Title: Beam A2 – B2 laterally restrained
REFERENCES CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
LOADING
Slab(200mm thickness)
BS 648 Concrete unit weight=2400 Kg/M3
0.2× 2400 ×10
Specified dead load =
1000
= 4.8 KN/M2
Wall (200mm thickness)
BS 648 Brick work ;unit weight=0.55 KNM-2 per 25mm thickness
0.2× 0.55
Specified dead load = =4.4 KN/M2
0.025
BS6399 Part Imposed load = 1.5 KN/M2
1:1996Table 1
Beam A2 – B2 Structural scheme:
Total specified Dead load =slab load x loading area+
Wall load x
(total length of walls in the loading area x height)
+beam sw(say 1 KN per M run)
(8+ 0.8)×3.6 × 2
=(4.8×( )+
2
( 4.4×((8+10) × 2.8) )
=156.064+221.76+say 8KN=
385.824KN.
( 8+0.8 ) ×3.6 x 2
Total specified imposed load = 1.5× =47.52KN
2
Total un-factored UDL on beam = Total specified Dead load Un-factored
-SW+ total specified imposed load imposed
BS 5950 Part 1: =385.824-8+47.52=425.344KN UDL=425.344KN
1990: Table 2. Beam total ULS design load = 1.4×dead load + 1.6×imposed load
=1.4 × 385.824 +1.6×47.52 ULS Design
=616.186KN load=616.186KN
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
RA2 =RB2
Since the beam is symmetrically loaded, =308.09KN
616.186
RA2 =RB2 = =¿308.09KN
2
2
wl Ultimate bending
Ultimate bending moment, Mu = moment
8
616.186 ×8 Mu =616.186 x
= 616.186 x 106 N mm 106 N mm
8
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BS 5950 Part 1: Assume use of steel grade 43 with design strength 265N/mm2
Table 6 whose flange thickness is more than 16mm;
Mp
Therefore required plastic modulus; Sx =
Py
2
Py = 265N/mm
6 Sx =2325.23cm3
616.186 x 10
Sx = = 2325.23cm3
265 ×1000
Choose 533x 210 x 109kg/m UB with Sx= 2820cm3
109 x 10 x 8
Self-weight, SW = = 8.72kN
1000 SW= 8.72kN
Assumed SW=8 x 1.4 = 11.2KN
8.72kN< 11.2kN assumed adequate
BS 4;Part 1
Table B1
DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
D= 539.5mm
B=210.7mm
t=11.6mm
T=18.8mm
b=105.3mm
r=12.7mm
d=476.5mm
IXX=66700cm4
since T=18.8mm ˃16mm then Py=265N/mm2
MOMENT CAPACITY,Mc
Mc=Py Sx MC=747.3kNm
= 265 x 2820 x 103 = 747.3 x 106 N mm =747.3kNm
Mc> Mu The section is
Therefore 747.3kNm> 616.186kNm adequate for
moment capacity
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REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
CL4.2.3 SHEAR CAPACITY
PY= 0.6PyAv
Where; PV=shear capacity
AV=shear area for I,H sections Av=t D
PV = 0.6 PY tD
0.6x 265x 11.6x 539.5
PV = 995.05x 103N PV =995.05KN
=995.05KN
Section
995.05KN>308.09 kN adequate for
shear capacity
DEFLECTION SLS
CL2.5.2 span
Permissible deflection, ᵟp= 360
8000
=
360
ᵟp= 22.22mm
Actual deflection due to UDL; ᵟp= 22.22mm
3
5wl
ᵟa = 384 EI
where ; E= Young’s Modulus=205kN/mm2=205x103N/m
I= Second moment of area of section about its
major x-x axis=66700cm4.
W= unfactored imposed UDL=425.344kN
3 3
5 X 425.344 X 10 X 8000
ᵟa = 384 X 205 X 103 X 66700 X 10 4
ᵟa = 20.738mm
ᵟa = 20.738mm
ᵟa = 20.74mm < ᵟp= 22.22mm
section is adequate for deflection because ᵟa < ᵟp . section is
adequate for
deflection
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Title: Beam A1- A2=A2 – A3 laterally restrained
REFERENCES CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Beam A1 – A1 Structural scheme:
Total specified Dead load =slab load x loading area+
Wall load x
(total length of walls in the loading area x height)
+beam sw(say 1 KN per M run)
(7.2)× 3.6
=(4.8×( )+
2
( 4.4×((7+9) × 2.8) )
=62.208+197.12+say 8KN=267.328KN.
BS6399 Part ( 7.2 ) × 3.6 x
1:1996Table 1 Total specified imposed load = 1.5× =19.44KN
2
Total un-factored UDL on beam = Total specified Dead load
Un-factored
-SW+ total specified imposed load
imposed
=267.328-7+19.44=279.768KN
UDL=279.768KN
BS 5950 Part 1:
Beam total ULS design load = 1.4×dead load + 1.6×imposed load
1990: Table 2. ULS Design
=1.4 × 267.32 +1.6×19.44
load=405.352KN
=405.352kN
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Since the beam is symmetrically loaded, RA1 =RA2
405.352 =202.68KN
RA1=RA2 = =¿202.676KN
2
2
wl Ultimate bending
Ultimate bending moment, Mu = moment
8
405.352 ×7.2 Mu =364.82 x 106
= 364.82 x 106 N mm N mm
8
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Assume use of steel grade 43 with design strength 265N/mm2
BS 5950 Part 1: whose flange thickness is more than 16mm;
Table 6 Mp
Therefore required plastic modulus; Sx =
Py
2
Py = 265N/mm
6 Sx required
364.82 x 10
Sx required = = 1376.68 cm3 =1376.68cm3
265 ×1000
Choose 457x 152 x 82kg/m UB with Sx= 1800cm3
82 x 10 x 7.2
Self-weight, SW = = 5.904kN
1000
Assumed SW=8 x 1.4 = 11.2KN
SW= 5.904kN
5.904kN< 11.2kN assumed adequate
DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
BS 4;Part 1
Table B1
D= 465.1mm
B=153.5mm
t=10.7mm
T=18.9mm
r=10.2mm
d=407.0mm
IXX=36200cm4
since T=18.9mm ˃16mm then Py=265N/mm2
MOMENT CAPACITY,MC.
Mc=Py Sx
= 265 x1800 x 103 = 477x 106 N mm =477kNm
Mc> Mu MC=477kNm
CL4.2.5.2 Therefore 477kNm> 364.82kNm
The section is
adequate for
moment capacity
7|Page
REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
CL4.2.3 SHEAR CAPACITY
PY= 0.6PyAv
Where; PV=shear capacity
AV=shear area for I,H sections Av=t D
PV = 0.6 PY tD
0.6x 265x 10.7x 465.1
PV = 791.274x 103N PV =791.274 KN
=791.274KN
Section
791.274KN>202.68 kN adequate for
shear capacity
DEFLECTION SLS
CL2.5.2 span
Permissible deflection, ᵟp= 360
7200
=
360
ᵟp= 20mm
Actual deflection due to UDL; ᵟp= 20mm
3
5wl
ᵟa = 384 EI
where ; E= Young’s Modulus=205kN/mm2=205x103N/m
I= Second moment of area of section about its
major x-x axis=33400cm4.
W= un-factored imposed UDL=279.768kN
3 3
5 X 279.768 X 10 X 7200
ᵟa = 384 X 205 X 103 X 36200 X 10 4
ᵟa = 18.32mm
ᵟa = 18.32mm
ᵟa = 18.32mm < ᵟp= 20mm
section is adequate for deflection because ᵟa < ᵟp . section is
adequate for
deflection
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Title: Beam 3(Middle staircase beam); laterally unrestrained
REFERENCES CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Beam B3– C3 Structural scheme & Loading area.
BS 648 Concrete unit weight=2400 Kg/M3
BS5950 Part Staircase Imposed load = 3 KN/M2
1:1990:Table 1
LOADING
Waist=150mm Risers= 266mm Treads=275mm
Landing =1150mm x 2150mm.
Length of waist = √ 1.652 +1.62 = 2.29836 m
6 × ( 0.266 × 0.275 ) x 1
Volume of A=volume of B= + (2.29836x0.15)
2
=0.21945+0.344754
3
=0.564204 m
Volume of C=1.15 x 0.15 x 2.15 = 0.3709m3
This beam will carry the load equal to sum of half volume A , half
volume B and volume C.
9|Page
Volume of concrete carried by this beam
= 0.5 x 0.5642 +0.5x0.5642 + 0.3709
=0.935104m3
Slab load = volume x unit weight of concrete
= 24 x 0.935104
=22.442 kN
Plan area =(2.15 x 1.15 )+2(3(30.5 x 0.266 x 0.275))
BS 5950 Part 1: =2.4725 + 0.21945 = 2.6195 m2
1990: Table 2. Total specified imposed load = 3 x 2.6195
=8.07585Kn.
0.2× 0.55 x 2.15 x 1.4
Wall Load=
0.025
= 13.244KN.
Total specified Dead load =slab load +Wall load+beam sw(say
3.72KN per M run)
=22.442 + 13.244+8
=43.683KN.
Un-factored
Total un-factored UDL on beam = Total specified Dead load
imposed
-SW+ total specified imposed load UDL=43.7618KN
=43.683-8+8.075855=425.344KN
Beam total ULS design load = 1.4×dead load + 1.6×imposed load ULS Design
load=74.082KN
=1.4 × 43.683+1.6×8.07585
=74.082KN
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS RB3 =RC3
=37.04KN
Since the beam is symmetrically loaded,
74.082
RB3 =RC3 = =37.04KN
2 MA =19.91KN
2
wl 74.082 X 2.15
Ultimate bending moment, MA = = = 19.91 KNM
8 8
REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
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STRUCTuRAL ANALYSIS
For laterally unrestrained beam;
select a trial UB,
152x 89x16kg/m with Sx = 124cm3
Moment capacity when subjected to low shear; Mu=34.1kNm
Mu =Py Sx
= 275 x 124 x 103 = 34.1kNm The section is
adequate for
Mu > MA moment capacity
Therefore 34.1kNm> 19.91kNm
RIGOROUS APPROACH
For laterally unrestrained beam,
Lateral Torsion buckling;
Ḿ = mMA ≤ Mb = PbSx
Where; Ḿ = equivalent uniform moment
M= equivalent uniform moment factor
Mb=buckling resistance moment
Pb=bending strength
For members subjected to destabilizing loads n=1.0 but m
depends on β which should be obtained from the table.
BS5950 smaller end moment 0
Where β = =
Table 18 larger end moment 19.19
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REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
BS5950 Part From the table m=1 because it is loaded between adjacent
1:1990 restraints. Ḿ =19.91kNm
Table 13 Therefore, Ḿ = mMA = 1x 19.91kNm
Buckling resistance moment, Mb= PbSx
Pb can be calculated from the relationship between Py and
Table 5.5 equivalent slenderness, λLT= nuvλ
Where;
n= slenderness correction factor
u=buckling parameter of section
v= slenderness factor
λ=minor axis slenderness
LE=effective length
ry =radius of gyration about minor axis
x= torsional index
BS 4 Part 1;
Table B1
n=0.94 u= 0.889 ry =21mm
LE =1.0L= 1.0x2150mm x=19
L E 1.0 x 2150
λ= = = 102.38
ry 21
64.3102.38
λ/x= =5.3884
19
BS5950 Part 1:
1990 V is obtained by interpolation between λ/x and N=0.5;
Table 14
λ/x V
5.0 0.82
-0.03
5.5 0.79
x=5.3884;h=5.5 -5=0.5;x0=5.0
x−x 0 5.3884−5
S= = =0.7768
h 0.5
Therefore; slenderness factor v=0.82+(-0.03x0.7768)
V=0.7967
REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
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Therefore,
slenderness ratio, λLT= nuvλ
=0.94x0.889x0.7964x102.38
λLT =68.161 λLT =68.161
BS5950 Part Pb is obtained by interpolation of λLT and Py as shown;
1:1990
Table 11 λLT Pb
65 201
-13
70 188
x=68.161; h=70-65=5 ;x0=65
x−x 0 68.161−65
S=
h
= 5
=0.6322 4
Therefore; Pb=201+(-13x0.63224)= 192.7888N/mm2 Pb=192.788N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment,
Mb= PbSx
Mb=192.79x124x103
Section is adequate
= 23.90kNm
for torsional
Since Ḿ < Mb
buckling resistance
19.91kNm< 23.90kNm
Therefore, for lateral torsional buckling resistance
adopt
152x 89x 16kg/m UB
BS5950
SHEAR ULS
Shear force Fv, should
not exceed the shear capacity Pv of the section
i.e Fv<=Pv
Pv= 0.6PyAv
Where; Pv=shear capacity
Av=shear area for I,H sections Av=tD
Pv =115.671KN
Pv= 0.6PytD
= 0.6x 275x 4.6x 152.4
= 115.67 x 1000N.
=115.6716KN
Section is adequate
115.67KN> 37.04kN
for shear
Sheet No. 6b Designed:
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REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
BS5950 DEFLECTION SLS
Table5 span
Permissible deflection, ᵟp= 360
=
2150 ᵟp= 5.97mm
360
ᵟp= 5.97mm
Actual deflection due to UDL;
3
5wl
ᵟa = 384 EI
where ; E= Young’s
Modulus=205kN/mm2=205x103N/mm
I= Second moment of area of section about its
major x-x axis=838cm4.
W= Un-factored imposed UDL=43.761KN
3 3
5 X 43.761 X 10 X 2150
ᵟa = 384 X 205 X 103 X 21300 X 10 4 ᵟa = 3.0mm
ᵟa = 3.0mm
section is
If ᵟa ≤ ᵟp section is adequate for deflection adequate for
therefore ;
deflection
ᵟa = 3.0mm < ᵟp= 5.97mm
REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
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ROOF DESIGN
Loading Analysis
( 20 mm × 40 mm ) purlins at a spacing of ( 300 mm )
holding a roofing material made of machine cut ceramic tiles
truss spacing=1800 mm
Softwood density – 540 kg /m3
Total dead load=0.22884+0.226+0.318+11.07=11.84kN
1. Dead Load
BS5268-3
Weigth per unit area= 0.685kN/m2 (load due to concrete,
PART
interlocking tile, battens and rafters)
6:4:1 Rafter−0.110 kN /m2
CEILING TIE BEAM−0.25 kN /m2
BS 648 Machine made ceramic tiles –(101.6 mm)gauge−63.5 kg/m2
2
W =0.635 kN /m
CEILING TIE(50mm x 150mm)
2
w=0.25 kN /m
W =0.25 ×8 ×1.8=3.6 kN
PURLINS
Purlins spacing 300mm(20mm x40mm)
Height of the truss = 4 tan27 = 2.038m
Length of the rafter =√ 4 2+ 2.0382 =4.489m
4.489
Number of purlins= =( 15 ) x 2=30 purlins
0.3
Length of purlin= 1800mm
Load=volume x density(540kg/m3)
V=20mmx40mmx1800mm=1.44x10-3m3
Load =540kg/m3x 1.44x10-3m3x9.81= 0.007628kN
Total load of purlins=0.007628x30 =0.22884kN
STRUTS
Assume Struts-(50mmx100mm)
V=50mmx100mmx1019mm=5.10x10-3m3
Mass=vxD=5.10x10-3m3x540kg/m3=2.7513Kg
Load= 2.75133Kgx9.81/1000=0.0269kN
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For 2245mm strut, load
V=50x100x2245mm=11.223x106mm3=11.2x10-3m3
Load= 11.2x10-3m3x540x9.81/1000
=0.0595kN
Middle strut;
V=50x100x2038mm=10.19x106mm3=10.19x10-3m3
Load= 10.19x10-3m3x540x9.81/1000
=0.0540kN
Total self-weight of struts;
= ((0.0269kN+0.0595kN)2+0.0540kN)
=0.226kN
Effective area = 1.8m x 4.489m x 2m =16.16m2
ROOFING MATERIALS AND RAFTER
Weigth per unit area= 0.685kN/m2 (load due to concrete,
BS5268-3 PART interlocking tile, battens and rafters)
6:4:1
Load= 0.685kN/m2 x 16.16m2= 11.07kN
WIND LOADS
The average wind velocity for Nairobi=18mph= 8m/s
Design velocity;
Vs= VxS1xS2xS3
CP3
where; S1= topography factor
WINDLOADIN
S2= ground roughness
G S3= statistical factor
S1=1; S2= 0.83; S3= 1
Vs= 8x1 x0.83x1
= 6.64m/s Vs=
6.64m/s
Design for dynamic pressure;
q= KV 2s
where; k=dynamic pressure factor
q=dynamic pressure
q= 0.613 x 6.642 = 27.03N/m2
force due to dynamic pressure;
F= (CPe- CPi)qA for our structure
l 14.4 h 12.6
= =1.8 = =1.57
w 8 b 8
For a pitch of 270;
CPi = -1 ; CPe =-1.5
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REFERENCE COMPUTATION OUTPUT
CP3 TABLE10 F= (CPe- CPi)qA
(-1.5-(-1))x 27.03N/m2= -13.515N/m2
= -0.014kN/m2
Wind load = -0.014x 4.489 x 1.8 x 2
= 0.226kN
Total dead load of truss=loads due to tie+ purlins +struts +
rafter +roofing material
=0.22884+0.226+3.6+11.07+0.266=15.3508kN
CP3 TABLE8
2. Imposed Load
BS 6399-1998
Part 3 Imposed load for roof with no access udl−0.6 kN /m 2
4.3.1
Total imposed load =0.6 x 1.8x4.489x2 = 9.696
Truss ULS Design load = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
= 1.4 (15.350) + 1.6 (9.696)
=36.994
36.994
Reactions = =18.497kN
2
ANALYSIS OF TRUSS
Element Design
1. Struts
The maximum compression force on critical strut−8.099 kN
Timber strength class SC 3
Strut length−1.109 m
18 | P a g e
Assume trial section−75 mm ×100 mm struts
BS 5268 – 2 a) Effective length Le
Table 21 The strut is restrained at both ends in position but not in direction,
thus Le =1.0 L
b) Slenderness ratio λ
Table 98 effective length 1109
λ= = =46.96< 180
radius of gyration 21.7
c) Ratio of modulus of elasticity to compression stress
Table 17 2
K 3−long term=1.0 ; σ c . g . par =6.8 N /mm
E min 5800
= =852.9
σ c . g . par K 3 6.8 ×1.0
By interpolation, compression modification factor K 12
K 12=0.199
Table 22 d) Permissible compression stress
2
σ c. adm . par =σ c. g . par K 3 K 12=6.8 ×1 ×0.199=1.355 N /mm
e) Applied compression stress
3
applied load 8.099 × 10
σ a= = 3
=1.0799<1.355 Strut sufficient in
section area 7.5 ×10
compression
Adopt
75 m× 100 mm
Table 98 Adopt 75 mm ×100 mm sawn SC 3 struts
sawn SC 3 struts
REFERENCES COMPUTATION OUTPUT
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