Lecture 1: Introduction to Computer Systems
1. Overview of the Lecture
This lecture introduces the fundamental concepts of computer systems—what they are,
how they work, and why they matter. It provides a foundation for understanding modern
computing environments, the components that make up a computer system, and how
these components interact to execute tasks.
2. What Is a Computer System?
A computer system is an integrated set of hardware and software components designed
to receive, process, store, and output data.
Key Characteristics
• Electronic: Uses digital circuits.
• Automatic: Executes instructions without continual human intervention.
• Programmable: Can be configured to perform a wide variety of tasks.
• Data-driven: Operates on input data to produce meaningful outputs.
Core Functions
1. Input
Accepting data or instructions from the outside world.
2. Processing
Manipulating data through computational operations.
3. Storage
Retaining data temporarily or permanently.
4. Output
Presenting results in human- or machine-readable form.
5. Control
Coordinating the activities of all components.
3. Components of a Computer System
A. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer.
Major Hardware Components
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
o Often called the “brain” of the computer.
o Performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
o Controls the flow of data between system units.
2. Memory (Primary Storage)
o RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary, volatile.
o ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile, stores permanent instructions.
3. Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)
o HDDs, SSDs, flash drives.
o Stores data and software long-term.
4. Input Devices
o Keyboard, mouse, scanner, camera, sensors.
5. Output Devices
o Monitor, printer, speakers.
6. Motherboard & Buses
o Connects all components.
o Data buses ensure communication across units.
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
o Converts electricity into usable power for components.
B. Software
Software refers to the programmes and instructions that tell hardware what to do.
Two Major Categories
1. System Software
o Operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS).
o Device drivers.
o Utility programmes.
2. Application Software
o Word processors, browsers, games, data analysis tools.
o Specialised software: medical, engineering, business systems.
Role of the Operating System
• Manages hardware resources.
• Provides a user interface.
• Manages files and memory.
• Facilitates multitasking.
4. Types of Computer Systems
A. Personal Computers
• Laptops, desktops, all-in-one devices.
B. Mobile Devices
• Smartphones, tablets.
C. Servers & Data Centres
• Handle high-volume processing and data storage.
D. Embedded Systems
• Found in appliances, vehicles, IoT devices.
E. Supercomputers
• Extremely high computational capability.
F. Distributed & Cloud Systems
• Computing resources spread across networks and the cloud.
5. Data Representation in Computer Systems
Computer systems operate using binary forms of data.
Key Concepts
• Bits (binary digits): 0 and 1.
• Bytes: 8 bits.
• Number systems: binary, decimal, hexadecimal.
• Encoding:
o Text: ASCII, Unicode
o Images: pixel representation
o Sound: sampled waveforms
6. How Computer Systems Work Together
Computer systems operate based on the fetch–decode–execute cycle:
1. Fetch – Retrieve an instruction from memory.
2. Decode – Interpret what the instruction means.
3. Execute – Carry out the instruction.
7. Categories of Computer Users
• End users: Individuals interacting with applications.
• Power users: Use advanced features for productivity.
• Developers: Write and maintain software.
• System administrators: Configure and secure systems.
8. Importance of Computer Systems in Modern Society
• Improve efficiency and automation.
• Enhance communication globally.
• Enable data-driven decision making.
• Power sectors: education, health, agriculture, finance, governance.
• Support AI and emerging technologies.
9. Emerging Trends in Computer Systems
• Cloud Computing and Virtualization.
• Internet of Things (IoT).
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
• Quantum Computing.
• Cybersecurity Focus.
• Big Data.
• Blockchain and Cryptocurrency.
• Green Computing and Sustainability.
10. Summary
This lecture outlined the foundations of computer systems, including their components,
how they function, and why they matter in modern digital life. Understanding these
fundamentals prepares you for advanced topics such as operating systems, networks,
algorithms, and artificial intelligence.
Lecture 1: Examples
Example 1: How a Computer Executes a Simple Instruction
Task: Display the sum of 2 + 3 on the screen.
Step-by-step illustration
1. Input:
User types 2 + 3 using a keyboard.
2. Processing:
o CPU fetches instruction.
o ALU performs addition (2 + 3 = 5).
o Control Unit instructs where the result should go.
3. Output:
Screen displays:
Result = 5
Example 2: Examples of Real-World Computer Systems
• ATM Machines: Embedded systems with secure processors.
• Smartphones: Integrate CPU, GPU, sensors, and radio modules.
• Traffic Control Systems: Distributed systems managing signals.
• Cloud Computing: Virtualised servers delivering services over the Internet.