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Probability Concepts and Examples

The document discusses fundamental concepts of probability, including sample space, events, and probability measures, illustrated through various examples. It covers the Kolmogorov axioms, intersection, union, and complementary events, as well as counting techniques and probability trees. Additionally, it presents practical examples such as card drawing probabilities and the birthday problem.

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musakerimov228
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11 views50 pages

Probability Concepts and Examples

The document discusses fundamental concepts of probability, including sample space, events, and probability measures, illustrated through various examples. It covers the Kolmogorov axioms, intersection, union, and complementary events, as well as counting techniques and probability trees. Additionally, it presents practical examples such as card drawing probabilities and the birthday problem.

Uploaded by

musakerimov228
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PROBABILITY: DEFINITIONS AND

PROPERTIES
SAMPLE SPACE, EVENT,
PROBABILITY MEASURE
EXAMPLE 1

Consider the random experiment of tossing a coin


three times.
(a) Find the sample of this experiment.
(b) Find the outcomes of the event of obtaining more
than one head
KOLMOGOROV AXIOMS
EXAMPLE 2

Consider the sample space S = {1,2,3}. Suppose that


Pr({1,2}) = 0.5 and Pr({2,3}) = 0.7.
Is Pr a valid probability measure? Justify your answer.
EXAMPLE 4

A hand of 5 cards is dealt from a deck. Let E be the


event that the hand contains 5 aces. List the elements of
E and find Pr(E).
EXAMPLE 5
What is the probability of drawing an ace from a
well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards?
EXAMPLE 6

What is the probability of rolling a 3 or a 4 with a


fair die?
EXAMPLE 7 (BIRTHDAY PROBLEM)

In a room containing n people, calculate the chance


that at least two of them have the same birthday.
REMARK
PROBABILITY OF INTERSECTION,
UNION, AND COMPLEMENTARY
EVENT
EXAMPLE 1

The Probability that a senior citizen in a nursing home without a pneumonia


shot will get pneumonia is 0.45. What is the probability that a senior citizen
without pneumonia shot will not get pneumonia.
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
THEOREM 1
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 6
THEOREM 2
EXAMPLE 8
PROBABILITY AND COUNTING
TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
PROBABILITY TREES

Probability trees can be used to compute the probabilities


of combined outcomes in a sequence of experiment.
EXAMPLE 3

Construct the probability three of the


experiment of flipping a fair coin.
MULTIPLICATION RULE FOR
PROBABILITIES FOR THREE
DIAGRAMS
For all multistage experiments, the probability of the
outcome along any path of a three diagram is equal
to the product of all the probabilities along the path.
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 6
EXAMPLE 6

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