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[Link] Introduction
What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van
Rossum, and released in 1991.
It is used for:
● web development (server-side),
● software development,
● mathematics,
● system scripting.
What can Python do?
● Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
● Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
● Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify
files.
● Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex
mathematics.
● Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development.
Why Python?
 ● Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,
Raspberry Pi, etc).
● Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
● Python has a syntax that allows developers to write programs with
fewer lines than some other programming languages.
● Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be
executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be
very quick.
● Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way, or a
functional way.

Good to know
● The most recent major version of Python is Python 3, which we shall
be using in this tutorial. However, Python 2, although not being
updated with anything other than security updates, is still quite popular.
● In this tutorial, Python will be written in a text editor. It is possible to
write Python in an Integrated Development Environment, such as
Thonny, Pycharm, Netbeans, or Eclipse which are particularly useful
when managing larger collections of Python files.
Python Syntax compared to other programming languages
● Python was designed for readability and has some similarities to the
English language with influence from mathematics.
● Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other
programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
● Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions, and classes. Other programming
languages often use curly brackets for this purpose.
Example
print("Hello, World!")

Definition and Usage

The print() function prints the specified message to the screen or another
standard output device.
The message can be a string or any other object, the object will be converted
into a string before written to the screen.

Syntax
print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end, file=file, flush=flush)

Parameter Values
Parameter Description
object(s) Any object, and as many as you like. Will be converted to a string before printed

sep='separator' Optional. Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one. Default
is ' '

end='end' Optional. Specify what to print at the end. Default is '\n' (line feed)

file Optional. An object with a write method. Default is [Link]

flush Optional. A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or buffered

(False). Default is False
 [Link] Getting Started
Python Install
Many PCs and Macs will have python already installed.
To check if you have python installed on a Windows PC, search in the start
bar for Python or run the following on the Command Line ([Link]):
C:\Users\Your Name>python --version
To check if you have python installed on a Linux or Mac, then on Linux open
the command line or on Mac open the Terminal, and type:
python --version
If you find that you do not have python installed on your computer, then you
can download it for free from the following website: [Link]

Python Quickstart
Python is an interpreted programming language, this means that as a
developer you write Python (.py) files in a text editor and then put those files
into the python interpreter to be executed.
The way to run a python file is like this on the command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python [Link]
Where "[Link]" is the name of your python file.
Let's write our first Python file, called [Link], which can be done in
any text editor.
print("Hello, World!")
Simple as that. Save your file. Open your command line, navigate to the
directory where you saved your file, and run:
C:\Users\Your Name>python [Link]
The output should read: Hello, World!
Congratulations, you have written and executed your first Python
program!
The Python Command Line
To test a short amount of code in python sometimes it is the quickest and
easiest not to write the code in a file. This is made possible because Python
can be run as a command-line itself.
Type the following on the Windows, Mac, or Linux command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python
Or, if the "python" command did not work, you can try "py":
C:\Users\Your Name>py
From there you can write any python, including our hello world example
from earlier in the tutorial:
C:\Users\Your Name>python
Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit
(Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("Hello, World!")
Which will write "Hello, World!" in the command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python
Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit
(Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Whenever you are done in the python command line, you can simply type the
following to quit the python command-line interface: exit()
 [Link] Syntax
Execute Python Syntax
As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can be executed by
writing directly in the Command Line:
>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Or by creating a python file on the server, using the .py file extension, and
running it in the Command Line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python [Link]
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for
readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation!

[Link] Comments
 ● Comments can be used to explain Python code.
● Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
● Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.
Creating a Comment
Comments start with a #, and Python will ignore them:
#This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")
Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and Python will ignore the rest
of the line:
print("Hello, World!") #This is a comment
A comment does not have to be text that explains the code, it can also be
used to prevent Python from executing code:
#print("Hello, World!")
print("Cheers, Mate!")

Multi-Line Comments
Python does not really have a syntax for multi-line comments.
To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each line.
#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")
Or, not quite as intended, you can use a multiline string.
Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a variable, you
can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and place your
comment inside it:
"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")

[Link] Variables
Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Creating Variables
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
x=5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)
Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type, and can
even change type after they have been set.
x=4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)

Casting
If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be done with
casting.
x = str(3) # x will be '3'
y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0

Get the Type

You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
x=5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))

Single or Double Quotes?

String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes:
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'

Case-Sensitive
Variable names are case-sensitive.
a=4
A = "Sally"
#A will not overwrite a

Python - Variable Names

Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:
● A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
● A variable name cannot start with a number
● A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
● Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age, and AGE are three
different variables)
Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"
Remember that variable names are case-sensitive
Multi Words Variable Names
Variable names with more than one word can be difficult to read.
There are several techniques you can use to make them more readable:

Camel Case
Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter:
myVariableName = "John"

Pascal Case
Each word starts with a capital letter:
MyVariableName = "John"

Snake Case
Each word is separated by an underscore character:
my_variable_name = "John"

Python Variables - Assign Multiple

Values
Many Values to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Note: Make sure the number of variables matches the number of values, or
else you will get an error.

One Value to Multiple Variables

And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

Unpack a Collection
If you have a collection of values in a list, tuple, etc. Python allows you
extract the values into variables. This is called unpacking.
Learn more about unpacking in Tuples Chapter.

Python - Output Variables

Output Variables
The Python print statement is often used to output variables.
To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the + character:
Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)
You can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable:
Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z= x+y
print(z)
For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator:
Example
x=5
y = 10
print(x + y)

[Link] Operators
Python Operators
Operators are used to performing operations on variables and values.
In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
Example
print(10 + 5)
Python divides the operators into the following groups:
● Arithmetic operators
● Assignment operators
● Comparison operators
● Logical operators
● Identity operators
● Membership operators
● Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
mathematical operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y

Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assigning values to variables:

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
 &= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to comparing the objects, not if they are equal, but
if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables are the same object x is y
Is not Returns True if both variables are not the same x is not y
object

Python Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to testing if a sequence is presented in an
object:
Operator Description Example

in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object x in y

not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the x not in y
object

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to comparing two values:
 Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Python Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combining conditional statements:
Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10

or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4

not Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true not(x < 5 and x < 10)

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to comparing (binary) numbers:
Operator Name Description

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits

<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall
shift off

>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let
shift the rightmost bits fall off
 [Link] Operators
Built-in Data Types
In programming, the data type is an important concept.
Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Getting the Data Type

You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function:
Example
Print the data type of the variable x:
x=5
print(type(x))
Setting the Data Type
In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable:

Example Data Type

x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"}) frozenset
x = True bool
x = b"Hello" bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
Setting the Specific Data Type
If you want to specify the data type, you can use the following constructor
functions:

Example Data Type

x = str("Hello World") str
x = int(20) int
x = float(20.5) float
x = complex(1j) complex
x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) list
x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) tuple
x = range(6) range
x = dict(name="John", age=36) dict
x = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) set
x = frozenset(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) frozenset
x = bool(5) bool
x = bytes(5) bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
 [Link] Numbers
Python Numbers
There are three numeric types in Python:
● int
● float
● complex
Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them:
Example
x=1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex
To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function:
Example
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Int
Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of
unlimited length.
Example
Integers:
x=1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Float
Float, or "floating-point number" is a number, positive or negative,
containing one or more decimals.
Example
Floats:
x = 1.10
y = 1.0
z = -35.59
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
Example
Floats:
x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Complex
Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:
Example
Complex:
x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Type Conversion
You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and
complex() methods:
Example
Convert from one type to another:
x=1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex
#convert from int to float:
a = float(x)
#convert from float to int:
b = int(y)
#convert from int to complex:
c = complex(x)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
Note: You cannot convert complex numbers into another number type.
 [Link] Strings

Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks or double
quotation marks.
'hello' is the same as "hello".
You can display a string literal with the print() function:
Example
print("Hello")
print('Hello')

Assign String to a Variable

Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by
an equal sign and the string:
Example
a = "Hello"
print(a)

Multiline Strings
You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes:
Example
You can use three double quotes:
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)
Or three single quotes:
Example
a = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.'''
print(a)

Note: in the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same position as in the
code.

Strings are Arrays

Like many other popular programming languages, strings in Python are
arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters.
However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character is
simply a string with a length of 1.
Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.
Example
Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has the
position 0):
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])

Looping Through a String

Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters in a string, with a
for a loop.
Example
Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
Learn more about For Loops in our Python For Loops chapter.
String Length
To get the length of a string, use the len() function.
Example
The len() function returns the length of a string:
a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))

Check String
To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can use the
keyword in.
Example
Check if "free" is present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("free" in txt)
Use it in an if statement:
Example
Print only if "free" is present:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
if "free" in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
Learn more about If statements in our Python If...Else chapter.

Check if NOT
To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in a string, we can
use the keyword not in.
Example
Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("expensive" not in txt)
Use it in an if statement:
Example
print only if "expensive" is NOT present:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
if "expensive" not in txt:
print("Yes, 'expensive' is NOT present.")

Python - Slicing Strings

Slicing
You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a
part of the string.
Example
Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
Note: The first character has an index of 0.

Slice From the Start

By leaving out the start index, the range will start at the first character:
Example
Get the characters from the start to position 5 (not included):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[:5])
Slice To the End
By leaving out the end index, the range will go to the end:
Example
Get the characters from position 2, and all the way to the end:
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:])

Negative Indexing
Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string:
Example
Get the characters:
From: "o" in "World!" (position -5)
To, but not included: "d" in "World!" (position -2):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])

Python - Modify Strings

Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings.

Upper Case
Example
The upper() method returns the string in the upper case:
a = "Hello, World!"
print([Link]())

Lower Case
Example
The lower() method returns the string in lower case:
a = "Hello, World!"
print([Link]())

Remove Whitespace
Whitespace is the space before and/or after the actual text, and very often you
want to remove this space.
Example
The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning else the end:
a = " Hello, World! "
print([Link]()) # returns "Hello, World!"

Replace String
Example
The replace() method replaces a string with another string:
a = "Hello, World!"
print([Link]("H", "J"))

Split String
The split() method returns a list where the text between the specified
separator becomes the list items.
Example
The split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds instances of the
separator:
a = "Hello, World!"
print([Link](",")) # returns ['Hello', ' World!']
Learn more about Lists in our Python Lists chapter.
Python - String Concatenation
String Concatenation
To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the + operator.
Example
Merge variable a with variable b into variable c:
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+b
print(c)

Example
To add a space between them, add a " ":
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+""+b
print(c)

Python - Format - Strings

String Format
As we learned in the Python Variables chapter, we cannot combine strings
and numbers like this:
Example
age = 36
txt = "My name is John, I am " + age
print(txt)
But we can combine strings and numbers by using the format() method!
The format() method takes the passed arguments, formats them, and places
them in the string where the placeholders {} are:
Example
Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings:
age = 36
txt = "My name is John, and I am {}"
print([Link](age))
The format() method takes unlimited number of arguments, and are placed
into the respective placeholders:
Example
quantity = 3
itemno = 567
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."
print([Link](quantity, itemno, price))
You can use index numbers {0} to be sure the arguments are placed in the
correct placeholders:

Example
quantity = 3
itemno = 567
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."
print([Link](quantity, itemno, price))

Python - Escape Characters

Escape Character
To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character.
An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to
insert.
An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a string that is
surrounded by double quotes:
Example
You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string that is
surrounded by double quotes:
txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north."
To fix this problem, use the escape character \":
Example
The escape character allows you to use double quotes when you normally
would not be allowed:
txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north."

Escape Characters
Other escape characters used in Python:

Code Result
\' Single Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
 \t Tab
\b Backspace
\f Form Feed
\ooo Octal value
\xhh Hex value

Python - String Methods

String Methods
Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings.
Note: All string methods return new values. They do not change the original
string.

Method Description
capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
center() Returns a centered string

count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a

string
encode() Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string
format_map() Formats specified values in a string
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals

isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits

isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join() Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string

ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string

lower() Converts a string into lower case
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string
maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations
partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a
specified value
rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last
position of where it was found

zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the

beginning
rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last
position of where it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string

rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case

translate() Returns a translated string

upper() Converts a string into upper case

_________________________________________________________
 [Link] Casting
Specify a Variable Type
There may be times when you want to specify a type on to a variable. This
can be done with casting. Python is an object-orientated language, and as
such it uses classes to define data types, including its primitive types.
Casting in python is therefore done using constructor functions:
● int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal
(by removing all decimals), or a string literal (providing the string
represents a whole number)
● float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal
or a string literal (providing the string represents a float or an integer)
● str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including
strings, integer literals and float literals
Example
Integers:
x = int(1) # x will be 1
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
z = int("3") # z will be 3
Floats:
x = float(1) # x will be 1.0
y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2
Strings:
x = str("s1") # x will be 's1' y = str(2) # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'
 [Link] Booleans
Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.
Boolean Values
In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or False.
You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two answers, True
or False.
When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python
returns the Boolean answer:
Example
print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)
When you run a condition in an if statement, Python returns True or False:
Example
Print a message based on whether the condition is True or False:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

Evaluate Values and Variables

The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give you True or
False in return,
Example
Evaluate a string and a number:
print(bool("Hello"))
print(bool(15))

Example
Evaluate two variables:
x = "Hello"
y = 15
print(bool(x))
print(bool(y))

Most Values are True

Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.
Any string is True, except empty strings.
Any number is True, except 0.
Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.
Example
The following will return True:
bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])

Some Values are False

In fact, there are not many values that evaluate to False, except empty values,
such as (), [], {}, "", the number 0, and the value None. And of course the
value False evaluates to False.
Example
The following will return False:
bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})
One more value, or object in this case, evaluates to False, and that is if you
have an object that is made from a class with a __len__ function that returns
0 or False:
Example
class myclass():
def __len__(self):
return 0
myobj = myclass()
print(bool(myobj))

Functions can Return a Boolean

You can create functions that returns a Boolean Value:
Example
Print the answer of a function:
def myFunction() :
return True
print(myFunction())
You can execute code based on the Boolean answer of a function:
Example
Print "YES!" if the function returns True, otherwise print "NO!":
def myFunction() :
return True
if myFunction():
print("YES!")
else:
print("NO!")
Python also has many built-in functions that return a boolean value, like the
isinstance() function, which can be used to determine if an object is of a
certain data type:
Example
Check if an object is an integer or not:
x = 200
print(isinstance(x, int))

[Link] Lists
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

List