | + | ana (a | | & | Mean @cm | Calculations : To find ne 1 T Ob. No | Mean (nf) = ......... F Umknown frequency n' == Hz (o8)mean = enusGraph :A graph of 1/£ angainst n Scale Y=-- X= Result 1. n@=.. 48922... =constant, when T and m are kept constant, Hence the law of length is verified. 2. The graph of reciprocal of vibrating length against frequency of vibrations of wire is straight line. Hence n « 1 ¢ 3. Unknown frequency of tuning fork by calculation n'= ‘AOX:3. Hz. 4. Unknown frequency of tuning fork by graph n' = Hz. Precautions : - 1. Place the paper rider mid — way between the knife edges. . Paper rider should be light and dry. . Strike tuning fork on the rubber pad gently. Place the stem of the vibrating tuning fork gently on the sonometer box. . Measure the distances between the knife-edges accurately. wan 1,_State the law of length of vibrating string. 7 F.. Keng -OF. 2. What i is fundamental mode Rae moodle...» wheFe...the.. String. Vibra labelled. . 4....called sth3. What is resonance? Remark and sign of teacher; is i length of 6. Measure the distance between two knife edges. This is the ae O. one more reading for the same tension. Find the mean oe 9 ls 7 oogu 7. Repeat the same procedure by increasing the tension applied to the Y oe, Corresponding vibrating length. 3 8 Calculate in each case Plot a graph of # ogainst T. 9. Determine the unknown mass by calculation and graph. 10. Determine the linear density by calculation. BY Observation : g = 980cm/s? Frequency of tuning fork n...2. [ Obs. Mass attached "Tension Vibrating length of wire a Te No. tothewire © T=Mg Cm dyne/, ] | ‘including hanger dyne Mom ii F | fom om : t 500 Beox Bo 3 ane a oe AcooxAgo q act 1500 15c0x%e > | ie | 42000 13 ts to Graph : Agraph of F against T Scale Y= -———em? X=—~———dyneResult : As TK ae 4 1. As; constant, when n and m are kept constant the law of tension is verified. 2. The graph of £? against T is straight line .. Ta £2 Hence the law of tension is verified. 3, Unknown mass by calculation =... 4. Unknown mass by graph =...(Q00 xq Bodyne Precautions : 1. Wire should be free form kinks and of uniform cross seation. 2. Keep the paper rider at the mid point of knife-edges. 3. The stem of tuning fork should rest on the sonometer box. 4, Strike the tuning fork on the rubber pad gently. 1. State the second law of vibrating string. The, “Frequency. oF. Stationary. “Eroneverse. atrected.... Skcing...is...directl sPeopneneae! roct.....0F. the. tensian....0€....the. wl LF..vibroting....String.&...nass.. per pnik...c20ea....0r€.. Constont.. 2, Why do we keep frequency constant instead of keeping vibrating Tength constant to verify second law of-vibrating string? “Second...laws...9. vibrating... String... ery..ttngion....0F. the. atring...by ceasing... peg eteee r= OF... the. bea atbaching....metg! Jbonger....duc....to whi f alls....0F 3. How many nodes and antinodes are formed when the wire vibrates in its fundamental mode? Remark and sign of teacher|. Immerse the resonance tube in the plastic jar filled with water as deep as possible so that the length of the air column is minimum, . Arrange the tuning forks in descending order of frequency. ._ Strike the tuning fork of highest frequency gently on the rubber pad and hold it near the mouth of the resonance tube, so that the prongs of the tuning fork vibrate in vertical plane. 7. Raise the resonance tube slowly along with the fork till a loud sound is heard, indicating that the air column is vibrating in resonance with the fork. Clamp the tube, at this position. 8. Measure the length of air column from the surface of the water level to the open end of the resonance tube using a meter scale, 9. Repeat the procedure and measure the length (£) three times for the same tuning fork and calculate mean length (£). 10. Set the next tuning fork in to vibrations, hold it near the open end of the resonance tube, raise it slowly from the previous position till resonance is obtained and measure the corresponding length (£) three times and calculate the mean length. 11. Repeat the complete procedure for the rest of the tuning forks. 12. Similarly find the mean resonating length (2,) for the unknown frequency tuning fork (n,). 13, Add the end correction (e) to mean resonating length (¢) and calculate corrected length (L) for all tuning forks. Calculate L, for the tuning fork of unknown frequency. 14, Calculate nL. for all tuning forks except the tuning fork of unknown frequency. 15. Calculate the speed of sound at room temperature and also calculate the unknown frequency. 16, Plot a graph of n (y axis) against | (x axsis) and caleualte the speed of sound by graph. iE + au 8 Observations : 1. Least count of vernier calliper (i) Smallest division on the main scale of vernier calliper, x= @..!.... (ii) Total number of divisions on the vernier scale of the vernier calliper, y = (iii) Least count (L.C) of vernier calliper, x/y = ..9.:2}. em. (iv) Zero error (e') Observation table : 1) For inner diameter of resonance tube : Obs. [MSR/(aem | VSD VSR Diameter / Corrected No. . (byem | (=bxL.C) | (total reading) reading i cm (ate=d'yem_| (@=d'-e')em 1 43 % | o-04 usa 1-464 2 3 Mean d= 4"84om End correction e= 0.3d=____ em = OrB¥4:8F ='4eT GDj 2) For resonating length : Length of air column Corrected ie ee Tength ' i |L=@+e)cm nt \ ; £,cm |é, cm Jae Mean ¢ po | "| em Seta te fo | | ise we on 16 | tel ye 16 [ite He 426 | We) 1’ | WS] WB | a 467 Jk 38! 20/| 2 | 20| 20 | 21-467 5 [Unknown (n= 34), 22 | 20 [22 | 22 ie * i 22 Mean a e208 Ton orem/s Graph: i 1 j Plot a is) against (+ axie or Staph of n (y axis) against L_ (x axis) and calculate the speed of sound by graph. Fem") i Slope = 42% : | XQ 7X, : V=4x sh = xslope =__ ems = a Also determine the unknown frequency (0,) from the graph 52ULATIONS /ROUGH WORK (OTES /CALCCaleulations : Obs. No Logn ea G*bh=e ‘Antilog (e) = 4nL- or oy | f — Mean (nL) = (1) Speed of Sound m(nL) = ___Hzem or em/s VAL) co =4x 20,775: 133 _--— —Hzem or em/s = 388 mis (2) Unknown frequency co mean (nL) Corrected length corresponding to the unknown frequency (L,) = 349 be Result : 1) Speed of sound in air at room temperature a) By calculation : v = 328 m/s b)By graph: v m 2) Unknown frequency of fork @) By calculation b) By graph Precautions: ._ Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad. . Hold the vibrating tuning fork just above the mouth of the resonance tube. . Do not bring ear close to the tube. |. While adjusting the resonating length, start with the minimum length of the air column and the tuning fork of highest frequency. . Tuning fork should not touch the resonance tube. . The prongs of the tuning fork must vibrate in vertical plane. Que: . What is meant by the term resonance ? Repe ae incceased...om, £ pplied peredt ce the...[Link] a the...natucal.2. What are forced oscillations ? are the sources of errors in this experiment ? Following...ace. the Source...0F..erno 4] Boekground naise.. ; the point..wher : bode. s IS.2ero..: Aotinodes...are... point -where..-the..amplitude. is. [Link]): &enerolly...on...the..bo 10y..0F..adjacent End. Correction. is the shee 60... the....acku al. length..0 obo... caleulate.:... the. Density...08..oir Humidyt OF...or. Remark and sign of teacher :Observations : Resistance (X,) = ------12 a Resistance (X,) = 1) For series combination [Resistance | Obs. Resistance from Position No. Resistance Box RQ i T 50 Series in > 2 left gap 5 go T 4o Series in > 50 right gap | — go 0 2) For parallel combination : [Resistance | Obs. | Resistance from Resistance Position | No. Box RQ Parallel in | 7 2 & left gap 5 —_ i a Parallel in } — te right gap 3 q 3) For series combination : Left gap ‘Obs. No eee as: Log = a Log #,= b c=(a¥b) | LogL,= 4 ¢-d=e Antiloge = X, L 2) For parallel combination: + Left gap Right gap Obs. No i pee eae 3 1 2 LogR = a |log@y=b c= (gt b) tae d (-d =e Antiloge = X,Calculations : , ) X,=R (¢) Mean X, =~. (experimental value) = 4 2) X,=R #) Mean X, =~ (experimental value) Result : 1) Inseries ©) Experimental value of X, b) Theoretical value of X= 2) In parallel ®) Experimental value of x, XxX, b) Th i X,= 2 ») Theoretical value of Capes +X; Hence law of series and Parallel resistances is verified. Precautions + 1. All the connections and plugs in the resistance box should be tight, - Null point is obtained in the middle (45 portion of the metre bridge wire, 2 3. Do not slide the jockey on the wire, 4. Remove the plug key after completion of experiment, 1, What is the balance point in a meter bridge? The. point. then golvanometer Show® null deFlection Called. metee bridge bolunce point isitance of a wire is X Q, If the wire is stretched to triple its length. What ¥ lance of the wire? [Link] = tL resistance length of wire, final fength.s. 8b | 4S a4 ‘ cinikial resistance = M- 3l: BMS Remark and sign of teacher;suggested additional experiments / Activities Replace the galvanometer with a torch bulb and repeat the experiment. Explain the variation in the glow of the bulb with position of jockey on the wire AC.Observation table : YD) Galvanometer in left gap [ Ot 1 2 60 4g 5! 51:64 55.15 3 To 4 54 S62 4 [ Calculations : Log calculation table: G=R fo lantilog e=G : | aan NEUENNenerereeeee ree | 2) Galvanometer in right gap '. the resistance of the galvanometer G — mean G (of left gap) + mean G (of right gop) ee right gop)Result : : The resistance of the galvanometer G = Q precautions : 1, Make all connections and the keys in the resistance box tight. : is 2. Adjust the resistance R such that the point lies in the middle one third of the meterbridge wire or between 30 cm and 70 em, preferably one reading near or on the mid of the bridge wire. Keep the circuit on only at the time of observation. Do not slide the jockey on the wire but tap it gently to get the exact null point. _ What is a balance point? he.r....0... Places... best anne. ter Cesiotance.Suggested additional experiments / Ac Use the values of G and value of full scale deflection ee Tesistance required to convert the galvanometer into on ammete Since na rity Value of one reading for 0. Also find the value of series resistance req enone in a voltmeter of suitable range. Verify the value for one reading of 0. ay : ! ities = 60%.9-46 2. 57:64. Fox 08S 5 54:62...potentiometer wire between the poi Now disconnect the cell E mt Asand P,. by opening key K, and connect the cell E,by closing key Ky * positions. port -If (Sum and difference method) 1, Care has to be taken that E,>E, &@E>E +E 3, Connect the circuit as shown in diagram (ii) such that the positive terminal of E, is connected tothe negative terminal of E,. In this case both eels assist each other i. sum method. Close the key K to bring the circuit in working, as current will start flowing, Adjust the theostat at minimum resistance for maximum current in the circuit. 3, Touch the jockey at one end of the potentiometer wire and note the direction of deflection inthe galvanometer. Touch the jockey at the other end of the potentiometer wire. Ifthe direction of deflection is Opposite to that in the first case, the connections are correct. (If the deflection is in the same direction then either connections are wrong or e.m.. of the cell used is less). Starting from the point A touch the jockey on the wire at various points and obtain the null point P,. Note the length L, of the potentiometer wire between the point A and P,. 4, Now connect cells, such that the negative terminal of E, is connected to the negative terminal of E,, In this case both cells oppose each other i.e. difference method. Obtain the null point P, ‘and note the length L, of the potentiometer wire between the points A and P, Make sure that rheostat position is same as in step 2. 5, Repeat the observations for cach sum and difference method by adjusting the rheostat at different positions. Observations :Part — 11 Sum method and difference method) Ea ETT | Balancing length wh cells oppose (E-£,) other in the circui | Balancing length when | colls assist (442;) each other in the circuit Mean 3-18 Calculations: Blu Ex: 2 beh Foote Et Uyete ee ee E2123 \) = 22446 _ p36 | Je. nr [Link] oS Ea 130 2) 24348 2 251 =hQ6 JEL 2 ae = eau 243-8 23 Eg (a7 S) 26d+lo = [+91 B mean = O For O93 46.44 ) Soa = 0-429 Men = 1+ O5 + 106 hol HOS * Wott hot af 3 = I-06 Result: 1) EYE, using separate or individual cell method 2) E/E, using sum and difference method =... Precautions: is Z 3, 4, - Inpart—I, see that Bs > £, and Bs > £,, |. For a given set, the setting of the rheostat should The balancing lengths should be measured from the point A. All the connections and plug keys should be tight, Inport=Il see that Es > £,+E, £5> EE, ond E, > B, be the same while determining point P, and P,.1. What is EMP of a CON or EMF...0F..0 Cel. blo. two. electrodes. of.0. dS. Ane. net...Vo Hage... + [Link]....half.-..Rx% 2. The Sioly...uged.....to....determine. whether. CONi... golvanic....or..mot: - “A... poretiometer...9...that. the pat ® ckepped Ot Uni. Fecm....CrooS..[Link]. Grcying ineotly....preo portion al...to..its. Remark and sign of teacher :> (5 - re aa = ola | as : | = (5 - 102) | see eae Oe er eda | leo | = ("5 - loa) | ee . ios otqg44 (us - Wor) yo \ — SOs Lec 2) Result: Internal resistance of the given cell, r=.9.».29]0. Precautions: 1. Once the rheostat is adjusted, the setting of the rheostat should not be changed throughout the experiment. 2, Current should be passed for a short time. 3. See that'E, > E, 1, What do you mean by the internal resistance of acell? : | resietance,..of...0.@....a..nesisbance.....oFfered...by “eleckrode....wwhen....curcent... Flows. electro. Iyte.....cind.... elec ppase..the..flo. >. What are the factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends? 1) ee bolya... bwo..€ Teckrodes......2-).[Link] electrode : ofe 4), ote ratfo.n.....d- 3. Does the internal resistance of cell depend on the ct ‘of. .resistance....of...Cell.. _.doe.s....8 “drawn... £60 the....Cells : surrent drawn from the cell? depends [Link] Remark and sign of teacherrea bias and determine its reverse 4 in revel ‘im To study the characterises of Ze 08® . breakdown voltage. Connest® Apparatus; DC power supply, Milli ‘Theory: The Zener diode is used 10 F°0"A is cor in the supply of load current. The Zener regula'0" V4. consi rectifier with the filter and the load-The Zener Pir connected in series with the input voltage Vs0"4 "tag with a breakdow 2 Quay load R, . The Zener diode is reverse biased. It Sty, -V, As long as V, is greater then Veisity the dested value ofthe output across the 1000: Rss" 7 age remains constant, Zener diode operates in the breakdown region and OUP Cireuit diagram: o g wires, etc. lumetes Vol tage across 0 load when there are ati Jate the vol og etween the Output of hey, sts of a current limiting regi Zener reg" “Zenet diode is connected in paralle] Wit, jiameter kdown voltage V V,= Variable input voltage I Variable D. oo. R, = Resistance poe orl mA = milliamete, 7 Z = Zener Diode vi R, = Load Resistance Procedure: — . Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Vary the voltage (Vi) of the D.C. supply as shown in t . Note the current through the Zenerdiode (I,)- . Measure the voltage across Zenerdiode (V;) . Plot a graph of I, (-ve Y axis) against V, (-ve X axis) 5. Note the breakdown voltage (V,). the observation table. AwEwNe Observation table: [Link]. | _ Input voltage Current through Zener (V) volts ‘ I,(mA) 1 ° 0 as t - 3 2 oO fs 3 ° Bs 4 © [6 5 o 1 6 0 8 6:2 Ort 9 i) Orr 10 66] oOResult: Breakdown voltage of zener diode (V,)=_6-2 volt Precautions: . |. All the connections should be tight. 2. Input voltage should be adjusted in suitable range. 4. Increase reverse voltage gradually. 2 aly. aie ae te. of droping Ci deogiky...Lf....0Me....j.9neces....0€. 4 Paoeeae 2. State the applications of Zener diode. 1e.....790d.....£0r...Mo.l-bage.. ae os, &. switching. 3. Distinguish between a Zener diode and a rectifier diode, Ghoclee....are 20. [Link]...a. Remark and sign of teacher :OR Gate n0.1, pin no, pare (OR GATE) zogic Equation peat Truth table for OR’ Gate NN IIIISSSSS-_C 8s. Land 2 are inputs nd pin no. 3 ig ‘output Observation table IC 7408 (AND GATE) Logic Equation Y=AB Truth table for 'AND' Gate Observation table INPUT OUT PUT INPUT OUT PUT A B Y A(Y) |B) Y(v) 0 0 0 oO ° o 0 1 0 oO | ° 1 0 0 \ ° oO 1 u 1 t t \ 3) Quad- dual- input NAND gate ICIC 7400 (NAND GATE) Logic Equation Y=aB Observation table IC 7402 (NOR GATE) Logic Equation Y=A+B : Truth table for ‘NOR’ Gate Observation table B7404 (HEX INVERTER) ny rosie! Equation 2k OT Gate Truth table for ‘NOT Garg OUTPUT Observation table AW) ¥V, 0 y a = Ean precautions ¢ 2 Jnput voltage must be 5 Volts, Connections should be made correctly. __ Grounding should be proper for j 4, Connections must be tight, input, zero volt, iH diffe i) ic IC esult:, The different Siven logic 1C's are tested and ther truth table is verified. \.Explain what are the basic logic elements 2, What are the applications of logic gates? NAN [Link]. 2 AO. RALGA SG. alee: dlso,.used....1.0... push... buttons,ACI EFFECT OF DETERGENT face tensi Aim: To study te effet of deere! OM i ta Apparatus : Travelling microscope, beaker Formula: p_ 9 rane 2cosO f water by capillary rise Methog, nd, water, detergent powder, ete jon o! Diagram : -¢— Rubber Tube ¢— Copillary Tube Field of view meniscus Pointer of water Procedure : 1, Determine the least count of travelling microscope. 2. Immerse the capillary tube vertically in the beaker containing water. 3. Remove the air bubbles by pressing the rubber tube. Adjust the level of water in the beaker so that meniscus in the bore of capillary should be above the edge of the beaker and below the lower edge of the capillary stand. . Adjust the tip of the pointer so that it just touches the level of water. Focus the travelling microscope on the meniscus such that the horizontal crosswire is tangential to the conver surface of the meniscus. Note the reading on vertical scale (h,) of travelling microscope. Remove the beaker without disturbing the position of the capillary tube. Adjust the microscope such that the horizontal crosswire is tat Record the reading onthe vertical scale (h,) of travelling mi Repeat the steps 2 to 6 for solution of detergent powder ingential to the tip of the poiater icroscope 7 e Observatio L.C. of travelling microscope: | Smallest division of main scale (P) Total no. of divisions on the Vernier scale QN) L.C. of travelling microscope (P/N)cm, ° Rise of water in capillary capillary. Therefor a 18 greater than ri ion in capillary. fo surface tension sta ‘an rise of soap solution in capil Steater than that of soap solution. Thus surface tension decreases due to the addition of detergent. i precautions ¢ 1, The capillary should be thoroughly cleaned, 1, Thete should be no air bubbles inside the Capillary. Capillary must be immersed in the liquid. The capillary should be vertical, 1, Why surface tension of a liquid decreases due to presence of detergent ? conssion ¢ OS... GurFace » Short... the: molecu Low ees.dulum. mm: To determine the length of the a ie pie Apparatus : Metal sphere (bob), inextensible stings calliper, ete. stand, meter scale, stop Watch, Ven Diagram : Rigid support Formula: : ee G4 Procedure : 1, Suspend the bob (radius given) from the fixed support of a retort stand by means of inextensible string . Adjust the length of the string to 80 cm. . Displace the bob to its equilibrium position and release so that it performs linear S.H.M. |. Measure the time (t) for 20 oscillations. . Record the observation for two sets of oscillations... .. Hence find the time period T= /20 (seconds). . Repeat the steps 4 to 7 by adjusting the lengths of the string 90 and 100 cm. maureen Observations: Radius of the bob = ..!.'28.. em Period of second’s pendulum T, = 2 sec Observations for period oscillations T : Period Obs. [Length of [Length of the No, the string | pendulum Time for 20 oscillations |T=120 tse | fem |L-€+nem | * ae ae i 1 8 | 8g 35° 2 90 6 —T37 3 100 205t : SS perio fo ik Oa (aigy 5 = Were - 266% d15)2 ao (3) | 4=-4(4) . Tw Y= 196 Gem | oul? of seconds pendulum L. = amplitude of oscillations should be small, «sing used in the experiment should be inextensible Ligh 5 cand light, Questio | pefine amplitude of SHM =sostions) fy ornplitede...ie. Si fiom 2...egh p Simple pendislorn” gessot hung..24....a.. Bening hong... WerHeally...f 4. Define force constant, 7 phys... force.....nok:.. boot 06. debined.....by... Hoo lee's... law. Cons. POL....PMECISNY cocci 4. What is a seconds pendulum ? f Seconds pendulum...i2.a.. perclulum...cuhos®. period a Me isely. Luo....GeConde....ne...de cond... Fo.r..awing In, one dir 2 one Second for the..rebucn.. Swing Kemark and sign of teacher“ACTIVITY NO. 3 “MLDE'S EXPERIMENT ‘ne formation of stationary waves and determine unknown Frequency . a te Aim: To demonstral . tuning fork by Melde's experiment. Apparatus: A tuning fork, light flexible string, light pan, weight box, rubber, metréseqje tt, Diagram: o- w ne Strings (b) Procedure: Tie one end of the string to one of the prongs of the tuning fork and the other end to a light pon . Pass the string over the pulley. Adjust the pulley such that the string is horizontal. . Adjust the length of the string (between the tuning fork and pulley) to be one metre. Adjust the tuning fork in the parallel/perpendicular position. . Keep the string under a suitable tension by adding weights to the pan. 1. Set the tuning fork vibrating by striking one of its prongs gently with a rubber hammer. . Adjust the tension (T) in the vibrating string such that a stable pattern of distinct loops are formed on the string. (Nodes should be well-defined.) . Count the number of loops (P) formed on the vibrating string. . Repeat the procedure to obtain different number of loops by changing the tension, keeping the Jength of the vibrating string constant throughout the experiment, 10, Calculate TP? RaAUwaALRE Observations: 1, Mass of the pan = M, ese 9 (Weight = M_ gwt) 2. Linear density (mass per unit length) of the string = m 2,1%!° g/cm Parallel position/Perpendicular positionoC iy a pizio Gl 1616106 1+ 10536 (S06 4 Meee nce 2, eens = Bang aay eee : 1, Indetermination of the linear densi of the stri is il ne ae string, choose the string as long as possible so that 2, Strike the tuning fork gently with a Tuber hammer, 5 Thepan should be light. Tt should not touch the table or stand. |, What are the stationary waves? |Kemark and sign of teacherquid. floss of heat of ali i ‘ale 0! Aim; To study the factors affecting ther! two thermometers, stand, hot rea of cross-section, Apparatus: Two calorimeters of same bath, liquid (water), ete: Newton's law of cooling + The rate of loss of heat of ab of the body and that of the surrounding, # 00), B-Kew . finn diff Where K is constant which depent a aperature difference, i) mass of the liquid, i) specific heat ofthe liquid od a a For same temperature difference, rate of cooling dep* i) Area of the surface of the body. ii) Nature of the surface of the body: iil) Material of the body. Procedure : Perform Newton’s laws of cooling experiment an condition). Condition ; * . Take same amount of liquid in similar: calorimeters, one having black painted surface, ‘and other having polished surface. (Area and material same.) dy is directly proportional to difference between temper ody i provided the difference is small. ate \d repeat it as per following condition (any one Observation : 1, Least count of thermometer = —-—~"C 2. Least count of stop clock = ‘Ob: No. | Time in min. | Temperature of | [Link]. | Time in min. | Temperature of water °C water °C I ol 66 16 ° 66 1 63 17 1 6d 3 2 6L 18 2 —6r 4 3 Gh 19 a 54 > 4 \ 20 4 58 6 5 60 21 5 56 é 54 22 laa | 8 1 5B 2B 7 33 - $ 51 24 Zz {to a 6 5 - 5 T 4 50 Bl lo 56 26 leas le 44 u 5S 27 ul us 13 12 68 28 iz — a 4 3 Ee ee 2) 13 15 14 53 30 1 Plot the graph of temperature against time on the same graph paper f i Compare the cooling curves iph paper for liquids in two.“Seale : Drainy Seale On Xeaxi I On Yeux} 6 io Calorimeter 4 3 i 3 Diagram A 4.4: oe 5 Calorimeter lime for graphs for calor i ¢ urea and having small/ polished surface area : c/ blackened : Calorimeter B having large! bi ime(minute) —, xX Qo. Tim surface area = i ‘| i meter cs fester in case of @ Calorimeter, painted black 4s compared to cooling in ealorim oi face is polished. eos Li sure thatthe bulb of thermometer is well inside te water, e A . onvection ¥ jeenelosure should have proper insulation ‘0 avoid loss ofheat due to conduction orc sie © spot water. * thimble or calorimeter should be dry from outside, the heat...energy, fuch....08.: Beaker. urhose. surface, becavse....accoreling...4 black. ~ body...1'5...4 fontaine. will ‘Remark and ‘ign of teacher +acrivin’ NerTH LENGTH OF Wipp, RIATION OF POTENTIAL DRO - ire for a steady current, \ th ofa wire . Jrop with leng! . Vinw To study the variation eee wall), plug KO% voltmeter, rheostat, ini, battery (or det 2 ete, \pporams © Potentiomete connecting wire Cirenit diogram : Formulas For @ potentiometer wire of uniform density and cross-sectional area carrying q steady current, potential drop (V) is proportional to length (£) of the wire, Potential gradient k = V/€ Procedure : 1 2. 3, Arrange and connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram close the key K. Touch the jockey at length 60 em of the wire from end A. Note down the voltmeter reading, Touch the jockey at different length such as, 120 cm, 180 cm, 240 cm of the wire from end A cand note the voltmeter reading in each case, Observations : Least count of voltmeter = —-----V Ob. No. | Length of potentiometer | Voltmeter Reading | v wire 2 ‘em Volt Ratio = ven So O:4k | loo O46 —— soy SS TIT EE TITER TEESE caeutioms Tee ey pestll = Potential gradient V/L= 9909 ven 22218 constant, 1, All the connections should be tight 2, By closing the key “K” adjust the rheostat so tha the voltmeter gives full scale deflection. 4. and. bilo: Ky... ne...local...cate...ak.. wor. -theplacement, 1, Define potential gradient, 2. What is advantage of potentiometer over voltmeter? The... advcintage.....0.£...0..[Link]: meter.......2....that....the.... potentiometer, Corrent.... Flaw. dhe...circuit....Jn h tmeter.. draws... dame... amoont....0.F....Cerrent...ia Case....0F...high..... Volkage...mhich... resvids...{o...Same., errors in. the... pee [Link], Voltmeter. Remark and sign of teacher +...grunsistor :When Negative Probe of p ” , ‘ 2) tle of DMM is connected tg IM is connected to base terminal and pos! io! Cither at Ford bias “olletor tenminalor emitter terminal, it will sh pest the positive probe °fDMM tot ; . he ; 3) pnect the negative probe jn Centre terminal of any transistor (npn oF PAP) hi Pn to ot c 4)“ yn itis MB transistor ang the nn %° terminals. IF both the times forward bi sh mn I Centre termmin ys sre above condition isnot satising paste “base? > Fepeat with other two terminals until you find the fy the test for 3 yrnone of the three terminals Satis stor. “base” terminal, then this may be P! ce the negative probe of connect i of DMM t : Be 0 pM IM to remaining terminals f re Centre terminal of the transistor and positive prob im, the times forward bias j jfboth sis shown, t walt te th 9 ptansistor. Ifthe above condition ene sected centr terminal is “base” and its | fd the ‘base “ot Satisfied, repeat with other two terminals, until yo directional fl A ‘To see the uni low of current i . i W sl the diode-check range cn in case of a diode and an LED. 2) Connect the two probes of DMM to two terminals of a diode/an LED. incase ofa diode - | When the negative probe of DMM is connected tothe cathode (ie, (n) terminal adjacent to sng marked on diode) it will show forward bias. Thus curent (lows through diode, When th | DMM probes are interchanged, it will show reverse bias or open circuit, That is, no current flows through diode. Thus there is unidirectional flow of current in a diode. ! Incase of an When positive probe of DMM is connected to anode (long terminal of LED) and negativc probe of DMM is connected to cathode (short terminal of LED) DMM will show forward bias LED lights up indicating flow of current. When DMM probes are interchanged, DMM will show reverse bias. LED does not light up. indicating no flow of current. Thus, there is unidirectional flow of current in LED. i) To check whether a given electronic component (diode, transistor) is in working order. | Test the component using the above procedure. 2Diode/LED must satisfy both forward bias and reverse bias tests, itis in working order. An case of a transistor, “base” identification test should be checked, so that it is in working order. If base’ is not identified, then transistor is not in working order, ‘Forward bias Reverse bias P a a cB BE ‘Type of transistor == = NPN =| = PNPResutt : 1. Transistor is 2. Transistor is 3. Diode is ‘ar out it : 1. Tum the function knob of the DMM/Multimeter gently so as not fo Wear oUt HS Contact poi, inside. 2. Switch off the Multimeter. (ie. tum its function knob to the OFF position) when not using i Questions } 1. Which type of error is present in multimeter? Re Solution & Accurocy Absolute aceuracy 1 the error oF the raeeserement Compored to a perFect measurement mpored ty O perfect mesurement Grper Re “ane acu racy iS thee error oF the measurement Compared to the device used to Hoot Colibrate the multimeter mult meter cltta shee t> provide relative ACcura cy" 2. Can we distinguish between Zener diode and rectifier diode using a multimeter? Although the g are both Called diodes they have Very different useS* In thio Circuit they have used a Siv Zener diode - SF you were to use a multimeter across all the other Voltage 15 dro other pred across the Graponent to the Circuit: K and sign of teacherhe corresponding resistance, - down t Increase distance ‘a’ by: 3 em each time and note dove Plot a graph of R against Vi? [eit ah \ Ba | 5 1-925 6-00 oy 2 2 408 | 8:0025| 26 3 ad | 5 | GUS fa-oolél yg 4 304 ______30 qoo | goat! | {I Seen a Gece ne 1225 o-o0e%| ay : | tara i [600 60006 | ge 7 mA i | 2025 60004 | oy : ag 50 2500 6 +0004] 64 mi I a 55 3025 0 +0003) os Croph: \ graph of R aginst 1/d? ° (RQ) Vé'(em The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of distance between the source and the surface on which light falls. As the intensity of light decreases, the resistance of LDR increases. The graph of R against 1/d? shows the exponential decrease, Precautions : The light from outside should not fall on the LDR. The box is blackened from inside, so that light scattered or reflected from interior of enclosure does not fall on LDR. What is the relationship between intensity of light and resistance ? Resi stance 16 inversly, “propor tianal bs tensity of lige... ) State the applications of LDR. Alormn lec, Slreet light) light intensity Remark and sign of teacher¥= +: ayD9