**************************************************************************

USACE / NAVFAC / AFCESA / NASA UFGS-32 13 16.16 (November 2008)

--------------------------------
Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding
UFGS-32 13 16.16 (July 2007)

UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS

References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2009

**************************************************************************

SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS

SECTION 32 13 16.16

ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE (RCC) PAVEMENT

11/08

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT PROCEDURES

1.1.1 Concrete Quantity
[Link] Measurement of Concrete Quantity
[Link] Payment for Concrete Quantity
1.1.2 Cement Quantity
[Link] Measurement of Cement Quantity
[Link] Payment for Cement Quantity
1.1.3 Pozzolan Quantity
[Link] Measurement of Pozzolan Quantity
[Link] Payment for Pozzolan Quantity
1.1.4 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
[Link] Measurement of GGBFS Quantity
[Link] Payment for GGBFS Quantity
1.1.5 Portland-Pozzolan Cement
[Link] Measurement of Portland-Pozzolan Cement Quantity
[Link] Payment for Portland-Pozzolan Cement
1.1.6 RCC Lump Sum Contract
1.2 PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT
1.2.1 General Considerations
1.2.2 Percent Payment/Acceptance of Lots
1.2.3 Density
[Link] Field Density
[Link] Target Density
[Link] Computed Percent Payment for Density
1.2.4 Surface Smoothness
1.2.5 Thickness
1.2.6 Surface Texture
1.3 REFERENCES
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.5 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
1.5.1 General Requirements
1.5.2 Batching and Mixing Plant
[Link] Location of Plant
[Link] Type of Plant

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 1

 [Link] Cementitious Material Feed Unit
[Link] Aggregate Bins
[Link] Water Control Units
[Link] Batching or Feeding Tolerances
[Link] Additional Requirements for Batch-Type Mixing Plants
[Link] Additional Requirements for Continuous-Mixing Plants
1.6 SUBMITTALS
1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1.7.1 Sampling and Testing
1.7.2 Allowable Variations
1.8 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
1.8.1 Bulk Cementitious Materials
[Link] Transporting Cementitious Materials
[Link] Storage of Cementitious Materials
1.8.2 Aggregate Materials
[Link] Storage
[Link] Handling

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIAL SOURCES

2.1.1 Aggregate Sources
2.1.2 Portland Cement Source
2.1.3 Aggregate Samples
2.1.4 Pozzolan Source
2.1.5 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Source
2.2 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
2.2.1 Portland Cement
2.2.2 Pozzolan
2.2.3 Portland-Pozzolan Cement
2.2.4 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
2.3 WATER
2.4 CURING MATERIALS
2.5 AGGREGATES
2.5.1 Coarse Aggregate
2.5.2 Fine Aggregate
[Link] General Requirements
[Link] Blending Material
2.5.3 Alkali-Silica Reactivity
[Link] Class F Flyash Option
[Link] GGBF Option
2.5.4 Aggregate Gradation
[Link] Initial Combined Aggregate Grading Limits
[Link] Base Aggregate Grading Limits
2.6 ADMIXTURES
2.7 EQUIPMENT
2.7.1 Paver Requirements
2.7.2 Paver Control
2.7.3 Compaction Equipment
[Link] Vibratory Rollers
[Link] Rubber-Tired Roller
[Link] Finish Roller
[Link] Other Compaction Equipment
2.7.4 Straightedge
2.7.5 Nuclear Density Gauge
2.7.6 Curing Equipment
2.8 MIXTURE PROPORTIONING
2.8.1 Laboratory and Staff Qualifications
2.8.2 Composition

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 2

 2.8.3 Criteria for Mixture Proportions
2.8.4 Mix Design Procedure

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 PRE-PLACEMENT ACTIONS

3.1.1 Calibration Block for the Nuclear Density Gauge
3.1.2 Test Strips
3.1.3 Test Section
3.1.4 Subgrade Preparation
3.1.5 Grade Control
3.2 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING METHODS
3.3 BATCHING AND MIXING
3.3.1 Mixing
3.3.2 Water Content
3.3.3 Mixture Uniformity Testing
[Link] Mixer Performance Test
[Link] Process Uniformity Test
3.4 PLACING AND SPREADING
3.4.1 Placing
3.4.2 Placing Adjacent Lanes
3.4.3 Special Requirements for Placing Lanes Succeeding Initial Lanes
3.4.4 Handwork
3.4.5 Placing Odd-Shaped Areas
3.4.6 Placing During Cold Weather
3.4.7 Placing During Hot Weather
3.5 COMPACTION
3.5.1 Timing
3.5.2 Initial Rolling
3.5.3 Deficiency Evaluation
3.5.4 Vibratory Rolling and Testing
3.5.5 Final Rolling
3.5.6 Operation of Rollers and Tampers
3.5.7 Rolling Pattern
3.6 JOINTS
3.6.1 Longitudinal Construction Joints
3.6.2 Transverse Construction Joints
3.6.3 Joints in Multilift Construction
3.6.4 Slip Joints
3.6.5 Sawing of Contraction Joints
3.6.6 Routing Cracks
3.6.7 Sealing Joints and Cracks
3.7 CURING AND PROTECTION
3.7.1 General
3.7.2 Membrane Curing
3.7.3 Burlap
3.7.4 Protection of Pavement
3.8 TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE PAVEMENT
3.8.1 Pavement Removal and Replacement
3.8.2 Cracks in Pavement
3.8.3 Mix Proportion Variations
3.8.4 Voids
3.8.5 Grade Variations
3.9 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL
3.9.1 Contractor Quality Control Staff
3.9.2 Laboratory Accreditation
3.9.3 Reports
3.9.4 Lots and Sublots
3.9.5 Additional Sampling and Testing

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 3

 3.9.6 Testing and Evaluation
3.9.7 Calibration of Mixing Plant
3.9.8 Field Density Testing
3.9.9 Concrete Strength
3.9.10 Surface-Smoothness Determination (Straightedge Testing)
3.9.11 Surface Texture
3.9.12 Determine Pavement Thickness
3.9.13 Inspection During Placing
3.10 APPENDIX A
3.11 Appendix B
3.12 APPENDIX C

-- End of Section Table of Contents --

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 4

 **************************************************************************
USACE / NAVFAC / AFCESA / NASA UFGS-32 13 16.16 (November 2008)
--------------------------------
Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding
UFGS-32 13 16.16 (July 2007)

UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS

References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2009

**************************************************************************

SECTION 32 13 16.16

ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE (RCC) PAVEMENT

11/08

**************************************************************************
NOTE: This guide specification covers the
requirements for roller compacted concrete (RCC)
pavements for airfields, roads, streets, parking
areas, repair yards, open-storage areas, and other
utility grade pavements.

Edit this guide specification for project specific

requirements by adding, deleting, or revising text.
For bracketed items, choose applicable item(s) or
insert appropriate information.

Remove information and requirements not required in

respective project, whether or not brackets are
present.

Comments and suggestions on this guide specification

are welcome and should be directed to the technical
proponent of the specification. A listing of
technical proponents, including their organization
designation and telephone number, is on the Internet.

Recommended changes to a UFGS should be submitted as

a Criteria Change Request (CCR).
**************************************************************************

PART 1 GENERAL

**************************************************************************
NOTE: In preparing contract specifications for RCC
pavement construction, the Contracting Officer will
use Appendix D of UFC 3-250-04FA for further
guidance.

Insert name and location of project. Specification

should be tailored for the specific site conditions,
available materials, design requirements and
construction practices.
**************************************************************************

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 5

1.1 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT PROCEDURES

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The Designer must carefully correlate and
edit the bid items, measurement and payment
paragraphs, and all the technical paragraphs so use
of Portland cement, pozzolan, Portland-pozzolan
cement, and ground granulated blast furnace slag
will be well coordinated. Do not permit use of
ground slag with pozzolan or Portland-pozzolan
cement. Either use no separate pozzolan or use only
a reduced amount if Portland-pozzolan cement is used.

Unit price bid items are recommended when the

quantity of RCC and or the quantity of cementitious
materials is not known or likely to be variable. If
the quantity could range beyond 15 percent of the
bid item, split bid items should be used. If
quantities are known at the time of bidding, lump
sum bid items are recommended.
**************************************************************************

1.1.1 Concrete Quantity

[Link] Measurement of Concrete Quantity

The quantity of concrete to be paid for will be the number of cubic meters
yards, rounded to the nearest tenth of a cubic meter yard, placed in the
completed and accepted pavements, including the accepted test section.
Payment will not be made for wasted concrete, for concrete used for the
convenience of the Contractor, or for concrete outside the neat lines shown
on the drawing. Concrete will be measured in the completed and accepted
pavements in accordance with the dimensions shown in the plan and cross
section. No deductions will be made for rounded or beveled edges or the
space occupied by pavement reinforcement, dowel bars, tie bars, or
electrical conduits, nor for any void, drainage, or other structure
extending into or through the pavement slab measuring 1 cubic meter 3 cubic
feet or less in volume. No other allowance for concrete will be made
unless placed in specified locations in accordance with written
instructions previously issued by the Contracting Officer.

[Link] Payment for Concrete Quantity

The quantity of concrete measured as specified above, will be paid for at

the contract unit price when placed in completed and accepted pavements[
or, where appropriate, at reduced prices adjusted in accordance with
paragraph PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT]. The unit price will include the cost of
labor and materials and the use of equipment and tools required to complete
the work, except the cement, pozzolan, or ground granulated blast furnace
slag that is specified for separate payment.

1.1.2 Cement Quantity

[Link] Measurement of Cement Quantity

The quantity of cement to be paid for will be the number of metric tons
tons of cement used in the completed and accepted pavements. Payment will
not be made for wasted cement or for cement used for the convenience of the
Contractor. The quantity to be paid for will be determined by multiplying

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 6

 the weight in kg pounds of cement required by the mixture proportions per
cubic m yard by the number of cubic m yards of the various mixtures placed
and measured for payment, then dividing by 10002000 and rounding off to the
nearest tenth of a metric ton ton.

[Link] Payment for Cement Quantity

The quantity of cement, determined as specified above, will be paid for at

the contract unit price, which includes all costs of handling, hauling, and
storage at the site.[ Adjustment in unit price because of requirements of
paragraph PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT will not be made in the payment for Portland
cement.]

1.1.3 Pozzolan Quantity

**************************************************************************
NOTE: This specification requires that pozzolan be
used for all applications unless special
circumstances exist. If pozzolan must be eliminated
because it is not locally and readily available or
the available quality is unacceptable, remove this
paragraph and all further reference to the material.
**************************************************************************

[Link] Measurement of Pozzolan Quantity

The quantity of pozzolan paid for will be the number of metric tons tons
used as a cementitious material in the completed and accepted pavements.
Payment will not be made for wasted pozzolan or for pozzolan used for the
convenience of the Contractor. The quantity to be paid for will be
determined by multiplying the weight in kg/cubic meter pounds/cubic yard of
pozzolan used as a cementitious material, and required by the mixture
proportions by the number of cubic m yards of the various mixtures placed
and measured for payment, then dividing by 1000 2000 and rounding off to
the nearest tenth of a metric ton ton. Payment will not be made for
pozzolan used strictly as a Contractor's option to compensate for lack of
fines in the aggregate.

[Link] Payment for Pozzolan Quantity

The quantity of pozzolan, determined as specified above, will be paid for

at the contract unit price, which includes costs of delivery, handling, and
storage at the site.[ Adjustment in unit price because of requirements of
paragraph PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT will not be made in the payment for pozzolan.]

1.1.4 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

**************************************************************************
NOTE: If ground granulated blast furnace slag is
not locally and readily available, remove this
paragraph and all further reference to the material.
**************************************************************************

[Link] Measurement of GGBFS Quantity

The quantity of GGBFS to be paid for will be the number of metric tons tons
of GGBFS used in the completed and accepted pavements. Payment will not be
made for wasted ground iron blast furnace slag or for GGBFS used for the
convenience of the Contractor. The quantity to be paid for will be

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 7

 determined by multiplying the weight in kg pounds of GGBFS required by the
mixture proportions per cubic meter yard by the number of cubic meters yards
of the various mixtures placed and measured for payment and then dividing
by 1,000 2,000 and rounding off to the nearest tenth of a metric ton ton.

[Link] Payment for GGBFS Quantity

The quantity of GGBFS, determined as specified above, will be paid for at

the contract unit price, which includes costs of handling, hauling, and
storage at the site.[ Adjustment in unit price because of requirements of
paragraph PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT will not be made in the payment for GGBFS.]

1.1.5 Portland-Pozzolan Cement

**************************************************************************
NOTE: If Portland-Pozzolan cement is not locally
and readily available, remove this paragraph and all
further references to the material.
**************************************************************************

[Link] Measurement of Portland-Pozzolan Cement Quantity

The quantity of Portland-pozzolan cement to be paid for will be the number

of metric tons tons of Portland-pozzolan cement used in the completed and
accepted pavements. Payment will not be made for wasted Portland-pozzolan
cement or for Portland-pozzolan cement used for the convenience of the
Contractor. The quantity to be paid for will be determined by multiplying
the weight in kg pounds of Portland-pozzolan cement required by the mixture
proportions per cubic meter yard by the number of cubic meters yards of the
various RCC mixtures placed and measured for payment, then dividing by 1,000
2,000 and rounding off to the nearest tenth of a metric ton ton.

[Link] Payment for Portland-Pozzolan Cement

The quantity of Portland-pozzolan cement, determined as specified above,

will be paid for at the contract unit price, which includes costs of
handling, hauling, and storage at the site.[ Adjustment in unit price
because of requirements of paragraph PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT will not be made in
the payment for Portland-pozzolan cement.]

1.1.6 RCC Lump Sum Contract

**************************************************************************
NOTE: For fixed-price contracts, inapplicable
portions of the unit price paragraphs above should
be deleted. It may be necessary to add features of
the RCC pavement included in the lump sum bid item.
**************************************************************************

The quantity of RCC will be paid for and included in the lump-sum contract
price. The lump sum payment will be for the completed RCC pavement in
place at the location(s) as shown on the drawings and shall include all
incidental work and materials necessary for the completed pavement.[ If
less than 100 percent payment is due based on the pay factors stipulated in
paragraph: PAYMENT ADJUSTMENTS, a unit price of [_____] per cubic meter yard
shall be used for purposes of calculating the payment reduction.]

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 8

1.2 PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT

**************************************************************************
NOTE: If Payment Adjustment is not used, the
specification will have to be edited to delete
references to payment adjustment. In addition to
other items, there will have to be inserted, at some
appropriate location, the acceptance criteria to be
used for surface smoothness and thickness, which are
presently covered only in this paragraph.

If it is absolutely necessary to cut down a minor

amount on acceptance testing, the acceptance testing
for aggregate gradation during paving operations can
be deleted, and this entire paragraph must be very
carefully edited.

Do not, under any conditions, reduce the

requirements for density, surface smoothness,
surface texture, or thickness or the testing
required for those items. Do not, under any
conditions, reduce the requirements for daily
calibration of the nuclear density meter with the
cast block of RCC.
**************************************************************************

1.2.1 General Considerations

Adjustment in payment for individual lots of RCC pavement will be made in

accordance with the following paragraphs[ for all RCC pavement][ the
pavement sections listed]. The parameters to be measured are aggregate
gradation, pavement thickness, density, surface smoothness, and surface
texture. No adjustment in payment will be made for cementitious
materials. Unless otherwise specified, testing shall be done as specified
in paragraph: Contractor Quality Control. All tests shall be completed and
reported within 24 hours after completion of construction of each lot.

[a. Location 1]
[b. Location 2]

1.2.2 Percent Payment/Acceptance of Lots

a. When a lot of material fails to meet the specification requirements

for 100 percent payment as outlined in the following paragraphs, that
lot shall be removed and replaced, or accepted at a reduced price, as
specified herein. The lowest computed payment factor for any pavement
characteristic (i.e., gradation, density, surface smoothness,
thickness, and surface texture) discussed below will be the actual
percent payment for that lot. Payment factors based on different
criteria of the same lot will not be multiplied together to get a lower
payment factor. The actual percent payment is applied to the bid price
and to the quantity of RCC pavement placed in the lot to determine
actual payment.

b. At the end of the project, an average of all lot pay factors will
be calculated. If this average lot pay factor exceeds 95.0 percent and
no individual lot has a pay factor less than 75.1 percent, then the
percent payment for the entire project will be 100 percent of the unit
bid price. If the average lot pay factor is less than 95.0 percent,

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 9

 then each lot will be paid for at the unit price multiplied by the
lot's pay factor.

1.2.3 Density

[Link] Field Density

a. To evaluate field density for acceptance, 4 nuclear density gauge

tests to determine wet density will be performed at random locations on
the interior of the paving lane immediately behind final rolling
operations, and 4 similar tests will be performed at random locations
on fresh joints and 4 at random locations on cold joints, if such
exist, for each sublot, and each set will be averaged for the sublot.
Field density for each sublot will be compared with the target density
for that lot. The locations of the tests on fresh joints will be
alternated from side to side of the joint and will be between 75 and
130 mm 3 and 5 inches from the joint.

b. For cold joints, it is expected that the primary (originally

placed) lane will be placed with one sublot and the secondary lane with
another sublot. The cold joint evaluation for each of these sublots
will be based on 4 density tests made for each sublot being evaluated
on that sublot's side of the cold joint. These tests will be between
75 and 130 mm 3 and 5 inches from the proposed (sawed) joint line on
the originally placed side of the cold joint and between 75 and 130 mm
3 and 5 inches from the actual joint on the secondary placement side.

[Link] Target Density

Determine, for each lot, the laboratory maximum wet density of an RCC
sample tested in accordance with ASTM D 1557 and as described for
moisture-density testing in paragraph CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL. This
procedure for determining the target density will be repeated for each lot
and as necessary whenever the mixture proportions or materials change.
Since the "target density" for a lot will not be known until after the
beginning of construction of the lot, the "target density" of the previous
lot shall be used for quality control until the new "target density" is
obtained.

[Link] Computed Percent Payment for Density

a. The average field densities for the sublots for lane interior and
for each type of joint will in turn be averaged to determine the lot
density for the lane interior, for fresh joints, and, if such exist,
for cold joints. These lot average field densities will be compared
with Table I and used to calculate the computed percent payment based
on field density as described below.

b. First, the percent payment deduction for lane interior density, for
fresh joint density, and for cold joint density will each be computed
by subtracting the percent payment values found in Table I from 100.

c. Second, the weighted percent payment deduction for fresh joint

density will be computed by multiplying the percent payment deduction
for fresh joint density, as computed above, by the ratio of the total
amount of RCC pavement in the fresh joint strip to the total amount of
RCC pavement in the entire area of the lot. The area of fresh joint
strip will be considered to be 3 m 10 feet wide times the length of
completed fresh longitudinal construction joint in the lot, but not to

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 10

 exceed the total lot size.

d. Third, the weighted percent payment deduction for cold joint

density will be computed by multiplying the percent payment deduction
for cold joint density, as computed above, by the ratio of the total
amount of RCC pavement in the cold joint strip to the total amount of
RCC pavement in the entire area of the lot. The area of cold joint
strip will be considered to be 1.5 m 5 feet wide times the length of
each half of the cold joint (each side of the joint) completed with the
lot being evaluated, but not to exceed the lot size. (Although not
probable, it could be possible that, for a full lot, both sides of a
cold joint can be constructed in the same lot).

e. Finally, the percent payment reduction for the lane interior, the
weighted percent payment deduction for fresh joint density, and the
weighted percent payment deduction for cold joint density will be
compared and the greatest value selected. This selected percent
payment deduction will be subtracted from 100 to obtain the computed
percent payment based on field density.

TABLE I - PERCENT PAYMENT FOR DENSITY

Average Lane Interior

and Fresh Joint Density Average Cold Joint
(16 Nuclear Density Percent Density (16 Nuclear
Gauge Readings Each) Payment Density Readings)

98.0 and above 100.0 96.0 and above

97.9 99.5 95.9
97.8 99.0 95.8
97.7 98.2 95.7
97.6 97.0 95.6
97.5 95.0 95.5
97.4 86.5 95.4
97.3 81.0 95.3
97.2 72.0 95.2
97.1 65.0 95.1
97.0 58.0 95.0
96.9 52.0 94.9
96.8 47.0 94.8
below 96.8 reject below 94.8

1.2.4 Surface Smoothness

a. After completion of the final rolling of a lot, test compacted

surface for smoothness with a straightedge. Measurements will be made
transverse to the paving lane at equal distances along the lane not to
exceed 6 m 20 feet. These transverse measurements will be made
completely across the paving lane and across the longitudinal
construction joints. Measurements will be made longitudinal to the
paving lane at separate intervals spaced not more than 6 m 20 feet
apart longitudinally as well as across all transverse joints.
Longitudinal measurements will be made at third points across the
lane. Other areas having visually obvious deviations will also be
tested. Location and deviation from straightedge for all measurements
will be recorded.

b. When more than 5.0 percent of all measurements within a lot (across
the joints and within the lane) exceed the tolerance specified in Table

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 11

 III, after any reduction of high spots or removal and replacement, the
computed percent payment based on surface smoothness will be 95
percent. Regardless of the above, any separate joint or interior area
surface deviation which exceeds the tolerance given in Table III by
more than 50 percent shall be removed or corrected to meet the
specification requirements.

1.2.5 Thickness

a. The computed percent payment for thickness for the lot will be 100
percent if no core taken for that lot is deficient in thickness by 6 mm
1/4 inch or more.

1). When the measurement of any core indicates that the pavement
is deficient in thickness by 6 mm 1/4 inch or more, additional
cores shall be drilled parallel to the center line of the lane at
8 m 25 foot intervals on each side of the deficient core until the
cores indicate that the deficiency in thickness is less than 6 mm
1/4 inch.

2). When the deficiencies in thickness for a series of cores are

between 6 and 13 mm 1/4 and 1/2 inch, the average thickness will
be established from an average of all core thicknesses,
considering any core less than 6 mm 1/4 inch deficient as being
full depth.

3). Any areas 13 mm 1/2 inch or more deficient in thickness shall

be removed and replaced, recored and included in the measurements
before the final calculation of computed percent payment for the
lot is made.

b. The computed percent payment for thickness for the lot will then be
determined as follows: the proportional part of the total lot area
(expressed in percent) for Categories I and II in Table II will be
multiplied by their respective percent payment from the table and the 2
products then added to obtain the computed percent payment for the lot.

c. The area of pavement for the percent payment calculations shall be

considered to be the full paving lane width and midway between cores
having thicknesses representing different categories. When any core
shows a deficiency in thickness of 13 mm 1/2 inch or more, the area
represented by that core shall be removed and replaced with pavement of
the indicated thickness before any payment calculations are made. The
area represented by the core shall be bound by the full paving lane
width and a transverse line midway between the cores adjacent to the
core in question, or the regularly scheduled transverse joint should
such a joint fall between the cores.

d. If the Contractor believes that the cores and measurement taken are
not sufficient to indicate fairly the actual thickness of the pavement,
additional cores shall be taken and will be measured provided the
Contractor will bear the extra cost of drilling the cores. When
surface grinding is required that results in thickness deficiencies,
the final surface will be considered in evaluation for thickness.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 12

 TABLE II - PERCENT PAYMENT FOR THICKNESS

Deficiency in Thickness
Determined by Cores

Percent Payment (or Action

Category mm Required)
_______________ ___________ __________

I 0.0 to 6.3 100

II 6.4 to 12.0 65
III 12.7 or greater Remove and
replace

TABLE II - PERCENT PAYMENT FOR THICKNESS

Deficiency in Thickness
Determined by Cores

Percent Payment (or Action

Category Inches Required)
_______________ ________ __________

I 0.00 to 0.24 100

II 0.25 to 0.49 65
III 0.50 or greater Remove and
replace

1.2.6 Surface Texture

a. The surface texture of each lot will be visually examined by a

representative of the Contractor's Quality Control immediately after
construction to determine compliance with the surface texture
requirements in paragraph RCC PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS. The
classification of the surface texture of any area of the pavement as
acceptable or deficient will be made on the basis of comparison with a
selected portion of the test section which has been chosen and marked
as having an acceptable surface texture as determined by the
Contracting Officer. The computed percent payment for surface texture
requirements for the lot will be determined as shown in Table III.

b. Regardless of payment, any area of any size of extremely poor

surface texture as determined by the Contracting Officer shall be
removed and replaced full depth with suitable pavement at mo cost to
the Government. No payment calculations will be made until all such
defective material is removed and replaced.

TABLE III - PERCENT PAYMENT FOR SURFACE TEXTURE

Percent of Lot Area with Percent Payment

Deficient Surface Texture for Action Required
_________________________ ___________________

0.0 to 5.0 100

5.1 to 10.0 90
10.1 to 20.0 75
20.1 and above Remove and replace

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 13

1.3 REFERENCES

**************************************************************************
NOTE: This paragraph is used to list the
publications cited in the text of the guide
specification. The publications are referred to in
the text by basic designation only and listed in
this paragraph by organization, designation, date,
and title.

Use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature

when you add a RID outside of the Section's
Reference Article to automatically place the
reference in the Reference Article. Also use the
Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature to update
the issue dates.

References not used in the text will automatically

be deleted from this section of the project
specification when you choose to reconcile
references in the publish print process.
**************************************************************************

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the

extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the
basic designation only.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS

(AASHTO)

AASHTO M 182 (2005) Standard Specification for Burlap

Cloth Made from Jute or Kenaf and Cotton
Mats

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

ASTM C 1040/C 1040M (2008) Standard Test Methods for In-Place

Density of Unhardened and Hardened
Concrete, Including Roller Compacted
Concrete, by Nuclear Methods

ASTM C 1064/C 1064M (2008) Standard Test Method for

Temperature of Freshly Mixed
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete

ASTM C 1077 (2008) Standard Practice for Laboratories

Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
for Use in Construction and Criteria for
Laboratory Evaluation

ASTM C 1157 (2008) Standard Specification for

Hydraulic Cement

ASTM C 117 (2004) Standard Test Method for Materials

Finer than 75-um (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing

ASTM C 123 (2004) Standard Test Method for

Lightweight Particles in Aggregate

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 14

ASTM C 1260 (2007) Standard Test Method for Potential
Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates
(Mortar-Bar Method)

ASTM C 127 (2007) Standard Test Method for Density,

Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

ASTM C 128 (2007a) Standard Test Method for Density,

Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate

ASTM C 131 (2006)Standard Test Method for Resistance

to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the
Los Angeles Machine

ASTM C 136 (2006) Standard Test Method for Sieve

Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

ASTM C 142 (1997; R 2004) Standard Test Method for

Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in
Aggregates

ASTM C 1435/C 1435M (2008) Standard Practice for Molding

Roller-Compacted Concrete in Cylinder
Molds Using a Vibrating Hammer

ASTM C 150 (2007) Standard Specification for Portland

Cement

ASTM C 1567 (2008) Standard Test Method for Potential

Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations
of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate
(Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)

ASTM C 171 (2007) Standard Specification for Sheet

Materials for Curing Concrete

ASTM C 295 (2008) Petrographic Examination of

Aggregates for Concrete

ASTM C 309 (2007) Standard Specification for Liquid

Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing
Concrete

ASTM C 31/C 31M (2008a) Standard Practice for Making and

Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

ASTM C 39/C 39M (2005e1e2) Standard Test Method for

Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens

ASTM C 40 (2004) Standard Test Method for Organic

Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete

ASTM C 42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method for Obtaining

and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 15

 of Concrete

ASTM C 494/C 494M (2008a) Standard Specification for

Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 566 (1997; R 2004) Standard Test Method for

Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying

ASTM C 595 (2008) Standard Specification for Blended

Hydraulic Cements

ASTM C 618 (2008a) Standard Specification for Coal

Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural
Pozzolan for Use in Concrete

ASTM C 78 (2008) Standard Test Method for Flexural

Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam
with Third-Point Loading)

ASTM C 856 (2004) Petrographic Examination of

Hardened Concrete

ASTM C 87 (2005) Effect of Organic Impurities in

Fine Aggregate on Strength of Mortar

ASTM C 989 (2006) Standard Specification for Ground

Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in
Concrete and Mortars

ASTM D 1557 (2007) Standard Test Methods for

Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of
Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000
ft-lbf/ft3) (2700 kN-m/m3)

ASTM D 2995 (1999; R 2004) Determining Application

Rate of Bituminous Distributors

ASTM D 3665 (2007) Random Sampling of Construction

Materials

ASTM D 4791 (2005e1) Flat Particles, Elongated

Particles, or Flat and Elongated Particles
in Coarse Aggregate

ASTM D 6938 (2007a) Standard Test Method for In-Place

Density and Water Content of Soil and
Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
Depth)

NATIONAL READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION (NRMCA)

NRMCA CPMB 100 (2000) Concrete Plant Standards

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)

COE CRD-C 130 (2001) Standard Recommended Practice for

Estimating Scratch Hardness of Coarse
Aggregate Particles

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 16

 COE CRD-C 300 (1990) Specifications for Membrane-Forming
Compounds for Curing Concrete

COE CRD-C 400 (1963) Requirements for Water for Use in

Mixing or Curing Concrete

COE CRD-C 55 (1992) Test Method for Within-Batch

Uniformity of Freshly Mixed Concrete

1.4 DEFINITIONS

The following DEFINITIONS apply to materials in Table VI:

a. Shale is defined as a fine-grained thinly laminated or fissile

sedimentary rock. It is commonly composed of clay or silt or both. It
has been indurated by compaction or by cementation, but not so much as
to have become slate.

b. Limit for material finer than 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve will be
increased to 1.5 percent for crushed aggregates if the fine material
consists of crusher dust that is essentially free from clay or shale.

c. Clay ironstone is defined as an impure variety of iron carbonate,

iron oxide, hydrous iron oxide, or combinations thereof, commonly mixed
with clay, silt, or sand. It commonly occurs as dull, earthy
particles, homogeneous concretionary masses, or hard-shell particles
with soft interiors. Other names commonly used for clay ironstone are
"chocolate bars" and limonite concretions.

d. Chert is defined as a rock composed of quartz, chalcedony or opal,

or any mixture of these forms of silica. It is variable in color. The
texture is so fine that the individual mineral grains are too small to
be distinguished by the unaided eye. Its hardness is such that it
scratches glass but is not scratched by a knife blade. It may contain
impurities such as clay, carbonates, iron oxides, and other minerals.
Other names commonly applied to varieties of chert are: flint, jasper,
agate, onyx, hornstone, procellanite, novaculite, sard, carnelian,
plasma, bloodstone, touchstone, chrysoprase, heliotrope, and petrified
wood. Cherty stone is defined as any type of rock (generally
limestone) that contains chert as lenses and nodules, or irregular
masses partially or completely replacing the original stone.

e. Claystone mudstone, or siltstone, is defined as a massive

fine-grained sedimentary rock that consists predominantly of clay or
silt without laminations or fissility. It may be indurated either by
compaction or by cementation.

f. Shaly limestone is defined as limestone in which shale occurs as one

or more thin beds or laminae. These laminae may be regular or very
irregular and may be spaced from a few inches down to minute fractions
of an inch. Argillaceous limestone is defined as a limestone in which
clay minerals occur disseminated in the stone in the amount of 10 to 50
percent by weight of the rock; when these make up from 50 to 90
percent, the rock is known as calcareous (or dolomitic) shale (or
claystone, mudstone, or siltstone).

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 17

1.5 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

1.5.1 General Requirements

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Fill in the bracket with the name and
location of the project.
**************************************************************************

a. The work covered by this section consists of furnishing all plant,

material, and equipment, and performing all labor for the
manufacturing, transporting, placing, compacting, finishing, jointing,
and curing of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavement for [_____].

b. Provide access to the Contracting Officer at all times to all parts

of the mixing and paving plant, placement site, and materials sources
for inspection, sampling, and testing to assure compliance with the
specifications.

1.5.2 Batching and Mixing Plant

[Link] Location of Plant

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The mixing plant should be on the
construction site or as close as possible, but
should be no further than 15 minutes haul time from
the placing site. This is especially true if the
project is on a military facility. The security
delays at entrances are prohibitive.
**************************************************************************

Locate the mixing plant [onsite as indicated on the drawings][ and ][no
more than 15 minutes haul time from the placing site].

[Link] Type of Plant

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Plant capacity should be governed by the
laydown pattern or the size of the job to help
eliminate or minimize cold joints.
**************************************************************************

Design and operate the mixing plant to produce an RCC mixture within the
specified tolerances. The plant shall be a stationary-type plant having a
twin-shift pug mill mixer and may be either weigh-batch type or continuous
type and shall have a minimum rated capacity of [230][_____] metric tons
[250][_____] tons per hour. The plant shall be equipped with positive
means for controlling and adjusting the mixing time (amount of mixing),
maintaining the time of mixing constant, and maintaining the speed of
rotation of the pug mill shafts constant.

[Link] Cementitious Material Feed Unit

Suitable equipment, incorporating either weighing or volumetric

measurements, shall be provided to separately batch or feed the required
percentage of each cementitious material in the mixture within tolerances
specified. Silos and feeders shall be equipped and operated so that no
caking of material or variation in feed will occur, including use of any

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 18

 necessary air pressure or vacuum vents on the silos. Provision shall be
made whereby each cementitious material can be readily sampled.

[Link] Aggregate Bins

Aggregate bins shall be provided for aggregate storage, one for each size
group. Each bin shall be of sufficient capacity to supply the mixer
continuously operating at full capacity. The bins shall be arranged to
ensure separate storage of appropriate fractions of aggregate. Each
compartment shall be provided with some means of preventing spilling of
material into other bins. Unless the aggregate in the bin is readily
visible to operating personnel, each aggregate bin shall be equipped with
mechanical or electrical telltales to indicate when the aggregate in the
bin is below level to permit accurate proportioning to mixing unit. Each
bin shall be constructed or equipped so that a representative sample may be
readily and safely obtained from each bin discharge during plant
operations. When use of blending material is necessary, appropriate means
shall be provided for separately storing, metering, and feeding into the
mixer.

[Link] Water Control Units

Satisfactory means incorporating either weighing, metering, or volumetric

measurements shall be provided to batch or feed the required quantity of
water in the mixture within tolerances specified. Adjusting controls shall
be convenient to and capable of easy and accurate operation by the mixer
operator. When metering controls the quantity of water, provision shall be
made whereby a fixed quantity of water delivered through the meter can be
readily checked by weight or volume. A water storage tank shall be
provided to prevent surge drawdown effect.

[Link] Batching or Feeding Tolerances

Batching or feeding shall conform to the mixture proportions directed

within the following tolerances in Table IV. For batch-type plants, the
variation is in percent by weight from batch weight of each material based
on the mixture proportions directed. For continuous feeding and mixing
plants, the variation is in percent by weight from the mixture proportions
of each material designed to be in a total timed sample obtained from a
designated location in the plant.

TABLE IV - BATCHING OR FEEDING TOLERANCES

Material Plant Tolerance, percent

Each cementitious material plus or minus 2.0

Water plus or minus 2.0
Admixtures zero to plus 4.0
Each individual aggregate size group plus or minus 2.0
Total aggregate plus or minus 3.0

[Link] Additional Requirements for Batch-Type Mixing Plants

a. Plant Scales: Plant scales shall conform to requirements of

NRMCA CPMB 100, with modifications as follows: Plant scales for any
weigh box or hopper shall be of either beam or springless-dial type and
shall be sensitive to 0.5 percent of maximum load required. Beam-type
scales shall have a separate beam for each size aggregate, with a
single pointer actuated for each beam and a tare beam for balancing

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 19

 hopper.

b. Weigh Box or Hopper for Aggregates: Weigh box or hopper for

aggregates shall conform to requirements of NRMCA CPMB 100, with
modifications as follows: Equipment shall include means for weighing
each bin size of aggregate in a weigh box or hopper suspended on
scales, ample in size to hold a full batch without running over. The
gates on both the bins and the hoppers shall prevent leakage of
aggregate when closed. On manually or semi-automatically operated
plants, an interlocking device shall be provided to prevent opening
more than one gate at a time. The interlocking device shall not be
required on automatic plants designed for simultaneous weighing of all
sizes of aggregate while the plant is operating under automatic control.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Modify or delete GGBFS (bracketed) sentence.
**************************************************************************

c. Weigh Hoppers for Cementitious Materials: Weigh hoppers for

cementitious materials shall conform to requirements of NRMCA CPMB 100,
with modifications as follows: The weigh hopper shall have sufficient
capacity to hold not less than 10 percent in excess of the weight of
the cementitious material required for one batch. Portland cement and
pozzolan may both be weighed cumulatively in the same hopper on the
same scale, provided the Portland cement is weighed first, or the
Portland cement and pozzolan may be weighed in separate hoppers on
separate scales. The hopper shall be suspended on dial or beam scales
equipped with a pointer so the tare weight of the hopper will be shown
for each weighing; net weight of cementitious material shall be
measured within 1 percent of the weight required.[ Ground granulated
blast furnace slag shall be [weighed on a separate scale][_____].]

d. Mixer Unit: The mixer for batch method shall be a stationary mixer
of the twin pug mill-type capable of producing a uniform mixture within
tolerances specified. The mixer shall have a time lock, accurate
within 5 seconds, to control operation of the complete mixing cycle by
locking the weigh hopper gate after mixer is charged until closing of
mixer gate throughout dry- and wet-mixing periods. The dry-mixing
period is defined as the interval of time between the opening of the
weigh hopper and the application of water. The wet-mixing period is
the interval between application of water and the opening of the mixer
gate. Control of mixing time shall be flexible and capable of being
set at intervals of not more than 5 seconds throughout cycles up to 3
minutes. A mechanical batch counter shall be installed as part of the
timing device and shall be designed to preclude register of dry batches
or of any material run through during operation of pulling bins.

[Link] Additional Requirements for Continuous-Mixing Plants

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Delete the bracketed statement except for
small or low-production jobs.
**************************************************************************

a. Aggregate Feed: Each bin shall have the feed rate controlled by a
variable speed belt, [gate remotely operated from the central control
panel, ]calibrated to accurately deliver any specified quantity of
material within the required tolerance. The feed rate from each bin
shall be readily adjustable from the control panel to change aggregate

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 20

 proportions or to compensate for changes in moisture content. The feed
rate controls shall automatically maintain the established proportions
of aggregate from each bin when the combined aggregate delivery is
increased or decreased. The combined aggregate belt feeding the mixer
shall be equipped with an approved belt scale. The belt scale shall
operate automatic controls, either electronic or mechanical, which will
maintain the established proportion of each cementitious material and
water as ratios of the total aggregate, with provisions for readily
changing the proportions at the control panel. Approved means shall be
provided for storing, metering, and feeding blend material as a
separate material when use of blending material is necessary.

b. Cementitious Material Control: Approved means shall be provided to

separately meter the required amount of each cementitious material in
the mix within the tolerance specified. Metering shall be by readily
adjustable vane feeders or other approved positive metering devices.
Metering and feed shall be designed and controlled so that the
cementitious material is uniformly fed into the mixer or into the
stream of aggregate on the feeder belt, all with necessary controls to
prevent loss of cementitious material as dust or in any other form.
Control of the quantity of each cementitious material shall be
automatically linked to the aggregate belt scales, as specified
herein. Provision shall be made so the amount of each cementitious
material delivered can be readily sampled and checked by weight.

c. Mixer Unit: The mixer for the continuous method shall be a

stationary mixer of the twin-shaft pug mill type capable of producing a
uniform and homogeneous mixture within tolerances specified. Blades
shall be adjustable for angular position on shafts and reversible to
retard flow of the mixture. The mixer shall bear a manufacturer's
plate indicating net volumetric contents of mixer at several heights
permanently inscribed on the wall and the rate of feed of aggregate per
minute at plant-operating speed.

d. Discharge Hopper: The pug mill shall be equipped with a discharge

hopper having a capacity of at least one metric ton ton. The hopper
shall be equipped with dump gates to assure rapid and complete
discharge without segregation.

1.6 SUBMITTALS

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Review submittal description (SD) definitions
in Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES and edit
the following list to reflect only the submittals
required for the project. Submittals should be kept
to the minimum required for adequate quality control.

A “G” following a submittal item indicates that the

submittal requires Government approval. Some
submittals are already marked with a “G”. Only
delete an existing “G” if the submittal item is not
complex and can be reviewed through the Contractor’s
Quality Control system. Only add a “G” if the
submittal is sufficiently important or complex in
context of the project.

For submittals requiring Government approval on Army

projects, a code of up to three characters within

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 21

 the submittal tags may be used following the "G"
designation to indicate the approving authority.
Codes for Army projects using the Resident
Management System (RMS) are: "AE" for
Architect-Engineer; "DO" for District Office
(Engineering Division or other organization in the
District Office); "AO" for Area Office; "RO" for
Resident Office; and "PO" for Project Office. Codes
following the "G" typically are not used for Navy,
Air Force, and NASA projects.

Choose the first bracketed item for Navy, Air Force

and NASA projects, or choose the second bracketed
item for Army projects.
**************************************************************************

Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" designation;

submittals not having a "G" designation are for [Contractor Quality Control
approval.] [information only. When used, a designation following the "G"
designation identifies the office that will review the submittal for the
Government.] Submit the following in accordance with Section 01 33 00
SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:

SD-01 Preconstruction Submittals

Mixture Proportioning

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Mixture proportioning studies include
aggregate quality testing which may take
considerable time. The mixture trial phase and
follow up testing will require several months.
Consider these time limits in selection when the
submittal is required. Generally, mixture
proportioning studies through 28-day test results
require at least 60 days to perform. If later age
strength results are necessary, more time is
necessary.
**************************************************************************

At least [60][_____] days in advance of RCC test section

construction and prior to plant assembly. Include:

a. Laboratory report on mixture design studies with [28][90]-day

strength test results.
b. Source information on all constituent materials.
c. Laboratory report of aggregate quality tests.
d. Manufacturer's literature including mill analysis and
production test data on cementitious materials and admixture data.

Batching and Mixing Plant

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Time for this Submittal is intended to
provide advance information to the field staff so
that timely plant inspection can be done.
**************************************************************************

Details and data on the RCC mixing plant at least [60][_____]

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 22

 days in advance of RCC test section construction and prior to
plant assembly. Include:

a. Detailed layour of aggregate and RCC equipment.

b. Equipment manufacturer's literature on the:
1) Cementitious material storage, handling, and controls
2) Aggregate handling and controls
3) Water system and controls
4) Mixers and controls
5) Re-screening systems
6) Cooling systems
7) Plant conveyors, bins, and feeders.

Transporting and Placing Methods

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The submittal is to be reviewed in advance of
the test section construction. The test section is
where the Contractor demonstrates the proposed
processes. The processes may change as a result of
the test section and the resubmittal documents that
change.
**************************************************************************

Initial submittal [60][_____] days in advance of the test

section construction. A resubmittal shall be done after
completion of a successful test section at least [14][_____] days
in advance to the RCC pavement placement.

a. Include narrative, equipment, crew list, and manufacturer's

literature for the following operations for normal and adverse
weather conditions:
1) Transporting RCC from plant to placement area
2) RCC feeders to the laydown equipment
3) Laydown equipment
4) Grade and alignment control
5) Compaction
6) Curing

b. Instructions on adjustments and operating procedures including

corrective action(s) necessary to assure a tight, smooth surface
on the RCC pavement, free of tears and other surface
imperfections, including surface pitting.

Test Section

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The test section should demonstrate ALL the
required elements specified and should be done after
calibration of the mixing plant.
**************************************************************************

A detailde plan of the proposed test section layout, location,

and placement sequence at least 14 days prior to placement of the
test section.

Placement Schedule

**************************************************************************

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 23

 NOTE: This requirement may be deleted if it is
duplicated in the overall project schedule.
**************************************************************************

Schedule of paving operations, at least [28][_____] days prior

to start of paving unless otherwise specified.

Contractor Quality Control

**************************************************************************
NOTE: This submittal requires verification that the
laboratory has passed COE laboratory validation.
Such validation does not preclude specific facility
and staff qualifications specified.
**************************************************************************

A detailed plan of the proposed facility, equipment, procedures

and qualifications at least [14][_____] days prior to placement of
the test section. Include:

a. Qualifications of Contractor CQC Staff

b. Laboratory accreditation documents and staff certifications
c. Equipment list and calibration cerificates
d. Nuclear gage license and calibration curves.

SD-03 Product Data

Placing and Spreading

If concrete is to be placed in or exposed to hot or cold weather

conditions, a description of the placing and protection methods
proposed, prior to construction of the test section. Unless
otherwise directed or approved, placing shall begin along the low
side of sloped areas.

Joints

A detailed plan of the proposed paving pattern showing all

planned construction joints and curing water runoff control.

Waybills and Delivery Tickets

Copies of waybills or delivery tickets for cementitious

material, during the progress of the work. Before the final
payment is allowed, waybills and certified delivery tickets shall
be furnished for all cementitious material used in the
construction.

1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.7.1 Sampling and Testing

The Government may sample and test aggregates and concrete during
construction and inspect production and placement facilities and equipment
to determine compliance with the specifications as specified herein and as
otherwise considered appropriate. Provide facilities and labor as may be
necessary for procurement of representative test samples. Testing
performed by the Government will not relieve the Contractor from the
quality control testing requirements specified.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 24

1.7.2 Allowable Variations

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Table V is a comprehensive listing of
geometric and testing limits and corresponding
allowable variations. Edit those values as
appropriate for the project. Edit line items as
appropriate. Where payment adjustment is not to be
done, edit the exceedance action column to remove
pay adjustment and add requirement.
**************************************************************************

Comply with the limits for parameters shown in Table V. The table
identifies specified limits and allowable variations from these limits.

TABLE V - LIMITS AND ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS

Parameter Specified Limit Allowable Variation Exceeding Action

Cementitious Conforming to Zero to plus 4% by Remove and Replace if

Material mix design weight further quantity
content targets reduction required

Grade As shown on the Plus or minus 13 Remove and replace

contract dwings mm (1/2 inch)

Alignment As shown on the Up to 13 mm (1/2 Remove and replace

contract dwings inch) variation

Thickness As shown on the Plus or minus 6 mm [Pay adjustment up to

contract (1/4 inch) 13 mm (1/2 inch,
drawings otherwise] remove and
replace

Density in accordance with ASTM D 1557 98.0% interior [Pay adjustment or]
Laboratory test 96.0% at joints remove and replace

Smoothness Checked with Up to 10% of all [Pay adjustment or]

appr 4 m (12 ft) measurements with- remove and replace
straight edge in specified limit

[Tank hardstands Longitudinal 10 mm (3/8 inch)

parking areas, Transverse 10 mm (3/8 inch)
open store areas]

[Roads and Str.] Longitudinal 5 mm (3/16 inch)

Transverse 6 mm (1/4 inch)

Abrupt Offsets Any direction 3 mm (1/8 inch) [Grind to specified

tolerance or] remove
and replace

Surface Texture Conforming to Up to 5% of area [Pay adjustment or]

designated test less than test patch remove and replace
patch on test surface textures
section

Strength Specified Not more than [10%] Remove and replace if

Strength of strength results more than [10%] of

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 25

 TABLE V - LIMITS AND ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS
Parameter Specified Limit Allowable Variation Exceeding Action
can be less than test results is less
f'c specified f'c

1.8 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

1.8.1 Bulk Cementitious Materials

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Cement storage consists of dedicated plant
silos for each cementitious material. In addition,
higher capacity storage tankers (aka guppies, pigs)
are often stored on site. Cementitious materials
are usually truck hauled from the closest terminal
or rail cars can be used as a temporary terminal.
Dual silos must contain a clear air space between
silo sidewalls to prevent cross contamination.
**************************************************************************

Furnish cementitious material in bulk. The temperature of the cementitious

material, as delivered for storage at the site, shall not exceed 65 degrees
C 150 degrees F. Provide separate facilities for unloading, transporting,
storing, and handling of each type of cementitious material.

[Link] Transporting Cementitious Materials

When bulk cementitious material is not unloaded from primary carriers

directly into weather-tight hoppers at the batching plant, transportation
from the railhead, mill, or intermediate storage to the batching plant
shall be accomplished in adequately designed weather-tight trucks,
conveyors, or other means that will completely protect the cementitious
material from exposure to moisture. Submit copies of the Waybills and
Delivery Tickets to the Contracting Officer, as specified in the Submittals
paragraph.

[Link] Storage of Cementitious Materials

Immediately upon receipt at the site of the work, store cementitious

materials in a dry and properly ventilated structure. All storage
facilities shall permit easy access for inspection and identification. To
prevent cement from becoming unduly aged after delivery, use any cement
that has been stored at the site for 60 days or more before using cement of
lesser age.

1.8.2 Aggregate Materials

[Link] Storage

Aggregate shall be stored at the site of the mixing plant, avoiding

breakage, segregation, or contamination by foreign materials. Each size of
aggregate from each source shall be stored separately in free-draining
stockpiles. Aggregate shall remain in free-draining storage for at least
24 hours immediately prior to use. At least [50] percent of the aggregate
required for the [project][phase] shall be maintained at the site at all
times to permit continuous uninterrupted operation of the mixing plant at
the time RCC is being placed.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 26

[Link] Handling

Aggregate shall be handled preventing segregation or degradation. Vehicles

used for stockpiling or moving aggregate shall be kept clean of foreign
materials. Selective withdrawal and loader mixing of aggregates from the
stockpile shall be done to blend materials prior to loading the bins.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIAL SOURCES

2.1.1 Aggregate Sources

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The specification provides in Table VI a
complete list of material properties that the
aggregate must have to be used on the project. It
is the Contractor's responsibility to find sources
that meet those requirements prior to the start of
work and throughout the work.

Where complete testing has been done to determine

acceptable sources, it may be expedient to list the
sources that have been tested and are acceptable.

Where it is intended that a specific source or

sources be used exclusively, they should be listed
and so stated.

Performance testing of aggregate will require at

least 90 days to perform the required freezing and
thawing tests. Requirements for Contractor testing
or design phase government testing of aggregate
quality should be evaluated based on project
schedule requirements.

Where service records are acceptable in lieu of

performance testing, satisfactory service record for
an aggregate will be determined based on the
aggregate's ability to resist degradation under
traffic and/or climatic conditions similar to that
expected during its use. If performance data
indicate that an aggregate is susceptible to one or
more of the above mentioned problems, that source of
aggregate will be rejected.
**************************************************************************

Locate and test the sources from which the aggregates are to be obtained.
All aggregate for each nominal size group of aggregates shall be from a
single aggregate source and shall meet specified quality requirements.
Complete aggregate quality testing prior to performing mixture proportion
studies.[ The following sources are acceptable for RCC pavement
construction:

a. Source a, name, location, owner, contact information.

b. Source [b][_____]]

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 27

2.1.2 Portland Cement Source

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Confirm that required portland cement is
available in the required quantity from a single
source.
**************************************************************************

Provide portland cement from sources actively producing portland cement

that have a documented record of consistent physical and chemical
properties meeting the specified provisions of [ASTM C 150][ASTM C 1157].
Submit production tests for the past 2 years to verify acceptable
performance. All portland cement for the project shall be from a single
source. A second source of portland cement may be used if documentation is
provided that the primary source cannot provide for the entire project
needs. Test additional trial mixtures to confirm mixture performance.

2.1.3 Aggregate Samples

Provide facilities for the ready procurement of representative test samples

for Government testing. Oobtain samples of aggregates during paving at the
point of batching. Additional tests and analyses of aggregates at various
stages in the processing and handling operations may be made by the
Government at the discretion of the Contracting Officer.

2.1.4 Pozzolan Source

**************************************************************************
Note: Confirm that required pozzolan is available
in the required quantity from a single source.
**************************************************************************

Provide pozzolan from sources actively producing pozzolan that have a

documented record of consistent physical and chemical properties meeting
the specified provisions of ASTM C 618. Submit production tests for the
past 2 years to verify acceptable performance. All pozzolan for the
project shall be from a single source.

2.1.5 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Source

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Confirm that required GGBFS is available in
the required quantity from a single source.
**************************************************************************

Provide GGBFS from sources actively producing GGBFS that have a documented
record of consistent physical and chemical properties meeting the specified
provisions of ASTM C 989. Submit production tests for the past 2 years to
verify acceptable performance. All GGBFS for the project shall be from a
single source.

2.2 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

2.2.1 Portland Cement

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The option of Type I or Type II portland
cement should normally be specified, but only type
II portland cement should be required when moderate

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 28

 resistance to sulfate attack is needed. Low alkali
cements should be required when alkali reactive
aggregates are used in the concrete. The false set
requirement should be added if a history of false
set exists for the area. Portland cement may also
be specified using performance specification ASTM C
1157.
**************************************************************************

Portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 150, Type [I][II][IV][, low alkali]
[, including the false set requirement]. Low alkali cement shall be used
if the proposed aggregates are found to have greater than 0.04 percent
expansion when tested in accordance with paragraph: Alkali-Silica
Reactivity. Portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 1157, Type
[GU][MS][HS][MH][LH], including [Option R, Low Reactivity with
Alkali-Reactive Aggregates][Optional Physical Requirements].

2.2.2 Pozzolan

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The supplemental requirements for limit on
alkalies and limit on reactivity in brackets should
be specified any time low alkali cement is specified
or if class C pozzolan is permitted. Class C
pozzolan should not be used if there is potential
for sulfate attack. The supplemental requirements
a-c should be used if there is potential for sulfate
attack.
**************************************************************************

Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 618, Class [F][C],
including the optional requirements for drying shrinkage, uniformity, and
effectiveness in controlling Alkali-Silica reaction and shall have a loss
on ignition not exceeding [3][6] percent. Class F fly ash for use in
mitigating Alkali-Silica Reactivity shall have a Calcium Oxide (CaO)
content of less than 8 percent.

2.2.3 Portland-Pozzolan Cement

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The optional requirement for mortar expansion
should be specified when the Portland-pozzolan
cement will be used with alkali-reactive aggregate.

If portland-pozzolan cement is not locally and

readily available, remove this paragraph and all
other references to the material in this
specification.
**************************************************************************

Portland-pozzolan cement shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 595,

Type IP or Type I(PM), including requirement for [mortar expansion][sulfate
resistance] contained in Table III.

2.2.4 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

**************************************************************************
NOTE: If ground granulated blast furnace slag is
not locally and readily available, remove this

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 29

 paragraph and all other references to the material
in this specification. Select the appropriate grade
of GGBFS.
**************************************************************************

Ground granulated blast furnace slag shall conform to the requirements of

ASTM C 989, grade [80][100][120].

2.3 WATER

Provide water conforming to the requirements of COE CRD-C 400 that is

clean, fresh, and free from injurious amounts of oil, acid, salt, alkali,
organic matter, and other substances deleterious to the hardening of
concrete, subject to approval. Water that meets local drinking water
satndards and has no pronounced taste or odor may be used without testing.

2.4 CURING MATERIALS

a. Impervious-Sheet materials shall conform to ASTM C 171. The type is

potional.

b. Membrane-Forming curing compund shall conform to [ASTM C 309, Type

1-D or 2][COE CRD-C 300] Nonpigmented compound shall contain a
fugitive dye, and shall have the reflective requirements in ASTM C 309
waived.

c. Burlap and cotton mat used for curing shall conform to AASHTO M 182.

2.5 AGGREGATES

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Modify the 90 percent limits if local
information indicates that available aggregates
cannot comply with this requirement and it is in the
government's best interest to allow such a variation.

If the desire is to use State approved aggregates

sources, revise the table values to match the state
requirements and add supplemental line items as
necessary.
**************************************************************************

Furnish, separately, both fine and coarse aggregates that meet requirements
of these specifications. The coarse aggregate may consist of one or more
nominal size groups each consisting of at least [90][_____] percent by
weight of aggregate retained on the 4.75 mm No. 4 sieve, and the fine
aggregate and blending material, if used, shall have at least [90][_____]
percent by weight of aggregate passing the 4.75 mm No. 4 sieve.

2.5.1 Coarse Aggregate

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Crushing the gravel tends to improve quality
and bond characteristics and generally results in
higher flexural strength of concrete and a more
stable mixture under compaction. When mixture
proportioning studies or local experience indicates
that low flexural strength will be attained by using
an uncrushed gravel, the possibility of attaining

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 30

 higher strength by crushing the gravel should be
investigated. When desirable to require all the
coarse aggregate to be crushed, modify the paragraph
by deleting uncrushed gravel and adding the sentence
in brackets.

If history of aggregate sources in the project area

indicates lower concrete strengths are caused if
dust and other coatings are not washed from the
aggregate, then the option in brackets for washing
aggregate should be considered if economically
justified.
**************************************************************************

Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed or uncrushed gravel, crushed

stone, air cooled blast furnace slag, or a combination thereof.[ Crushed
gravel shall contain not less than 60 percent by weight of crushed
particles size having at least one freshly fractured face, in each sieve.]
Coarse aggregates shall consist of clean, hard, uncoated particles meeting
the specified requirements.[ Dust and other coatings shall be removed from
the coarse aggregate by washing.] Particles of the coarse aggregate shall
be generally spherical or cubical in shape. Coarse aggregate shall meet
the test limits and requirements of TABLE VI - QUALITY LIMITS FOR AGGREGATE

2.5.2 Fine Aggregate

[Link] General Requirements

Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or a

combination of the two meeting the requirements of TABLE VI - QUALITY
LIMITS FOR AGGREGATE. Where necessary to meet grading requirements, a fine
blending material may also be used. Particles of the fine aggregate shall
be generally spherical or cubical in shape.

[Link] Blending Material

To meet the specified gradation, additional fines (minus 0.150 and 0.075 mm
No. 100 and No. 200 sieve size material), if necessary, shall be provided
by adding to the aggregates a fine blending sand or pozzolan (fly ash). If
pozzolan is used, it shall be the same material as furnished for
cementitious material as required by paragraph CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS.
Pozzolan, if used for this purpose, shall be batched or fed together with
pozzolan used as cementitious material and shall be furnished at the
Contractor's expense. Blending sand, if used, shall be a clean, hard,
siliceous material meeting all quality requirements specified herein for
fine aggregate and shall be furnished to the mixer as a separate material.

TABLE VI - QUALITY LIMITS FOR AGGREGATE

Parameters Test Method Coarse Fine

Aggr Aggr
E F

Characterization Tests:
a Sieve Analysis ASTM C 136 (a) (a)
b Specific Gravity & Absorption, BSSD ASTM C 127 (b) (b)
& ASTM C 128
Tests for Deleterious Materials (c) (d)
c Materials finer than 0.075 mm (No. 200) ASTM C 117 1.0 3.0

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 31

 TABLE VI - QUALITY LIMITS FOR AGGREGATE

Parameters Test Method Coarse Fine

Aggr Aggr
E F
sieve, max % by wt. (e)
d Clay lumps, max % by wt. ASTM C 142 2.0 1.0
e Lightweight particles, max % by wt. ASTM C 123 1.0 0.5
(BSSD Sp. Gr.2.00) (f)
f Chert and cherty stone, max % by wt. ASTM C 295 -- --
(BSSD Sp. Gr. <2.40)
g Shale, max % by wt. ASTM C 295 -- --
h Clay ironstone, max by wt. ASTM C 295 -- --
i Claystone, mudstone, and siltstone, ASTM C 295 -- --
max % by wt.
j Shaly and argillaceous limestone, ASTM C 295 -- --
max % by wt.
k Other soft particles, max % by wt. COE CRD-C 130 2.0 --
K Total of all deleterious substances, 5.0 --
exclusive of material finer than
0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, c through
k, max % by wt.

Other Quality Tests:

l Flat and elongated particles, max % ASTM D 4791 20 --
by wt.
m Resistance to Freezing and Thawing COE CRD-C 130 50 50
using conventional concrete specimens
if no service record of performance,
min DFE
n Los Angeles Abrasion, max % loss by wt. ASTM C 131 40 NA
o Organic Impurities, max color number ASTM C 40 NA 3
p Effect of Organic Impurities, % of std. ASTM C 87 NA pass
q Petrographic examination to assess ASTM C 295 yes yes
potentially alkali-silica reactive
constituents (f) (g)
r Alkali Reactivity, max expansion at ASTM C 1260 0.08 0.08
16 days (f)

The following notes correspond to bracketed references (x) in Table VI:

a. The combined aggregate grading must meet the requirements of Table

VI. Reference paragraph Aggregate Gradation.

b. Specific gravity and absorption are required for each aggregate size
group for use in trial mixture proportioning.

c. Tests for deleterious materials require a petrographic analysis in

accordance with ASTM C 295 for determining the presence of shale, clay
ironstone, chert, cherry stone, claystone, mudstone, siltstone and
shaly and argillaceous limestone.

d. The test sample size of coarse aggregate shall be at least 100 kg

220 lbs for nominal size groups greater than 19 to 38 mm 3/4 to 1-1/2
inch and 11.5 kg 26 lbs for the 5 to 19 mm No. 4 to 3/4 inch coarse
aggregate. The minimum test sample for fine aggregate shall be 5 kg ll
lbs. The testing procedure on each sample of coarse aggregate for
compliance with limits on deleterious materials shall be as follows:

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 32

 1). Step 1: Test approximately one-fifth of sample for material
finer than the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve.

2). Step 2: Wash off material finer than the 0.075 mm No. 200
sieve from the remainder of the sample and recombine the remainder
with material retained on the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve from Step 1.

3). Step 3: Test remaining full sample for clay lumps and friable
particles and remove.

4). Step 4: Test remaining full sample for lightweight particles

and remove, and then for chert and/or cherty stone with SSD
density of less than Sp. Gr. 2.40 and remove.

5). Step 5: Test remaining sample for clay-ironstone, shale,

claystone, mudstone, siltstone, shaly and/or argillaceous
limestone, and remove. This work shall be done by a licensed
petrographer.

6). Step 6: Test approximately one-fifth of remaining full sample

for other soft particles.

e. The limit for material finer than 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve will be
increased to 1.5 percent for crushed coarse aggregates and 5.0 percent
for fine aggregates if the fine material consists of crusher dust and
supplemental tests confirm that the material is essentially free from
clay or shale. The separation medium shall have a specific gravity of
2.0. This limit does not apply to coarse aggregate manufactured from
blast-furnace slag unless contamination is evident.

f. Determination of potential alkali reactivity of aggregates is a

complex process that may involve additional testing if results of
petrographic examination and ASTM C 1260 tests indicate potential
deleterious reactivity. See paragraph: Alkali-Silica Reactivity for
requirements.

g. The petrographer meeting the requirements of ASTM C 856 shall be

subject to approval and at least 10 days before any individual is
proposed to commence this type of work, submit a written resume of the
individual's training and experience for approval by the Government.
The Contractor will not be entitled to any extension of time or
additional payment due to any delays caused by the testing, evaluation
or personnel requirements specified herein.

2.5.3 Alkali-Silica Reactivity

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Use these paragraphs for regions where
aggregates have a history of high alkali-silica
reactivity. This requirement is more restrictive
than the procedure required in Table III.
**************************************************************************

Evaluate and test fine and coarse aggregates to be used in all concrete for
alkali-aggregate reactivity in accordance with ASTM C 1260. Test both
coarse aggregate size groups if from different sources. Evaluate the fine
and coarse aggregates separately and in combination matching the proposed
mix design proportioning. Test results of each individual group and
combination must have a measured expansion less than 0.08 percent at 16

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 33

 days after casting. Should the test data indicate an expansion equal to or
greater than 0.08 percent, reject the aggregate(s) or perform additional
testing in accordance with ASTM C 1567 using one of the following options.
If any of the above options does not lower the expansion to less than 0.08
percent at 16 days after casting, reject the aggregate(s) and submit new
aggregate sources for retesting. Submit the results of testing to the
Contracting Officer for evaluation and acceptance

[Link] Class F Flyash Option

Utilize the Contractor's proposed low alkali portland cement and Class F
fly ash pozzolan in combination with the proposed aggregate percentage for
the test proportioning. Use Class F fly ash pozzolan in the range of 25
percent to 40 percent of the total cementitious material by mass.
Determine the quantity that will meet all the requirements of these
specifications and that will lower the expansion to less than 0.08 percent
at 16 days after casting.

[Link] GGBF Option

Utilize the Contractor's proposed low alkali portland cement and ground
granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag in combination with the proposed
aggregate percentage for the test proportioning. Use GGBF slag in the
range of 40 percent to 50 percent of the total cementitious material by
mass. Determine the quantity that will meet all the requirements of these
specifications and that will lower the expansion to less than 0.08 percent
at 16 days.

2.5.4 Aggregate Gradation

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The combined aggregate grading is the
property that must be evaluated and controlled.
However, aggregates are stockpiled and handled in
size groups that are typically fine aggregate (5 to
0 mm (No. 4 to 0), 19 to 5 mm (3/4-inch to No. 4),
and 38 to 19 mm (1.5 to 3/4 inch)). This section
requires that the Contractor designate the size
groups, the gradings of each size group, and the
proportion of each size group such that the combined
grading is met. Typically the grading of each size
group is monitored and controlled with little regard
for the combined grading. This specification
requires that the combined grading also be monitored
and controlled.
**************************************************************************

The combined aggregate shall consist of a minimum of at least two nominal

size groups consisting of coarse and fine aggregate with blending material,
if necessary, as previously described. Each nominal aggregate size group
shall have a gradation such that the two or more materials can be combined
in proportions that will produce a combined gradation within the specified
limits. Each size group of aggregate and blending material shall be batched
separately or otherwise fed separately to the mixer. The specified grading
limits are determined in a 2 part process: 1) determining the initial
combined aggregate grading and 2) determining the base grading limit.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 34

[Link] Initial Combined Aggregate Grading Limits

Nominal aggregate size groups shall be combined to produce a uniform

distribution of aggregate particles forming a smooth, well-graded curve.
The Contractor's selected aggregate blend shall fall within the limits
specified in the Table VII - Initial Combined Aggregate Grading Limits.
Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates (ASTM C 136, ASTM C 117) shall
be performed to develop the Contractor's selected aggregate blend and
initial grading.

TABLE VII - Initial Combined Aggregate Grading Limits

Cumulative Percent
Sieve Size by Weight Passing
__________ __________________

25 mm 100
19 mm 85-100
12.5 mm 70-95
9.5 mm 55-85
4.75 mm 40-65
2.36 mm 30-55
1.18 mm 20-45
0.600 mm 15-35
0.300 mm 10-25
0.150 mm 5-15
0.075 mm 2-10

TABLE VII - Initial Combined Aggregate Grading Limits

Cumulative Percent
Sieve Size by Weight Passing
__________ __________________

1 inch 100
3/4 inch 85-100
1/2 inch 70-95
3/8 inch 55-85
No. 4 40-65
No. 8 30-55
No. 16 20-45
No. 30 15-35
No. 50 10-25
No. 100 5-15
No. 200 2-10

[Link] Base Aggregate Grading Limits

After testing is completed and the aggregate blend meeting the initial
combined aggregate grading shown in Table VII is selected, and after mix
proportions and properties are determined using the selected blend, the
base grading limits of each nominal size group of aggregate to be used
during production shall be established. The base grading limit for each
nominal aggregate size group, including any necessary blending material,
shall be the grading used in the mix proportioning study with tolerances
shown in Table VIII applied to each individual sieve size. The base
grading limit for each aggregate size group will then be used for
acceptance of aggregates entering the mixer.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 35

 TABLE VIII - Grading Limits for Each Aggregate Sieve Size

Tolerance, plus or minus

Sieves Percentage points
______ ________________________

12.5 mm, 9.5 mm 5

2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 0.600 mm 4
25 mm, 19 mm, 4.75 mm, 0.300 mm 3
0.150 mm, 0.075 mm 2

TABLE VIII - Grading Limits for Each Aggregate Sieve Size

Tolerance, plus or minus

Sieves Percentage points
______ ________________________

1/2 inch, 3/8 inch, 5

No. 8, No. 16, No. 30 4
1 inch, 3/4 inch, No. 50, No. 4 3
No. 100, No. 200 2

2.6 ADMIXTURES

Water-reducing and retarding admixtures, if used, shall conform to

ASTM C 494/C 494M, Type B or D.

2.7 EQUIPMENT

2.7.1 Paver Requirements

**************************************************************************
NOTE: This specification prohibits the use of
traditional asphalt concrete pavers. Those are
pavers that consolidate the material using a
vibrating screed plate. The specified paver, also
used for asphalt concrete, utilizes one or more
tamping bars that compacts the material before
exiting the machine. Much higher degree of
compaction is attained by this type of machine.
**************************************************************************

Pavers shall be heavy-duty, track-equipped machines of the self-propelled

type, similar to laydown machines (pavers) used for asphalt concrete or
soil-cement construction. The pavers shall:

a. Be equipped with hoppers, distributing screws, vibrating screen

and/or at least one tamping bar, adjustable screeds capable of being
operated both manually and automatically, and equalizing devices.

b. Be of suitable weight and stability to spread and finish the

concrete to the indicated thickness, smoothness, and surface texture
requirements.

c. Confine edges of lanes to true lines without use of stationary side

forms and shall place the concrete to the required thickness, free from
segregation.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 36

 d. Shall be equipped with interchangeable side forms (shoes) which
will form the edge of the pavement lane either vertically or 15 degrees
from vertical.

e. Be designed to operate forward at variable speeds and in reverse.

2.7.2 Paver Control

The pavers shall automatically control both line and grade by means of
electronic controls operating from stationary stringlines on both sides of
the paver. However, as appropriate, a short ski riding on an adjacent
paved lane may be used in lieu of one of the stringlines. Laser control
devices may be used in lieu of a stringline provided the entire process is
approved.

2.7.3 Compaction Equipment

[Link] Vibratory Rollers

Vibratory rollers shall be self-propelled, double-drum, steel-wheeled.

Within the range of the operational capability of the equipment, the
Contracting Officer may direct or allow variations within the specified
range to the frequency, amplitude, and speed of operation which result in
the required density and satisfactory surface texture at the fastest
production rate. At least one self-propelled vibratory roller, in good
operating condition and meeting these requirements, shall be used full time
for each paver used full time. Any rollers that pick up material from the
surface of the pavement shall be adjusted, modified, or replaced. The
vibratory roller shall have the following features:

a. An average operating weight per drum of at least 2.7 kg/mm 150

pounds/lineal inch of drum.

b. A dynamic impact to the surface through the drums by means of

revolving weights, eccentric shafts, or other equivalent methods.

c. A vibrating frequency of at least 1,500 cycles per minute.

d. An amplitude between 0.38 and 1.02 mm 0.015 and 0.040 inch at the
operating frequency used.

e. Controls that permit ready variation of the amplitude at a minimum

of two settings over at least 50 percent of the above range.

f. Drum diameter between 1219 and 1676 mm 48 and 66 inches and between
1676 to 2438 mm 66 to 96 inches in width.

g. Each drum equipped with an operating scraper and pad.

h. Equipped with a means of keeping the drums damp during operation.

[Link] Rubber-Tired Roller

The rubber-tired roller shall have the following features:

a. Smooth tires, nonoscillating wheels and a tire pressure adjustable

between a minimum of 345 and a maximum of 620 kPa 50 and a maximum of
90 psi and with a total load between 1400 and 2000 kg 3,000 and 4,500
pounds per wheel.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 37

 b. 2 axles with at least 3 wheels per axle, offset so the front and
back tires do not track in the same path.

[Link] Finish Roller

The smooth-wheeled tandem roller shall weigh 5 to 9 metric tons 5 to 10 tons.

The vibratory roller may be used without vibration as a finish roller to
remove surface blemishes.

[Link] Other Compaction Equipment

Light, walk-behind, or similar sized vibratory rollers and mechanical plate

vibrators shall be furnished for use in compacting areas inaccessible to
the large rollers.

2.7.4 Straightedge

Furnish one 3.6 meter 12 foot straightedge for each paving spreader for
testing the finished surface. Straightedges shall be made available for
Government use upon request. Straightedges shall be constructed of
aluminum or other lightweight metal and shall have blades of box or
box-girder cross section with flat bottom reinforced to ensure rigidity and
accuracy. Straightedges shall have handles to facilitate movement on the
pavement.

2.7.5 Nuclear Density Gauge

One operable and properly calibrated nuclear density gauge shall be

furnished for each paver. The nuclear density gauge shall be made
available for Government use upon request. The nuclear density apparatus
shall conform to ASTM C 1040/C 1040M, Method A, and shall be of a
single-probe type.

2.7.6 Curing Equipment

Equipment for applying membrane-forming curing compound shall have the

following features and configuration:

a. Mounted on a self-propelled frame that spans the paving lane.

b. The reservoir for curing compound shall be constantly mechanically

(not air) agitated during operation and shall contain means for
completely draining the reservoir.

c. A spraying system consisting of a mechanically powered pump which

will maintain constant pressure during operation and an operable
pressure gauge.

d. Either a series of spray nozzles evenly spaced across the lane to

give uniformly overlapping coverage or a single spray nozzle which is
mounted on a carriage which automatically traverses the lane width at a
speed correlated with the forward movement of the overall frame

e. All spray nozzles protected with wind screens.

2.8 MIXTURE PROPORTIONING

The Contractor is responsible for all activities leading to development of

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 38

 a viable RCC pavement mix design. The work includes sampling aggregates,
collecting materials, and laboratory testing and evaluations. The
Contractor will be responsible for initial mixture proportions by the
laboratory mixture proportioning trials. With approval of the Contracting
Officer, the Contractor may make minor adjustments to the mixture
proportions during construction as necessary to achieve the desired
properties.

2.8.1 Laboratory and Staff Qualifications

The laboratory and testing staff determining the RCC mixture proportions
shall meet the same requirements specified in paragraph: CONTRACTOR QUALITY
CONTROL.

2.8.2 Composition

**************************************************************************
NOTE: A typical range for most applications is 250
(min) to 350 (max) kg/cubic meter (400 (min) to 600
(max) lbs/cubic yard) of cementitious material and
15 to 25 percent pozzolan by absolute volume
replacement of cementitious material. Add sentence
in last set of brackets on ground slag only if it
will be used. Actual proportions will be determined
by the testing laboratory.
**************************************************************************

RCC shall be composed of cementitious material, water, and fine and coarse
aggregates, including any necessary fine blending material. The
cementitious materials shall be portland cement in combination with
pozzolan or, at the Contractor's option, cementitious material may be
[portland-pozzolan cement] [portland cement in combination with ground
granulated blast furnace slag]. A retarding admixture may be used, if
ambient temperatures above [27][_____]degrees C [80][_____] degrees F are
anticipated during placement. Other admixtures shall not be used unless
demonstrated to be beneficial, approved in writing, and used in the mixture
proportioning studies. Samples of all materials used in the mixture
proportioning studies shall be representative of those proposed for use on
the project.

2.8.3 Criteria for Mixture Proportions

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Pavement design is mostly based on the
flexural strength of the mixture. Field control of
mixtures is most easily done by evaluating
compressive strength. One purpose of the mix design
program is to correlate flexural strength and
compressive strength of the mixture. It is
important to not overspecify strength because that
will result in mixtures that generate higher heat
and may result in more cracking than would otherwise
occur. Consequently overdesign strength values
should be added to the extent required but not be
excessive. It should be added to the specified
strength and no separate provision made for
computing overdesign strength. Suggest that 10
percent should be added to design compressive and
flexural strengths.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 39

 **************************************************************************

The RCC mixture shall be proportioned based on the following cirteria:

a. Workability of the mixture shall be appropriate for the paving

machine to achieve the required density, thickness, grade, and finish
texture.

b. The mixture shall attain a [28-day][56-day][90-day]

[flexural][compressive strength] of [_____] psi.

c. The mixture shall be proportioned to minimize the volume of Portland

cement.

d. The mixture [may][shall] contain pozzolan at a minimum replacement

of [15%] of the volume of cementitious materials.

e. The mixture [may][shall] contain granulated ground blast furnace

slag at a minimum replacement of [_____] percent of the volume of
cementitious materials.

2.8.4 Mix Design Procedure

**************************************************************************
NOTE: There is no stardard guide for RCC pavement
mixture. A previous guide, CRD C 161 in the
Handbook of Cement and Concrete, is based on optimum
moisture content and not considered as appropriate
as the procedure outlined in Appendix C "RCC
Pavement Mixture Proportioning Method" at the end of
this Section.
**************************************************************************

Total mixture proportions shall be selected generally using the procedure

detailed in Appendix C at the end of this Section. [Compressive][ and
][flexural] strength performance shall be determined for each trial mixture
by testing [3 nominal 150 by 300 mm 6 by 12-inch cylinders][ and ][4 nominal
150 by 500 mm 6 by 6 by 20-inch beams] each at 7, 14, 28,[ 56,][ and ][90]
days.

a. Strength. A minimum of three trial mixes shall be prepared at

approximately 2 percent above and below the cementitious material
content initially selected to meet the target project design
[flexural][compressive] strength.

b. Workability. For each of the trial mixes, the paste volume shall be
adjusted to produce workability approximately 10 seconds higher and 10
seconds lower than the target workability level. Subsequent moisture
variations shall be based on observed performance during compaction of
specimens.

c. Pozzolan. An additional 2 trial mixes shall be designed during the

trial mix design study to establish the effect of pozzolan. Using the
cementitious material content selected to meet the target project
design, proportion two additional mixes using 15 and 25 percent
pozzolan replacement by volume of cementitious material.[ If ground
granulated blast furnace slag is used the proportions will vary between
25 and 50 percent by absolute volume of the cementitious material,
depending on the temperature during placing. No pozzolan or

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 40

 portland-pozzolan cement will be used if ground granulated blast
furnace slag is used.]

d. Aggregate Fines. Using the cementitious material content selected

to meet the target project design, proportion two additional mixes with
fines content (materials passing 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve) at 2 percent
above and below the target blend.

e. Select the final mixture proportions from the performance data of

the trial mixtures that best meets the mix performance criteria. The
Contracting Officer may direct further adjustments to the mix
proportions before and during placement.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 PRE-PLACEMENT ACTIONS

Complete the following activities prior to the commencement of pavement

placement.

3.1.1 Calibration Block for the Nuclear Density Gauge

a. General. A calibration block shall be fabricated with concrete

materials and proportions representative of those to be used during
construction. The calibration block shall be available for use by the
Government as needed. The calibration may be either a fabricated block
or a test section area.

b. Fabricated Block. The block shall be fabricated before the test

section construction begins. The block size shall be 456 by 456 mm 18
by 18 inches by the maximum thickness of one lift, plus 25 mm 1 inch.
The block shall be compacted to between 98 and 100 percent of the
maximum wet density, which will have been determined during mixture
design trials. The moisture content of the concrete used to fabricate
the block may be increased just enough to facilitate compaction of the
mixture (normally 0.1 to 0.5 percent), as long as the proportions of
the dry materials remain constant and the required density is
achieved. Drill a hole in the block to accommodate the nuclear density
gauge probe. The block shall be measured and weighed to determine the
actual density (unit weight) and shall be used to check the calibration
of the nuclear density gauge.

c. Test Section. In lieu of a fabricated block, designate a portion of

the test section or test strip to be the calibration area. The gage
location shall be identified and a probe hole maintained for repeated
testing. Six 100 mm 4-inch diameter full depth cores shall be removed
from the perimeter of a 1219 mm 4-foot diameter circle around the probe
hole. The cores shall be trimmed 25 mm 1 inch on each end and density
of each core determined. The average of the 6 cores shall be used
provided that the density range is not more than 32 kg/cubic m 2 lbs/cf.
The calibration area shall not be disturbed or damaged during the
construction of any RCC.

d. Daily Calibration. The block shall be used each day before paving
begins to calibrate the full-depth readings of the nuclear density
gauges used by the Contractor and the Government. Three sets of full
depth nuclear density gauge tests shall be performed in the direct
transmission mode and the results for each depth averaged. This
average nuclear density gauge reading shall be compared with the

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 41

 measured unit weight of the block and the difference used as a
correction factor for all readings taken that day.

e. Verification. All measuring and weighing of the test block and all
calibration checking of the density gauge shall be performed in the
presence of the Contracting Officer.

3.1.2 Test Strips

Place at least [4][_____] test strips in the vicinity of the plant. These
strips shall be one paver width wide and 9-12 m 30-40 feet in length. The
test strips allow evaluation of the placing characteristics of the mixture
and to make necessary adjustments prior to placing the test section. The
strips may be demolished within 3 hours after placing.

3.1.3 Test Section

**************************************************************************
NOTE: For noncritical pavement areas, the test
section may be included into the actual pavement
area. For critical areas, the test section should
be constructed in a separate area near the jobsite,
with similar conditions and pavement section to the
actual construction site.

The requirement of building the test section 10 days

before the main construction begins may be
lengthened or shortened in the project
specifications, depending on the confidence of the
designer in the ability to obtain the design
flexural strength in the test section.

If the test section will be included into the actual

pavement area, this paragraph should be modified to
state that the test section will be removed if it is
unacceptable.
**************************************************************************

At least 10 days but not more than 60 days prior to construction of the
pavement, construct a test section near the job site at the location
designated on the contract plans. The Contracting Officer shall be
notified at least 5 days in advance of the date of test section
construction. The test section shall be placed in portions as directed by
the Government. Test sections unacceptable to the Contracting Officer
shall be removed at the Contractor's expense.

a. Timing. Two separate days shall be used for construction of the

test section. The test section will provide the Contractor the
opportunity to develop and demonstrate that the proposed techniques of
mixing, hauling, placing, compacting, finishing and curing, and the
preparation of the construction joints meet the contract requirements.
The mixing plant shall be fully operational and calibrated, and
uniformity testing completed prior to placing the test section.

b. Features. Use the same equipment, materials, and construction

techniques on the test section as will be used in all subsequent work.
Base course preparation, concrete production, placing, compacting,
curing, construction of joints, and all testing shall be in accordance
with applicable provisions of this specification. The test section

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 42

 shall:

1). Be no less than two adjacent paving lanes each 30 m 100 feet
long.
2). Be constructed to the designated thickness and number of lifts.
3). Use the same lane width proposed for use in the project.
4). Include at least one fresh longitudinal construction joint
5). Include at least one cold transverse joint.
6). Include one longitudinal cold construction joint that is at
least 12 hours old before placing the adjacent lane.

c. Operational Demonstration. Demonstrate the ability to meet the

specified requirements for:

1). Plant operations and paving start-up procedures.

2). The RCC laydown method and production rate.
3). The rolling pattern and method for the mat, and fresh and cold
construction joints.
4). Cold joint preparation.
5). Saw-cutting and joint sealant installation.
6). RCC testing and evaluation methods.

d. Adjustments During Test Placement. Be prepared to make adjustments

to various aspects of the test section placement as directed by the
Contracting Officer. Adjustments include:

1). Varying the amplitude and frequency of the roller to identify

the optimums.
2). Varying the rolling pattern of the all rollers to determine
the best pattern
3). Varying the mixture proportions other than water.
4). Varying the water content, as necessary, to arrive at the
appropriate content.

e. Testing. Remove twelve [150][100] mm [6][4]-inch diameter cores and

six beams 150 by 810 mm 6 by 32 inches, by full depth, from points
selected in the test section by the Contracting Officer 5 days after
completion of the test section. Trim the beams to dimensions directed
by the Contracting Officer and test the cores and beams in accordance
with ASTM C 42/C 42M. Perform testing at 7, 28, and 90 days of age.

f. Acceptance. The test section shall meet all specified performance

factors, density, thickness, strength, surface smoothness, and surface
texture. Failure to construct an acceptable test section will
necessitate construction of additional test sections at no additional
cost to the Government. Remove test sections after completion of the
test section evaluations.

3.1.4 Subgrade Preparation

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Designer will include the title of the
applicable specification section used for base
course or subgrade, and delete inappropriate
sections.
**************************************************************************

Previously constructed material underlying the RCC pavement shall be

conditioned as specified in Section [32 11 27 BITUMINOUS-STABILIZED BASE

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 43

 COURSE, SUBBASE, OR SUBGRADE][32 11 26.16 PORTLAND CEMENT-STABILIZED BASE
OR SUBBASE COURSE][32 11 36.13 LIME-STABILIZED BASE COURSE, SUBBASE, OR
SUBGRADE][32 11 33 BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE][32 11 16.16 SUBBASE COURSES][
32 11 24 GRADED, CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE]. In all cases prior to
placing concrete, deficiencies in the underlying material shall be
corrected, and the surface shall be cleaned and moistened, as directed.
The Contracting Officer will inspect and approve the surface of the
underlying material prior to placing RCC pavement.

3.1.5 Grade Control

Establish and maintain lines and grades shown on contract drawings for each
pavement category of the contract by means of line and grade stakes.
Finished pavement gradelines and elevations shown shall be established and
controlled at the site of work in accordance with bench mark elevations
shown on the contract drawings. The surface of the underlying material
shall be finished to the necessary grade such that when the required
thickness of RCC is placed, the pavement surface will meet the indicated
grade. Finished and completed RCC pavement shall conform to the lines,
grades, cross section, and dimensions indicated.

3.2 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING METHODS

Haul concrete from the mixer to the placing site in dump trucks [equipped
with protective covers]. The trucks shall dump directly into the hopper of
the paver or into an approved secondary material distribution system which
deposits material into the paver hopper. RCC shall not be dumped onto the
prepared subgrade or adjacent areas. Schedule deliveries so that concrete
will be spread and rolled within the time limit specified in paragraph
COMPACTION and spreading and rolling of all mixture prepared for 1 day's
run can be completed during daylight unless artificial lighting is
provided. Loads that have become visibly contaminated or have become wet
by rain will be rejected. Hauling over freshly placed concrete will not be
permitted[, except as approved by the Contracting Officer on the lower
compacted lift of multilift-pavements]. RCC not meeting these
specifications shall be removed from the plant or placement area and
disposed of [as specified in Section [_____]][at a location designated by
the Contracting Officer].

3.3 BATCHING AND MIXING

Operate the plant to produce a uniform and homogeneous mixture. The

proportions shall be as developed during the mixture proportioning process
and otherwise approved. All materials used in the mixture shall be batched
or fed separately, except that fly ash used as aggregate fines shall be
batched or fed with fly ash used as cementitious material.

3.3.1 Mixing

The aggregates, cementitious materials, water, and admixtures shall be

conveyed to the mixer in proportions, as required. In batch mixing,
aggregates and cementitious materials shall be charged into the mixer and
dry-mixed at least 15 seconds. Water shall be added, and mixing shall be
continued as required to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The paddles of the
pug mill shall be adjusted, as necessary, to provide the required mixing
time and to provide a thorough mixing. Shaft speed of the pug mill shall
be maintained at the speed recommended by the manufacturer. RCC shall not
extend above the tips of the paddles of the pug mill mixer when paddles are
in vertical position. Mixer and mixer paddle surfaces shall be kept free

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 44

 of hardened concrete and other contamination. The dimensions of mixer
paddles worn down more than 10 percent from new paddles of the same type
and manufacture shall be replaced. New paddles shall be available onsite
for comparison.

3.3.2 Water Content

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Mixture workability is a major factor in
achieving the required density and the most
desirable surface texture. Periodic water content
adjustments are necessary to compensate for
stockpile moisture variations or variable aggregate
properties. Typically these adjustments are minor
and it is normal that the Contractor have the
latitude to make the adjustments as required.
Otherwise a timely response to an observed condition
cannot be made.
**************************************************************************

The initial or start-up water content will be approved by the Contracting

Officer based on results of the mixture proportioning trials. After
startup, the total water content of the mix shall be controlled as
necessary to meet all requirements stated herein. The water content shall
be varied at frequent intervals, as necessary and as considered
appropriate, because of placing and compacting operations and shall in
general be based on: 1) the action of the vibratory roller on the freshly
placed concrete; 2) the field density test results attained in the
pavement; and 3)the texture of the RCC surface being produced.

3.3.3 Mixture Uniformity Testing

Evaluation of mixture uniformity consists of 2 separate test series and

each shall be performed to evaluate: 1) the performance of the drum mixer
and 2) the uniformity of the batching and mixing process. Mixture
uniformity testing shall be done prior to the production and placement of
any RCC. The RCC proportions used for testing shall be as that proposed
for use on the project. All mixture uniformity testing shall be performed
in accordance with COE CRD-C 55 as modified herein and paragraph CONTRACTOR
QUALITY CONTROL.

[Link] Mixer Performance Test

a. Perform mixer performance tests when a reduced mixing time is

proposed. The test is performed on three separate samples representing
each of the three thirds of a single full-production batch of
concrete. For continuous mix plants, take samples during full plant
production at 1 minute intervals.

b. Before uniformity data are available, the mixing time for each batch
after all solid materials are in the mixer, and provided that all of
the mixing water is introduced before one-fourth of the mixing time has
elapsed, shall be at least 75 seconds.

c. The RCC shall meet the limits of the five mixer performance
requirements listed in Table IX below. The testing shall consist of
performing all five tests on a single batch of concrete. The range for
determining acceptability shall be the range of test results for each
of the three samples representing the single batch. If more than one

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 45

 mixer is used and all are identical in terms of make, type, capacity,
condition, speed of rotation, etc., the results of tests on one of the
mixers shall apply to the others, subject to the approval of the
Contracting Officer.

[Link] Process Uniformity Test

Process uniformity testing shall consist of performing all five tests on

three separate batches of concrete. The range for determining
acceptability shall be the range of test results for each of the three
samples representing the three full-production batches. For continuous mix
plants, samples shall be taken at approximately 3 hour intervals during
full plant production.

TABLE IX - UNIFORMITY REQUIREMENTS--STATIONARY MIXERS

Process Uniformity Test Mixer Performance Test

Allowable Allowable
Maximum Range for Maximum Range
Parameter Average of 3 Batches for 1 Batch

Unit weight of 32 kg/cubic m 24 kg/cubic m

(Air-free) mortar (2.0 lbs/cubic ft) (1.5 lbs/cubic ft)
Coarse aggregate 6.0 percent 6.0 percent
Compressive strength 10.0 percent 10.0 percent
at 7 days
Water Content 1.5 percent 1.0 percent
Unit Weight of Concrete 24 kg/cubic m 16 kg/cubic m
(full mix including air) (1.5 lbs/ft) (1.0 lbs/ft)

3.4 PLACING AND SPREADING

3.4.1 Placing

a. Timing. Place mixture in accordance with the Placement Schedule and

as nearly continuous as possible, with an absolute minimum of stops and
starts; control speed of placing to permit proper rolling. The timing
of placement shall be controlled so that all RCC mixture shall be
placed and rolled within the time limit specified in paragraph
COMPACTION. Except as specified below, for certain extremely small
odd-shaped isolated areas, all concrete shall be placed and spread with
the paver.

b. Charging. The level of concrete in the paver hopper shall not be

allowed to approach empty between loads, and concrete shall be
maintained above the auger shaft during paving.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: If the total pavement thickness is greater
than 250 mm (10 inches), use the first statement in
brackets regarding lift thickness; otherwise, the
second statement should be used.
**************************************************************************

c. Setup. The paver shall be adjusted and the speed regulated to

prevent segregation, meet the surface requirements, and of such depth
that, when compacted, the surface will conform to cross section, grade,
and contour indicated. [No layer shall be in excess of 250 mm 10 inches
or less than 100 mm 4 inches in compacted thickness.][The entire depth

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 46

 of pavement shall be placed as one layer.]

d. Edges. Each edge of each lane shall be constructed with a sloped

face of 15 degrees from vertical configuration, as directed. The edge
shoe shall be constructed so that it is within 19 mm 3/4 inch of the
compacted base surface.

e. Lanes. Mixture shall be placed in consecutive adjacent lanes having

a minimum width of 3 m 10 feet and a maximum width of6 m 20 feet. A
wider lane may be approved to prevent edge lanes less than 3 m 10 feet
in width. If more than 60 minutes should elapse between placements in
adjacent lanes, the construction joint shall be considered a "cold
joint" and treatment as specified herein for cold joints shall be
provided. Not more than 60 minutes shall elapse between placement of
lifts on multilift construction. During extremely hot weather, both of
these limits will be decreased by the Contracting Officer as specified
in paragraph: Placing During Hot Weather or as otherwise considered
appropriate. Each lane placed before a succeeding lane shall be of
such length that, where practical, the succeeding lane can be placed
without the use of a cold joint.

f. Joints. Pavers shall be used in sufficient numbers and operated in

staggered formation to assist in achieving the above requirement and to
produce multilane construction in one construction operation to
minimize cold construction joints. Otherwise, the joint shall be
constructed as a cold joint. In multilift construction, a separate
paver shall be required for placement of each lift of pavement. The
length of a lane that is to be followed by another lane shall be
approved and shall be decreased or increased as required by air
temperatures, wind, and other climatic conditions existing at the time
of placement. Longitudinal joints and edges shall be constructed to
true line markings. Lines parallel to the centerline of an area to be
paved shall be established, and stringlines shall be placed coinciding
with established lines for the spreading machine to follow.

g. Control of Water. Placing shall be discontinued during rain except

for light mists that do not cause intermixing of cement and water
slurry on the surface. Placing shall be done in a pattern so that
curing water from previous placements will not pose a runoff problem on
the fresh surface or base course.

3.4.2 Placing Adjacent Lanes

Fresh longitudinal construction joints between separate lanes of concrete

pavement shall be completed within the time limitations in the paragraph
PLACING AND SPREADING. Other longitudinal joints shall be treated as "cold
joints." Joints shall be made to assure continuous bond between old and
new sections of pavement. Extra passes of the vibratory roller and other
compaction and hand finishing shall be used as necessary to assure
specified full depth compaction and surface finish.

3.4.3 Special Requirements for Placing Lanes Succeeding Initial Lanes

For longitudinal construction joints the screed of the paver shall overlap
the previously placed lane 25 to 50 mm 1 to 2 inches and shall be
sufficiently high so that compaction will produce a smooth, dense joint,
without offset. The concrete placed on the edge of the previously placed
lane by the paver shall be carefully pushed back by hand by using a lute to
the edge of the lane being placed, so none will remain on the surface of

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 47

 the previously placed lane. If necessary, when the quantity of concrete on
the edge of the previously placed lane plus uncompacted material in the
lane being placed exceeds that required to produce a smooth, dense joint,
the excess concrete shall be removed by approved methods and wasted.

3.4.4 Handwork

Any paving operations that require significant handwork, other than as

specified above, shall be stopped and the problems corrected before
restarting. Broadcasting or fanning of concrete mixture over areas being
compacted will not be permitted. When segregation occurs in the concrete
during placement, the spreading operation shall be suspended until the
cause is determined and corrected. Segregated coarse aggregate shall be
removed from the surface prior to compaction. Irregularities in alignment
of the pavement left by the mechanical spreader shall be corrected by hand
trimming directly behind the spreader before rolling. Distortion of
pavement during edge trimming will not be permitted.

3.4.5 Placing Odd-Shaped Areas

In isolated instances involving very small, odd-shaped areas where use of

machine spreading is impractical, concrete shall be spread by hand.
Spreading shall be in a manner to prevent segregation. Mixture shall be
spread uniformly with shovels in a loose layer of thickness that, when
compacted, will conform to density, grade, thickness, and surface texture
requirements.

3.4.6 Placing During Cold Weather

Placement shall be discontinued when the air temperature reaches 5 degrees C

40 degrees F and is falling and shall not be resumed until the air
temperature reaches 2 degrees C 35 degrees F and is rising. No RCC shall
be placed on any surface containing frost or frozen material. Provision
shall be made to protect the concrete from freezing during the specified
curing period. Mixing water and/or aggregates shall be heated, as
necessary, to produce concrete having a temperature between 10 and 30
degrees C 50 and 85 degrees F as placed. Methods and equipment for heating
shall be as approved. The aggregates shall be free of ice, snow, and
frozen lumps before entering the mixer. Covering and other means shall be
provided for maintaining the RCC at a temperature of at least 10 degrees C
50 degrees F for not less than 72 hours after placing and at a temperature
above freezing for the remainder of the curing period. Concrete damaged by
freezing shall be removed and replaced as directed.

3.4.7 Placing During Hot Weather

During periods of hot weather when the maximum daily air temperature is
likely to exceed 30 degrees C 85 degrees F, the following precautions shall
be taken:

a. The maximum period between placing succeeding lifts or lanes shall

be 45 minutes.

b. The underlying material shall be sprinkled with water immediately

before placing the concrete.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The maximum placing temperature at which
concrete should be placed is dependent on the

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 48

 minimum temperatures that can occur in the region.
For simplicity 3 regions have been established based
on average ambient air temperatures (AAAT). When
air temperatures during RCC placement in these
regions exceeds 30 degrees C (85 degrees F), one of
the following maximum concrete temperatures should
be required:

AAAT.<40 degrees, concrete temperat. <70 degrees F

AAAT <50 degrees, concrete temperat. <80 degrees F
AAAT <60 degrees, concrete temperat. <90 degrees F
**************************************************************************

c. Place the concrete at the coolest temperature practicable, and the

temperature of the concrete when placed shall not exceed [_____]
degrees CF.

d. The finished surfaces of the newly laid pavement shall be kept damp
by applying a waterfog or mist, not streams of water, with approved
spraying equipment until the pavement is covered by the curing medium.

When the Contracting Officer determines heat or wind excessive,

immediately take additional measures, as necessary, to protect the concrete
surface. Such measures shall consist of wind screens, more effective fog
sprays, and similar measures commencing immediately behind the paver. If
these measures are not effective, paving operations shall be immediately
stopped until satisfactory placement conditions exist.

3.5 COMPACTION

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Do not, under any conditions, reduce the
requirements for use of vibratory rollers operating
in the vibratory mode or for use of electronic
controls and stringlines or lasers.
**************************************************************************

Accomplish compaction by self-propelled, vibratory, steel-wheeled rollers

and rubber-tired rollers. Rollers shall not be operated in the vibratory
mode when not moving. The frequency and amplitude of vibration shall be
varied, as needed or directed, within the range specified. Surfaces of
roller drums and wheels shall be kept clean at all times.

3.5.1 Timing

Rolling shall begin within 10 minutes of spreading and, except for fresh
joints, rolling shall be completed within 45 minutes of start of mixing,
except during hot or dry weather conditions. In hot or dry weather,
rolling shall begin within 5 minutes of spreading and, except for joints,
rolling shall be completed within 30 minutes of start of mixing. Delays in
rolling freshly laid mixture will not be permitted.

3.5.2 Initial Rolling

Initial rolling shall consist of a minimum of 4 complete vibratory passes

of the vibratory roller. In no case shall this requirement for vibratory
rolling be relaxed. Initial static passes may be necessary before the
vibratory rolling to "set" the pavement surface before vibratory compaction
is started. A round trip over the same material shall count as 2 complete

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 49

 passes (i.e., from point A to point B and return to point A by the same
route are 2 complete passes).

3.5.3 Deficiency Evaluation

After initial vibratory rolling, preliminary tests and examination of

density, crown, grade, smoothness, and surface texture shall be made under
the supervision of the Contracting Officer. Before rolling is continued,
deficiencies shall be corrected so that the finished surface will conform
to requirements for grade, surface texture, and smoothness specified
herein. Further smoothness checks shall be as directed by the Contracting
Officer.

3.5.4 Vibratory Rolling and Testing

Rolling shall be continued with the vibratory roller in vibratory mode, if

necessary, until the specified wet field density as a percentage of the
"Target Density," maximum wet density is attained in the lane interior, at
fresh joints, and at cold joint. Nuclear density testing shall be
performed in accordance with paragraph CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL.

3.5.5 Final Rolling

Once at least 4 passes of the vibratory roller, operating in the vibratory

mode, have been made and the specified density is attained, rolling with
the steel wheeled vibratory roller shall stop. Vibratory rolling beyond
that specified above will not be permitted. All additional rolling beyond
4 vibratory passes required to produce the specified field density shall be
at the Contractor's expense. As soon as rolling with the vibratory roller
is complete, the pavement surface shall receive at least 2 complete passes
of the rubber-tired roller with tire pressure and loading per wheel at the
midpoint of the range previously specified, unless otherwise directed.
These passes shall be followed by 2 complete passes of the finish roller.

3.5.6 Operation of Rollers and Tampers

Speed of rollers shall be slow enough at all times to avoid displacement of

the concrete but not more than 2.5 km/hr 1.5 mph. Displacement of concrete
resulting from reversing direction of roller or from any other cause shall
be immediately corrected. Alternate passes of roller shall be varied
slightly in length and shall overlap sufficiently to provide full coverage
over the surface. Additional rollers shall be furnished if pavement
density specified is not attained and/or if paving operations are getting
ahead of rolling. Paving operations shall not be altered to accommodate a
lack of rollers. Places inaccessible to large vibratory rollers shall be
thoroughly compacted with walk-behind rollers and hand-tampers to the
required density, using multiple thin lifts, as necessary. Additional
field density tests shall be made for those areas by the Contractor and may
also be made by the Government.

3.5.7 Rolling Pattern

a. Rolling shall commence at the outer edge of the lane, followed by

the other edge, and then the center. On subsequent adjacent lanes,
rolling shall begin at the outer edge. The first pass along each edge
shall extend to within approximately 450 mm 18 inches of the edge
except as otherwise approved or directed.

b. If there will be a subsequent lane placed along an edge and the

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 50

 joint will be constructed as a "fresh" joint, the roller shall go no
closer to the outer edge until the subsequent lane is placed.

c. If there will be a subsequent lane and the joint will be treated as

a "cold" construction joint, or if the edge will be the final edge of
the pavement, the outer 450 mm 18 inches shall be rolled after rolling
of the center of the lane.

d. If the edge abuts a previously placed strip, either as a "fresh"

joint or as a "cold" joint, the uncompacted joint area shall be rolled
after the center of the lane. This joint area shall be given
additional passes of the vibratory roller and rubber-tired roller, as
necessary, to produce the specified compaction in the joint area.

e. Approved hand-finishing operations shall be used as necessary to

produce a tight surface at the joint, meeting the specified surface
tolerances in Table III. The rolling pattern shall be used
consistently throughout production.

3.6 JOINTS

Joints shall conform to the details indicated and shall be perpendicular to

the finished grade of the pavement. The joint area is considered the RCC
material within 12 inches of the joint. Joints shall:

a. Be straight and continuous from edge to edge of the pavement.

b. Be made to ensure continuity in smoothness and grade between old

and new sections of pavement, as specified hereinafter.

c. Have the same texture, full-depth density, and smoothness as

specified for other sections of pavement or as specified for joints.

d. Be cleaned by brushing or cut back with approved power saw, as

directed, regardless of age, contact surfaces of previously constructed
strips that have become coated with dust, sand, or other objectionable
material.

3.6.1 Longitudinal Construction Joints

Any construction joints in which the density fails to meet the specified
limits shall be trimmed by sawing the edge of the hardened concrete with a
power concrete saw, not earlier than 12 hours age.

a. The sawcut shall be at least 150 mm 6 inches from the original

edge, and more if necessary to produce an acceptable joint.

b. The sawcut shall be full depth of the pavement and shall produce a
face within 15 degrees of vertical, free of all loose or uncompacted
material.

c. The outer portion shall be removed carefully to prevent any damage

to the sawed face. If damage occurs, the edge shall be resawed.

d. If necessary, additional rolling shall be used to assure that full

depth density and surface texture is attained.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 51

3.6.2 Transverse Construction Joints

a. When a transverse construction joint is required, the roller shall

pass over the end of the freshly placed concrete.

b. The tapered end of the strip and adjacent unacceptable material

shall be cut with a power concrete saw to full depth of the lift, as
specified above, and the excess material removed.

c. In continuing placement of the strip, the paver shall be positioned

on the transverse joint so that sufficient fresh concrete will be
spread to obtain a joint, after rolling, which will conform to required
full-depth density and smoothness specified. When necessary, the fresh
mixture shall be hand finished at the joints. Additional rolling shall
be used to assure that specified full-depth density and surface finish
is attained.

3.6.3 Joints in Multilift Construction

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Delete this paragraph if only one course
construction is to be used in the project. Delete
bracketed statement if all lift joints are to
receive bedding mortar.
**************************************************************************

a. The top layer shall be placed so that longitudinal joints in that

layer will coincide with joints in the lower layers of the pavement.

b. Transverse joints in the top layer shall coincide with transverse

joints in the lower layers of the pavement.

c. All portions of the lower layer that are to be covered by the upper
layer shall be covered with a bedding mortar layer 6 to 10 mm 1/4 to
3/8 inch thick immediately before placing the upper layer[ if the time
between successive layers exceeds 30 minutes].

d. Bedding mortar shall be a mixture of cement, fine aggregate and

water of the proportions directed and shall be spread evenly over the
lower layer.

3.6.4 Slip Joints

Slip joints shall be constructed between roller-compacted and conventional

concrete where no expansion joint is required and as shown on the contract
drawings. The edge of the initial placement, either RCC or PCC, shall be
coated with a bituminous product a minimum of 3 mm 1/8 inch thick prior to
placing the next material. If RCC is placed prior to conventional
concrete, the RCC shall be sawcut full depth at the joint line and excess
RCC removed.

3.6.5 Sawing of Contraction Joints

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Sawing of transverse contraction joints is
recommended because of appearance and ease of
sealing. However, in the past much RCC pavement has
been allowed to crack naturally without benefit of
sawing. These natural cracks normally occur at 12

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 52

 to 20 m (40 to 70 ft) spacing. Delete this
paragraph if sawed joints are not being used and
modify paragraph Sealing Joints and Cracks
accordingly. The bracketed statement should be
included if longitudinal construction joints are to
be sawed and sealed. In the past, longitudinal
construction joints have had no treatment except for
routing and sealing if they open up to form a crack
3 mm (1/8 inch) or more in width. In general this
has been a satisfactory approach.
**************************************************************************

a. Transverse contraction joints shall be sawed at 12 m 40 ft spacing

or as otherwise indicated. [Longitudinal construction joints between
lanes shall be sawed to form a reservoir for joint sealant in the same
manner as specified above.]

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Very early age sawing is commonly done for
conventional concrete pavements. It is also
appropriate for RCC pavements where sawn joints is
desired. Specialized equipment is necessary for
sawcutting to be done at very early ages so that
damage to the joint and pavement is prevented.
**************************************************************************

b. Timing for Sawing. Initial joint sawing shall be accomplished

where indicated by using a 3 mm 1/8 inch blade to the depth indicated.
The time of sawing shall vary depending on existing and anticipated
weather conditions and shall be such as to prevent uncontrolled
cracking of the pavement. Sawing of the joints shall commence as soon
as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit sawing the concrete
without chipping, spalling, or tearing. The sawing operation shall be
carried on, as required, during both day and night regardless of
weather conditions. Water-curing, if required, shall be discontinued
only in small areas to facilitate sawing.

c. Cracking. Before sawing a joint, the concrete shall be examined

closely for cracks, and the joint shall not be sawed if a crack has
occurred within 3 m 10 feet from the planned joint location. Sawing
shall be discontinued when a crack develops ahead of the saw cut.

d. Spacing and Alignment. The joints shall be sawed at the required

spacing consecutively in the sequence of the concrete placement. A
chalkline or other suitable guide shall be used to mark the alignment
of the joint. The saw cut shall not vary more than 13 mm 1/2 inch from
the true joint alignment from edge to edge of the pavement area, and
shall have no abrupt offsets.

e. Undercutting. The sawed faces of joints will be inspected for

undercutting or washing of the concrete due to the early sawing, and
sawing shall be delayed if undercutting is sufficiently deep to cause
structural weakness or excessive roughness in the joint.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Installation of the final joint seal or
sealant, if required, should be done after
completion of the curing period. To minimize costs,
it is always preferable that the sealing

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 53

 subcontractor be able to install all the seals or
sealant at one time rather than to mobilize several
times. Sealing as soon as practical is desirable so
that continued construction operations don't damage
or contaminate joints.
**************************************************************************

f. Joint Widening. After expiration of the curing period and no later

than [_____] days, the upper portion of the groove shall be widened by
sawing to the width and depth indicated to form a reservoir for the
joint sealer.

g. Cleaning Joint. Immediately after initial and final sawing of the

joint, the saw cut and adjacent concrete surface shall be thoroughly
flushed with water until all waste from sawing is removed from the
joint.

h. Equipment. The sawing equipment shall be adequate in the number of

units and the power to complete the sawing at the required rate. An
ample supply of saw blades shall be available on the job before
concrete placement is started, and at least one standby sawing unit in
good working order shall be available at the jobsite at all times
during the sawing operation.

3.6.6 Routing Cracks

Thirty to 45 days after placement of concrete, all cracks which have been
opened to 3 mm 1/8 inch or more shall be routed to the dimensions shown.
Routing shall be done minimizing spalling, using a vertical spindle type
rotary router mounted on a rigid chassis so that the spindle will caster.

3.6.7 Sealing Joints and Cracks

Joints and cracks shall be sealed immediately following routing of cracks

or sawing of joint reservoir or as soon thereafter as weather conditions
permit. Joints and cracks shall be sealed as specified in Section 32 01 19
FIELD MOLDED SEALANTS FOR SEALING JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENTS.

3.7 CURING AND PROTECTION

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Curing of RCC surfaces is difficult. It is
not practical to moist cure surfaces where water
runoff may effect adjacent construction operations.
In most cases it is preferable that RCC surfaces be
cured by a membrane curing compound. The relatively
rough surface texture of RCC would requires a high
dosage of curing compound (often double) to minimize
voids in the membrane.
**************************************************************************

3.7.1 General

a. Concrete shall be continuously protected against loss of moisture

and rapid temperature changes for at least 7 days from the completion
of finishing operations. All equipment needed for adequate curing and
protection of the concrete shall be on hand and ready for use before
actual concrete placement begins. If any selected method of curing
does not afford the proper curing and protection against concrete

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 54

 cracking, the damaged pavement shall be removed and replaced, and
another method of curing shall be employed as directed.

b. Calibrate the spraying system in accordance with ASTM D 2995,

Method A, for the rate of application required in paragraph: Membrane
Curing. Any hand-operated sprayers allowed by paragraph: Membrane
Curing shall be compressed air supplied by a mechanical air
compressor. If the curing equipment fails to apply an even coating of
compound at the specified rate, it shall immediately be replaced.

3.7.2 Membrane Curing

a. Timing. A uniform coating of white-pigmented, membrane-forming,

curing compound shall be applied to the entire exposed surface of the
concrete and the edge surfaces as soon as the free water has
disappeared from the surface. Concrete shall not be allowed to dry
before the application of the membrane. If any drying has occurred,
the surface of the concrete shall be moistened with a fine spray of
water, and the curing compound applied as soon as the free water
disappears.

b. Coverage. The curing compound shall be applied to the finished

surfaces by means of an approved automatic self-propelled spraying
machine. The curing compound shall be applied with an overlapping
coverage that will give two-coat application coverage of 93 square m/L
400 square feet/gallon per coat, plus or minus 5.0 percent for each
coat. A one-coat application may be applied provided a uniform
overlapping application and coverage of 47 squarem/L 200 square
feet/gallon, plus or minus 5.0 percent is obtained.

c. Manual Application. The application of curing compound by

hand-operated, mechanical powered pressure sprayers will be permitted
only on odd widths or shapes of slabs and on concrete surfaces exposed
by the removal of forms. When the application is made by hand-operated
sprayers, a second coat shall be applied in a direction approximately
at right angles to the direction of the first coat. If pinholes,
abrasions, or other discontinuities exist, an additional coat shall be
applied to the affected areas within 30 minutes.

d. Protection. Concrete surfaces to which membrane-curing compounds

have been applied shall be adequately protected during the entire
curing period from pedestrian and vehicular traffic, except as required
for joint-sawing operations and surface tests, and from any other
possible damage to the continuity of the membrane.

e. Membrane Damage. Concrete surfaces that are subjected to heavy

rainfall within 3 hours after the curing compound has been applied
shall be resprayed by the method and at the coverage specified above.
Areas where the curing compound is damaged by subsequent construction
operations within the curing period shall be immediately resprayed.

3.7.3 Burlap

Burlap covers shall consist of 2 or more layers of burlap having a combined

weight of 4746 gm or more/sq m 14 ounces or more/square yard in a dry
condition. Burlap shall be either new or shall have been used only for
curing concrete. Burlap strips shall have a length after shrinkage of at
least 305 mm 1 foot greater than necessary to cover the entire width and
edges of the pavement. Mats shall overlap each other at least 150 mm 6

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 55

 inches. Mats shall be thoroughly wetted before placing and shall be kept
continuously wet and in intimate contact with the surface and edges of the
pavement area for the entire curing period.

3.7.4 Protection of Pavement

After final rolling of the pavement, no vehicular traffic, except for

approved curing equipment having wheel loads not exceeding 2000 kg 4,500
pounds, shall be permitted on the RCC pavement until the end of the curing
period. No traffic or equipment shall be allowed on the surface that will
cause any damage to the surface. Plastic sheeting meeting the requirements
of ASTM C 171 shall be provided and kept readily available to cover
pavement less than 12 hours old if rainfall occurs.

3.8 TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE PAVEMENT

Defective pavements shall be removed and replaced unless the deficiency is

subject to payment adjustments. RCC mixtures that are improperly
proportioned or become contaminated are considered defective and shall be
removed. Skin patching of an area that has been rolled will not be
permitted. No additional payment will be made for the repair or removal
and replacement of defective pavement. Except as noted below, the
following defects will require complete removal and replacement[ or pay
adjustment. A defect greater than allowed for pay adjustment shall be
removed and replaced].

a. Reduced thickness of pavement.

b. Surface texture.
c. Smoothness.
d. Density.
e. Horizontal Alignment.

3.8.1 Pavement Removal and Replacement

Defective areas to be replaced shall be delineated by sawing full depth of

the pavement around the perimeter of the defective area. The delineated
area shall be removed for the full pavement depth of the course without
damaging the adjacent pavement. Delineated areas shall have a length or
width no less than 3 m 10 feet, and no adjacent slab or portion of a slab
that remains in the pavement abutting the replacement area shall have a
length or width less than 2.5 m 8 feet when measured from a joint or edge.
The edge of the existing concrete shall form a clean, vertical face to pave
against. Conventional concrete or RCC may be used at the Contractor's
option to fill the void. The new slab shall conform to all requirements of
smoothness, surface texture, density, thickness, and concrete quality, as
stated herein. Longitudinal and transverse joints shall be established in
the new slab in accordance with the original plans and shall be sealed, if
required for the adjacent slab.

[3.8.2 Cracks in Pavement

Joint sawcutting shall be modified to prevent the repeated occurence of

cracks. Pavement sections shall be removed and replaced when cracks exceed
[_____] mm inch in width or when spaced closer than [_____] m feet.[
Cracks determined to be repairable shall be repaired as specified.]

]3.8.3 Mix Proportion Variations

Variation in aggregate grading of pavement shall be subject to pay

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 56

 adjustment. Grading variations greater than allowed for pay adjustment
shall be removed and replaced. Pavement sections shall be removed and
replaced for variations in other mixture constituents beyond the specified
tolerances.

3.8.4 Voids

Holes the full thickness of course shall be cut so that the sides are
perpendicular and parallel to the jointing pattern and the edges are
vertical.

3.8.5 Grade Variations

High spots indicated by the testing edge in excess of applicable tolerance

shall be marked plainly and removed or reduced by rubbing with a
Carborundum brick and water. Rubbing shall be discontinued as soon as
contact with the coarse aggregate is made. If high spots cannot be removed
in the above manner because of disturbing the coarse aggregate, the high
portion of the pavement shall be corrected by an approved surface-grinding
machine after the RCC is 14 days old or the defective pavement shall be
removed and replaced. When grinding of 13 mm 1/2 inch or more would be
required, the pavement shall be removed and replaced.

3.9 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL

The Contractor is responsible for sampling and testing aggregates,

cementitious materials, and RCC to determine compliance with the
specifications. Provide facilities and labor as may be necessary for
procurement of representative test samples. Furnish sampling platforms and
belt templates to obtain representative samples of aggregates from charging
belts at the concrete plant. Obtain samples of RCC at the point of
delivery to the paver. Perform the inspection and tests described below,
and based upon the results of these inspections and tests, take the action
required and submit reports as required. Perform this testing regardless
of any other testing performed by the Government, [either for pay
adjustment purposes or for any other reason].

3.9.1 Contractor Quality Control Staff

All Contractor Quality Control personnel assigned to concrete construction

shall be American Concrete Institute (ACI) certified in the following grade
(or shall have written evidence acceptable to the Contracting Officer of
having completed similar qualification programs):

a. CQC personnel responsible for inspection of concrete paving

operations: ACI Concrete Transportation Inspector.

b. Field Testing Technicians: ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician,

Grade I.

c. Laboratory Testing Technicians: ACI Concrete Strength Testing

Technician and Laboratory Testing Technician, Grade I or II.

3.9.2 Laboratory Accreditation

Laboratory and testing facilities shall be provided by and at the expense

of the Contractor. The laboratories performing the tests shall be
accredited in accordance with ASTM C 1077, including ASTM C 78 and
ASTM C 1260. The accreditation shall be current and shall include the

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 57

 required and optional test methods, as specified throughout this Section.

a. Aggregate Testing and Mix Proportioning: Aggregate testing and

mixture proportioning studies shall be performed by a commercial
laboratory.

b. Contractor Quality Control: All sampling and testing shall be

performed by an approved, onsite, independent, commercial laboratory,
or for cementitious materials and admixtures, the manufacturer's
laboratory.

c. Laboratory Inspection: The Government will inspect the laboratory

equipment and test procedures prior to the start of concreting
operations for conformance to ASTM C 1077. The laboratory shall
maintain these certifications for the duration of the project.

3.9.3 Reports

All results of tests conducted at the project site shall be reported on the
same day tested and shall be delivered to the Contracting Officer. These
requirements do not relieve the Contractor of the obligation to report
certain failures immediately as required in preceding paragraphs. Such
reports of failure and the action taken shall be confirmed in writing in
the routine reports. The Contracting Officer has the right to examine all
Contractor quality control records at any time.

3.9.4 Lots and Sublots

**************************************************************************
NOTE: The lot size can be specified on the basis of
time (i.e., 4 hours, 1 shift, etc.) or amount of
production (i.e, 500 cu m (665 cu yd), 1000 cu m
(1333 cu yd), etc.). If the lot size is based on
the amount of production, it normally should be
selected to be approximately equal to the amount of
RCC expected to be produced in 1 shift of
operation. The lot size should not exceed 1500 cu m
(2000 cu yd) of RCC. When a lump sum contract is
used, the lot size becomes the total job; thus, the
percent payment is applied to the contract price.
The following paragraphs will be edited accordingly.

Delete this paragraph if the project is small or

control based on lots is not appropriate. Revise QC
table where lots and sublots are identified.
**************************************************************************

Areas to be tested[ and quantities for which payment is to be adjusted]

will be based on pavement areas subdivided into lots and lots subdivided
into sublots. A lot will be that quantity of construction that will be
evaluated for compliance with specification requirements. A lot will be
equal to [[375][_____] cu m [500][_____] cu yd] [[8][_____] hours
production] [1 shift production]. Sublots are designated and defined for
the specific parameter to be tested. Thickness, surface smoothness, and
surface texture determinations will be made on the lot as a whole. In
order to evaluate field density, each lot will be divided into 4 equal
sublots. All samples and test locations will be selected randomly, using
commonly recognized methods of assuring randomness conforming to ASTM D 3665
and employing tables of random numbers or computer programs.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 58

3.9.5 Additional Sampling and Testing

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Add bid items for requirements that may need
additional testing.
**************************************************************************

The Contracting Officer will request additional samples and tests for any
area that appears to deviate from the specification requirements. The
Contractor will pay for the cost of any additional testing if tests verify
deficient material. If tests verify that materials conform to the
specifications, payment will be made under the appropriate bid item.
Testing in these areas will be in addition to the lot testing, and the
requirements for these areas will be the same as those for a lot.

3.9.6 Testing and Evaluation

**************************************************************************
NOTE: In Table X modify testing items and frequency
of testing to fit project specific conditions.
**************************************************************************

Based upon the results of these tests, take the action and submit reports
as required in Table X, and any additional tests to ensure that the
requirements of these specifications are met.

TABLE X - CONTRACTOR TESTING AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

Frequency Test Method Control Limit/Corrective Action

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS SAMPLING

1 Sample none 2.2 kg (5 lb) samples to be collected,
per 500 tons labeled, stored and delivered to the
CO after completion of the project.

FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION AND FINENESS MODULUS

1 500 tons ASTM C 136 Outside limits on any sieve: retest
of aggregate Sample at stock- 2nd failure: stop, repair, retest
during pile.
production

1 per sublot ASTM C 136 Outside limits on any sieve: retest

during RCC Sample at discharge 2nd failure: stop, repair, retest
placement belt from plant

COARSE AGGREGATE GRADATION

1 500 tons ASTM C 136 Outside limits on any sieve: retest
of aggregate Sample at stock- 2nd failure: stop, repair, retest
during pile.
production

1 per sublot ASTM C 136 Outside limits on any sieve: retest

during RCC Sample at discharge 2nd failure: stop, repair, retest
placement belt from plant

AGGREGATE DELETERIOUS MATERIALS

Initially See paragraph: Stop production, retest, replace
and when AGGREGATES aggregate. 2nd faikure: stop, evaluate

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 59

TABLE X - CONTRACTOR TESTING AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

Frequency Test Method Control Limit/Corrective Action

visual problem, notify CO for corrective action
change

AGGREGATE MOISTURE
Daily ASTM C 566 Adjust plant settings accordingly

PLANT - SCALES, WEIGHING ACCURACY

Initially NRMCA CPMB 100 Stop plant operations, repair, recalibrate
then standard test weights accurate to plus
monthly or minus 0.1% and provide for checking
plant scales

PLANT - CALIBRATION OF BATCHING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT

Initially Record/Report Record required/recorded/actual batch
then every mass,. Stop plant operations, repair
10 shifts recalibrate. See paragraph 3.11.1

PLANT - RECORD OF BATCH PLANT CONTROLS

Every lot Record/Report Record type/amt of each material per lot

PLANT - MIXTURE UNIFORMITY - STATIONARY MIXER

Every 4 COE CRD-C 55 After initial approval, use abbreviated
months as modified method. Increase mixing time, change
during batching sequence, reduce batch size to
paving bring into compliance. Retest

NUCLEAR DENSITY GAGE RCC CALIBRATION

Daily Test block Calculate calibration factor for placing
period. Report change of more than 5% of
previous value to CO and initiate gage
evaluation

RCC MOISTURE DENSITY RELATIONSHIP

Start of ASTM D 1557 See paragraph 3.9.8
each lot Sample taken at
plant discharge

FIELD DENSITY AND FIELD MOISTURE

Per 100 ft ASTM C 1040/C 1040M, See paragraph 3.9.8
of paving method A and
lane and 100 ASTM D 6938
of joint at the placement within
30 minutes of mixing RCC

CONCRETE MIXTURE - TEMPERATURE

When test ASTM C 1064/C 1064M See par. 3.4
specimens Sample at paving site
prepared

CONCRETE MIXTURE - STRENGTH

8 per lot ASTM C 31/C 31M See par. CONCRETE STRENGTH
Sample at paving site See par. 3.9.9

SURFACE SMOOTHNESS
Continuous Exceed tolerances: notify CO and modify
and within 1 hour operation.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 60

TABLE X - CONTRACTOR TESTING AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

Frequency Test Method Control Limit/Corrective Action

of placement See paragraph 3.10.4

PAVEMENT TEXTURE
1 core per 3 point direct See paragraph 3.10.6
sublot measurement

PAVEMENT THICKNESS
1 core per 3 point direct See paragraph 3.10.5
sublot measurement

PAVING - INSPECTION BEFORE PAVING

Prior to Report Inspect underlying material, construction
each paving joint faces, forms, reinforcing, dowels,
operation and embedded items

PAVING - INSPECTION DURING PAVING

During each Monitor and control paving operation,
paving including placement, consolidation,
operation finishing, texturing, curing, and joint
sawing. See paragraph 3.9.13

PAVING - ROLLER VIBRATION

Weekly, Vibration meter Test frequency and amplitude of each
during roller. Repair or replace defective
paving rollers

MEMBRANE COMPOUND CURING

Daily Visual Compute coverage based on quantity/area.
Re-spray areas with defective coverage
Re-calibrate equipment

INSPECTION OF HOT WEATHER MEASURES

Once per Visual Repair defects, report conditions to CO

INSPECTION OF COLD WEATHER PROTECTION

Once per Visual Repair defects, report conditions to CO

3.9.7 Calibration of Mixing Plant

The accuracy of proportioning for continuous plants shall be checked by

simultaneously securing timed samples of the cementitious materials and the
combined aggregate as they are fed to the mixer and weighing each as
appropriate.

3.9.8 Field Density Testing

**************************************************************************
NOTE: For record, nuclear density gauge readings of
moisture content and density should be taken at 50
mm (2 inch) intervals to the thickness of the
pavement minus 50 mm (2 inches), although the
deepest reading only will be the basis for
acceptance. The deepest readings of the nuclear
density gauges of the Contractor and Government
should be checked for agreement. The deepest
reading should be approximately 50 mm (2 inches)

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 61

 less than the depth of the pavement slab.
**************************************************************************

a. Furnish one operable and properly calibrated single probe nuclear

density gauge for each paver. Submit a copy of the State license
authorizing the use of a nuclear gage, and manufacturer certification
that operators have completed an approved safety and gage operation
training session. For each gage to be used on site, provide the date
of calibration, the calibrating organization, list of calibration
standards, and the calibration curve. The submittal shall include a
description of the nuclear density gauge apparatus proposed for use,
the manufacturer's literature and the latest manufacturer's calibration
results of the nuclear density gauge.

b. The maximum wet density or "target density" shall be determined by

ASTM D 1557 using a 150 mm 6-inch mold.

c. The test shall be performed using a single probe nuclear density

gauge operating in the direct transmission mode so density of the full
depth of the pavement can be measured. Each test shall include
readings at depths of [_____], [_____] and [_____] mm inches; however,
only the deepest reading shall be used to evaluate the density. Both
wet and dry densities shall be reported, and all individual readings
shall be reported. The moisture content shall be determined at the
same depths. The wet field density shall also be reported as a
percentage of the "Target Density," maximum laboratory wet density as
determined for that lot. All holes left in the concrete as a result of
nuclear density testing shall be filled with a cement grout.

d. Additional tests shall be made as directed, particularly during

start-up and when problems with attaining required density occur. The
nuclear density gauge shall be made available for Government use upon
request.

e. See Appendix A, at the end of this Section for sample density

computations. If any nuclear density gauge reading is below 97.8
percent for interior or fresh joint or below 95.8 percent for a cold
joint, another test shall be performed within a 1.5 to 2.4 m 5 to 8 foot
radius of the previous testing location. If this adjacent reading is
also below the density requirements, the Contracting Officer shall be
notified immediately, and additional vibratory roller passes shall be
made across the full lane width between the last testing location that
produced an acceptable reading and the paver. If additional vibratory
roller passes cause the density to decrease or cause the surface
texture and appearance to deteriorate in the opinion of the Contracting
Officer, the paving operation shall be discontinued until appropriate
adjustments are made to the moisture content of the mixture, to the
operation of the paver, to rolling procedures, or other operations to
assure that the specified density and surface requirements can be
achieved.

3.9.9 Concrete Strength

Contractor Quality Control operations for concrete strength shall consist

of the following steps: [Note: two methods specified: a) cylinders/beams
correlated during mix design and only cylinders cast during production, and
b) beams correlated during mix design for ages and beams cast during
production.]

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 62

 a. [Correlation of Beams and Cyliders in Laboratory, Cylinders in Field

1). Take samples for strength tests at the paving site. Fabricate
and cure test cylinders in accordance with ASTM C 31/C 31M; test
them in accordance with ASTM C 39/C 39M.

2). Fabricate and cure 2 test cylinders per sublot from the same
batch or truckload and at the same time acceptance cylinders are
fabricated and test them for compressive strength at 7-day age.

3). Average all 8 compressive tests per lot. Convert this average
7-day compressive strength per lot to equivalent [28][90]-day
flexural strength using the Correlation Ratio determined during
mixture proportioning studies. See Appendix B at the end of this
Section.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Adjust ages to match design requirement.
**************************************************************************

4). Compare the equivalent [28][90]-day flexural strength from the

conversion to the Average Flexural Strength Required for Mixtures
from paragraph of same title.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Adjust ages to match design requirement.
**************************************************************************

5). If the equivalent average [28][90]-day strength for the lot is

below the Average Flexural Strength Required for Mixtures by 138 Pa
20 psi flexural strength or more, at any time, adjust the mixture
to increase the strength, as approved.

6). Fabricate and cure two beams for every 1528 cubic m 2000 cubic
yards of concrete placed. Fabricate and cure in accordance with
ASTM C 31/C 31M; test at 14-days of age in accordance with
ASTM C 78.

**************************************************************************
NOTE: Adjust ages to match design requirement.
**************************************************************************

7) The Contractor's CQC testing agency shall maintain up-to-date

control charts for strength, showing the 7-day CQC compressive
strength, the 14-day compressive strength (from acceptance tests)
and the [28][90]-day equivalent flexural strength of each of these
for each lot.]

b. [Beams Only in Laboratory, Beams Only in Field

1). Take samples for strength tests at the paving site. Fabricate
and cure test beams in accordance with ASTM C 31/C 31M; test them
in accordance with ASTM C 78.

2). Fabricate and cure 2 test beams per sublot from the same batch
or truckload and at the same time acceptance beams are fabricated
and test them for flexural strength at 7-day age.

3). Average all 8 flexural tests per lot. Convert this average

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 63

 7-day flexural strength per lot to equivalent [28][90]-day
flexural strength using the Correlation Ratio determined during
mixture proportioning studies.

4). Compare the equivalent [28][90]-day flexural strength from the

conversion to the Average Flexural Strength Required for Mixtures
from paragraph of same title.

5). If the equivalent average [28][90]-day strength for the lot is

below the Average Flexural Strength Required for Mixtures by 69
psi flexural strength or more, at any time, adjust the mixture to
increase the strength, as approved.

6). The Contractor's CQC testing agency shall maintain up-to-date

control charts for strength, showing the 7-day CQC flexural
strength and the [28][90]-day flexural strength (from acceptance
tests) of each of these for each lot.]

3.9.10 Surface-Smoothness Determination (Straightedge Testing)

a. Furnish one 3.7 m 12 ft straightedge for each paving spreader for

testing the finished surface. Straightedges shall be made available
for Government use upon request. Straightedges shall be constructed of
aluminum or other lightweight metal and shall have blades of box or
box-girder cross section with flat bottom reinforced to ensure rigidity
and accuracy. Straightedges shall have handles to facilitate movement
on the pavement.

b. Immediately after rolling is complete in each area, but not later

than 1 hour after the concrete has been placed, the surface of the
pavement shall be tested with an approved straightedge or other
approved device that will reveal all surface irregularities varying
from the testing edge exceeding tolerances specified in Table V-LIMITS
AND ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS. The entire area of the pavement involved
shall be tested in both a longitudinal and a transverse direction on
parallel lines 3 m 10 feet or less apart. The straightedge shall be
held in contact with the surface and moved ahead one-half the length of
the straightedge for each successive measurement. Straightedge lines
shall be carried continuously across joints. Perform the testing in
the presence of the Contracting Officer.

3.9.11 Surface Texture

The final surface texture of the pavement, after all rolling and curing,
shall be smooth and uniform over the whole area of the pavement and shall
be totally free of any surface pitting, voids or indentations, pockmarks,
surface tears, check cracking, segregation or rock pockets, pumped areas,
aggregate drag marks, areas loosened by construction operations, and areas
where fines have been washed away during the curing process.

3.9.12 Determine Pavement Thickness

Cores shall be drilled from points in the pavement within 7 days after
placement of the pavement. A minimum of one core per sublot will be taken
from locations selected in a random fashion by the Contracting Officer.
Cores shall be 150 mm 6 inch diameter. Refilling of core holes shall be
performed with portland cement mortar, using materials and procedures
directed. Cores will become the property of the Government and may be
tested for strength determination or other properties as considered

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 64

 appropriate.

3.9.13 Inspection During Placing

The placing foremen shall supervise all placing operations and shall be
responsible for measuring and recording concrete temperatures, ambient
temperature, weather conditions, time of placement, yardage placed, and
method and location of placement.

a. Cold-Weather Placing. At least once during each shift, an

inspection shall be made of all areas subject to cold-weather
protection. Deficiencies shall be noted. During removal of
protection, the concrete and ambient temperature shall be measured at
least hourly.

b. Hot-Weather Placing and Initial Curing at All Times. When the

maximum daily air is likely to exceed 30 degrees C 85 degrees F, take
and record the temperature of the concrete mixture at 30-minute
intervals during hot-weather placement. The surface of the base course
shall be inspected to ensure that it is sprinkled with water
immediately before the concrete is placed and any deficiencies noted.
Regardless of ambient temperature, the finished concrete shall be
inspected to ensure that it is kept damp until the curing medium is
applied and any deficiencies noted and immediately brought to the
attention of the Contracting Officer. Immediate steps shall be taken
to correct any deficiencies.

c. Temperature Protection. The Contracting Officer shall be notified

whenever the concrete temperature during the period of protection or
protection removal fails to comply with the specifications, and
immediate steps shall be taken to correct the situation. Regardless of
the ambient temperature, when the temperature of the concrete mixture
exceeds 32 degrees C 90 degrees F, mixing and placing shall be stopped
and the Contracting Officer notified.

d. Curing Operation. The curing operation shall be inspected to assure

that the surface of the pavement is kept very moist (or wet)
continuously until the end of the curing period. The Contracting
Officer shall be notified when any pavement surface is allowed to dry
before the end of the curing period, and immediate steps shall be taken
to correct the situation.

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3.10 APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A
Example of Computations

1.0 Field Density.

The calculation of computed percent payment based on field density is
illustrated below for a typical set of field tests on the lane interior and
on the fresh and cold joints in a typical lot. Assume the following test
results for field density made on the lot:

a. Average lane interior density: 98.0 percent (of target density)

b. Average fresh joint density: 97.7 percent (of target density)

c. Average cold joint density: 95.4 percent (of target density)

d. Total area of lot: 2,790 sq m 30,000 sq ft (3,333 sq yd)

e. Length of completed fresh longitudinal construction joint: 610 m

(2000 ft) (Paving lane on each side of joint complete)

f. Length of cold longitudinal construction joint: 228 m (750 ft)

(Paving lane on one side of joint constructed with this lot)

Step 1: Determine percent payment based on lane interior density and on

fresh joint and on cold joint density, using Table I.

a. Lane interior density of 98.0 percent: 95.0 percent payment

b. Fresh joint density of 97.7 percent: 72.0 percent payment

c. Cold joint density of 95.4 percent: 52.0 percent payment

Step 2: Determine percent payment deduction based on lane interior density

and on both fresh and cold joint density by subtracting each percent payment
from 100.

a. Lane interior: 100 percent - 95.0 percent = 5.0 percent deduction

b. Fresh joint: 100 percent - 72.0 percent = 28.0 percent deduction

c. Cold joint: 100 percent - 52.0 percent = 48.0 percent deduction

Step 3: Determine ratio of fresh joint strip area to lane interior area
(total paved area in the lot).

Multiply the length of completed fresh longitudinal construction joint by the

specified 3 m 10 ft width and divide by the lane interior area (total paved
area in the lot):

610 m x 3m /2790 sq m 2000 ft. x 10 ft./30000 sq ft = 0.6667 ratio of fresh

joint strip area to lane interior area

Step 4: Determine the weighted percent payment deduction for fresh joint
density:

Multiply percent payment deduction for fresh joint density by ratio of fresh
joint strip area to lane interior area:

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 66

 APPENDIX A
Example of Computations

28.0 percent x 0.6667 = 18.7 percent weighted percent payment deduction for
fresh joint density

Step 5: Determine ratio of cold joint strip area to lane interior area
(total paved area in the lot):

Multiply the length of completed cold longitudinal construction joint (one

side) by the specified 1.5 m 5 ft width and divide by the lane interior area
(total paved area in the lot):

228 m x 1.5 m/2790 sq ft 750 ft x 5 ft/30000 sq ft = 0.125 ratio of cold

joint strip area to lane interior area

Step 6: Determine the weighted percent deduction for cold joint density:

Multiply percent payment deduction for cold joint density by ratio of cold
joint strip area to lane interior area:

48.0 percent x 0.125 = 6.0 percent payment deduction for cold joint density

Step 7: Compare weighted percent payment deduction for fresh joint area, for
cold joint area, and for lane interior density, and select the larger:

a. Percent payment deduction for lane interior density: 5.0 percent

b. Weighted percent payment deduction for fresh joint density: 18.7

percent

c. Weighted percent payment deduction for cold joint density: 6.0

percent

d. Select the larger = 18.7 percent

Step 8: Determine computed percent payment based on field density by

subtracting the larger value from Step 7 from 100:

100 - 18.7 percent = 81.3 percent computed percent payment based on field
density.

2.0 Thickness
A lot in which 18 percent of the area is deficient in thickness by an average
of 10 mm 3/8 inch (Category II) will have a computed percent payment for
thickness of:

Proportion Percent Payment Weighted

of Total From Percent
Category Lot Area Table II Payment
__________ __________ _______________ ________

I (1.0-0.18) = 0.82 x 100 82.0

II 0.18 x 65 11.7
______

Computed Percent Payment for Total Lot = 93.7

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 67

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 68
3.11 Appendix B

APPENDIX B

Procedure for Molding RCC Test Specimen for

Flexural Strength Testing Using a Vibrating Hammer:

A-1 Field of Application

The procedure is for molding RCC test specimens using a vibrating hammer for
third-point flexural-strength testing. Maximum aggregate size shall not
exceed 25 mm 1 inch.

A-2 Equipment

1. Rectangular steel molds with inside measurements of 100 x 100 x 400 mm

4-inch x 4-inch x 16-inch.

2. Vibrating hammer, conforming to ASTM C 1435/C 1435M, shall weigh 10 ± 2

kg, have a minimum power input of 900W and be capable of providing 2000
impacts/minute.

3. Removable steel collar to contain the last layer of RCC.

4. Steel compaction plate with a minimum thickness of 15 mm 0.6-inch that
can fit into the rectangular mold.
5. Steel finishing plate with a minimum thickness of 15 mm 0.6-inch that
can fit into the rectangular mold.

A-3 Molding Specimens for Flexural-Strength Testing

1. The specimens must be produced within 20 min of collecting the sample.

2. Using the wet density of the RCC, weigh a quantity of fresh concrete
corresponding to the volume of the test specimen to be produced.
3. Use a flat shovel to fill the mold to the halfway point, moving the
shovel along the rim of the mold to distribute the concrete evenly and
keeping segregation to a minimum. A tamping rod can be used to spread the
concrete evenly within the mold prior to consolidation.
4. Compact the concrete until the mold is half full. Install the collar.
Put in the remaining concrete and compact it.
5. Remove the collar, place the steel plate on top of the mold, and
complete consolidation by applying the compactor to the steel plate.
6. Spray all concrete surfaces with an evaporation retarder. Immediately
cover the specimens with a nonabsorbent, nonreactive plate to retard
evaporation.
7. Store the specimens on a rigid, level surface protected from sunlight,
vibration, and other disturbances in an environment maintained at a
temperature of 15 to 25°C 60 to 77°F. The specimens should be removed from
the molds 24 ± 4 h after fabrication and moist-cured at a temperature of 21
to 25°C 70 to 77°F so that they are constantly covered with a thin coating of
moisture until time of testing. The specimens shall not be exposed to
running water.

A-4 Flexural-Strength Testing

Perform flexural testing in accordance with ASTM C 78.

SECTION 32 13 16.16 Page 69

3.12 APPENDIX C

APPENDIX C
RCC Pavement Mixture Proportioning Method

**************************************************************************
NOTE: TO DOWNLOAD UFGS GRAPHICS OF APPENDIX C

Go to [Link]

Appendix C exists as a PDF file to be inserted here

after the project specification has been printed to
pdf.
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-- End of Section --

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