Ryan International School
Sanpada
Physics project
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Physics Project
Name: Anshuman Mandarekar
Class/Division: 12th D
Roll No: 8
Topic: To investigate the relation between the ratio of
1) Output and Input voltage
2) Number of turns in secondary and primary coil
Date of Submission:
Teachers name: [Link] Arulmani
Teacher’s Remark:
Teacher’s Signature:
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Certificate
This is to certify that, a student of class XII-D, has
successfully completed the project on the topic “To
investigate relation between ratio of Input and output
voltage and number of turns in primary and secondary
coil. This project is genuine and does not involve any
plagiarism of any kind. References taken in making this
project have been declared at the end of the report
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
Principal’s Signature School Stam
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special gratitude to our
Principal Ma'am Mrs. Muriel Fernandes of Ryan
International School, Sanpada for always
encouraging us to excel in all that we do
I would like to thank my teacher Mrs. Shweta
Sharma Ma'am for her continuous encouragement
and immense motivation which sustain my efforts at
all stages of this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends
for helping me in the completion of this project
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Index
[Link] Topic
1) Introduction
2) Aim
3) Apparatus Required
4) Theory
5) Principle
6) Construction
7) Procedure
8) Observation
9) Result
10) Conclusion
11) Precaution and sources of error
12) Bibliography
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Introduction
To investigate the relationship between voltage ratio and
turns in a self-designed transformer, you will build a
transformer and measure the input and output voltages
for various configurations of primary and secondary coils.
The core principle is that the ratio of the output voltage
(Vs) to the input voltage (Vp) is approximately equal to the
ratio of the number of turns on the secondary coil (Ns) to
the number of turns on the primary coil (Np)given by the
formula Vs/Vp=Ns/Np
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Aim
The main objective of this project is to experimentally
verify the relationship between the voltage ratio (input
and output voltages) and the turns ratio (number of turns
in the primary and secondary coils) of a transformer, and
to confirm that:
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
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Apparatus Required
1. AC source with adjustable frequency
2. Inductor (coil)
3. Resistor or bulb
4. Connecting wires
5. Voltmeter & Ammeter
6. Breadboard or circuit board
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Theory
A transformer is an electrical device used to increase or
decrease alternating current (AC) voltage while
maintaining the same frequency. It works on the principle
of electromagnetic induction — the phenomenon where a
changing magnetic flux linked with a coil induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in another nearby coil.
A transformer essentially consists of two coils:
1. Primary Coil (Nₚ): The coil connected to the input AC
voltage source.
2. Secondary Coil (Nₛ): The coil connected to the output
circuit.
Both coils are wound around a soft iron core, which serves
to efficiently transfer the magnetic flux from the primary
to the secondary coil.
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Principle
This experiment is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, first discovered by Michael
Faraday.
According to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an
electromotive force (EMF) is induced in that coil. The
magnitude of the induced EMF is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux.
Mathematically,
𝑑Φ
𝐸 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
where
• 𝐸= induced EMF,
• 𝑁= number of turns in the coil,
𝑑Φ
•
𝑑𝑡
= rate of change of magnetic flux,
• the negative sign (−) shows the direction of induced
EMF as per Lenz’s Law, opposing the cause that
produces it.
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Construction
1. Take a soft iron core in a laminated rectangular or E-
shaped form.
2. Wind two separate coils of insulated copper wire on
the core:
o The primary coil (Nₚ) — connected to the A.C.
power supply.
o The secondary coil (Nₛ) — connected to the
voltmeter to measure the output voltage.
3. Keep the coils electrically insulated from each other
but magnetically linked through the iron core.
4. Fix the entire setup on a non-conducting base (wood
or plastic) to ensure safety.
5. Connect the input terminals of the primary coil to the
A.C. source through a switch.
6. Connect the secondary coil terminals to an A.C.
voltmeter to measure the induced voltage.
7. Ensure proper insulation and firm connections to
avoid energy loss or short circuits.
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Procedure
1. Assemble the self-designed transformer as described
in the construction section.
2. Connect the primary coil (Nₚ) to a low-voltage A.C.
power supply (e.g., 6V or 12V).
3. Connect an A.C. voltmeter (Vₚ) across the primary coil
to measure the input voltage.
4. Connect another A.C. voltmeter (Vₛ) across the
secondary coil to measure the output voltage.
5. Ensure all connection
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Observation
During the experiment, the input voltage (Vₚ) across
the primary coil was kept constant, and the number of
turns in the secondary coil (Nₛ) was varied while
measuring the corresponding output voltage (Vₛ).
The readings were recorded to verify the relationship
between the voltage ratio and the turns ratio of the
coils in a self-designed transformer.
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Result
From the experiment “To Investigate the Relationship
Between the Ratio of Input and Output Voltage and the
Number of Turns in the Primary and Secondary Coil of a
Self-Designed Transformer,” the following results were
obtained:
1. The ratio of the input voltage (Vₚ) to the output
voltage (Vₛ) is found to be equal to the ratio of the
number of turns in the primary coil (Nₚ) to the
number of turns in the secondary coil (Nₛ).
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
2. The experimental data confirms that:
o Increasing the number of turns in the secondary
coil (Nₛ) increases the output voltage (Vₛ) —
showing step-up transformation.
o Decreasing the number of turns in the secondary
coil (Nₛ) decreases the output voltage (Vₛ) —
showing step-down transformation.
3. The graph plotted between Vₚ/Vₛ and Nₚ/Nₛ is a
straight line passing through the origin, proving that
the two ratios are directly proportional.
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Conclusion
From this experiment, it is concluded that:
1. The ratio of the input voltage to the output voltage of
a transformer is directly proportional to the ratio of
the number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils.
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
2. The experiment successfully verifies the basic
working principle of a transformer, which operates on
the principle of electromagnetic induction.
3. When the number of turns in the secondary coil (Nₛ)
is greater than in the primary coil (Nₚ), the output
voltage increases — forming a step-up transformer.
Conversely, when Nₛ < Nₚ, the output voltage
decreases — forming a step-down transformer.
4. The straight-line graph between Vₚ/Vₛ and Nₚ/Nₛ
confirms a direct proportional relationship between
the voltage ratio and turns ratio.
5. Thus, the experiment demonstrates how transformers
effectively change voltage levels in an alternating
current (A.C.) circuit without changing frequency,
making them essential components in electrical
power transmission and distribution systems.
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Precautions
1) Use Low Voltage A.C. Supply:
Always use a low-voltage alternating current source (e.g.,
6V or 12V) to prevent electric shocks.
2) Ensure Proper Insulation:
All coils and wires must be properly insulated to avoid
short circuits and accidents.
3) Avoid Touching Live Wires:
Never touch the primary or secondary coil terminals while
the supply is ON.
4) Firm Connections:
Make sure all electrical connections are tight and secure to
prevent fluctuations in voltage readings.
5) Use Laminated Iron Core:
To reduce energy loss due to eddy currents, use a
laminated soft iron core rather than a solid iron core.
6) Keep Input Voltage Constant:
During the experiment, maintain a constant input voltage
(Vₚ) to ensure accurate observations.
7) Handle Voltmeter Carefully:
Use an A.C. voltmeter suitable for the voltage range and
avoid overloading it.
8) Avoid Overheating:
Do not allow current to flow for a long time continuously,
as the coils may overheat.
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9) Stable Mounting:
Mount the transformer on a non-conducting base
(wood/plastic) to prevent accidental contact and
movement during the experiment.
10) Record Readings Accurately:
Take readings only after the voltmeter stabilizes to ensure
precise results.
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Bibliography
1. NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook
2. Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma
3. [Link]
[Link]://[Link]/guides/physics/electroma
gneticinduction/self-inductance/
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