MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
The Mathematical Systems
Overview
Welcome to the Mathematical System!
In this lesson, the student will learn and appreciate the Beauty of
Codes, Coding, and Encryption. At the end of this module, you will be able to
compute, code, and decode problems involving mathematical systems.
Learning Objectives
By the end of the module, students will be able to:
● Appreciate the importance of mathematical system
● Solve problems involving mathematical systems
● Encrypt and decrypt plain text to ciphertext and vice versa
References:
[1] Baltazar, E.C, Evangelista, J, & Ragasa, C. (2024). Mathematics in the Modern World. C&E
Publishing
[2] Sobecki, D. (2019). Math in Our World (4th Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Topic 1: Clock Arithmetic and Day of the Week
Many clocks have a familiar 12-hour design. We designate whether
the time is before noon or afternoon by using the abbreviations a.m. and
p.m. A reference to 7:00 a.m. means 7 hours after 12:00 midnight; a
reference to 7:00 p.m. means 7 hours after 12:00 noon. In both cases,
once 12 is reached on the clock, we begin again with 1.
To determine the time 8 hours after 3 o’clock, we add 3 and 8.
Because we did not pass 12 o’clock, the time is 11 o’clock (Figure
8.1A).
However, to determine the time 8 hours after 9 o’clock, we must
take into consideration that once we have passed 12 o’clock, we begin
again with 1. Therefore, 8 hours after 9 o’clock is 5 o’clock, as shown in
Figure 8.1B.
We will use the symbol ⊕ to denote addition on a 12-hour clock.
Using this notation, 3 ⊕ 8 = 11 and 9 ⊕ 8 = 5 on a 12-hour clock.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Example 1
Evaluate each of the following where ⊕ and Θ indicates addition and subtraction
respectively, on a 12-hour clock.
a. 8 ⊕ 7 b. 7 ⊕ 11 c. 8 Θ 7 d. 2 Θ 8
Solution:
Calculate using a 12-hour clock,
a. 8 ⊕ 7 = 3 b. 7 ⊕ 11 = 6 c. 8Θ7=9 d. 2 Θ 8 = 6
A similar example involves a day of arithmetic. If we associate each day of the week
with a number as shown, then 6 days after Friday is Thursday and 16 days after
Monday is Wednesday.
Monday = 1 Friday = 5
Tuesday = 2 Saturday = 6
Wednesday = 3 Sunday = 7
Thursday = 4
Symbolically, we write
and 5 ⊕ 6 = 4 1 ⊕ 16 = 3
Another way to determine the day of the week is to note that when the sum is divided
by 7, the number of days in a week, the remainder is 4, the number associated with
Thursday. When divided by 7, the remainder is 3, the number associated with
Wednesday. This works because the days of the week repeat every 7 days.
The same method can be applied to 12-hour clock arithmetic from the first example
when it is divided by 12, the number of hours on a 12-hour clock, the remainder is 3,
the time 7 hours after 8 o’clock.
Activity 9.1 Decryption
Mr Robot Decryption Scene
In 4-5 sentences, answer the questions below.
1. What is this video all about?
2. How is this related to your daily experiences?
Your answers will be graded using the same Rubric in the previous modules.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Topic 2: Arithmetic Modulo n
Definition
Two integers, let say a and b are said to be congruent modulo n, where n is a
natural number, if is an integer. In this case, we write .
The number n is called the modulus. The statement is called the
congruence.
Determine whether the congruence is true.
1. b.
Solution
1. Find , Because 7 is an integer, is a
TRUE congruence.
2. Find , Because is not an integer,
is not a true congruence.
Suppose today is Friday. To determine the day of the week 16 days from now, we
observe that 14 days from now the day will be Friday, so 16 days from now the day
will be Sunday. Note that the remainder when 16 is divided by 7 is 2, or, using
modular notation, .The 2 signifies 2 days after Friday, which is Sunday.
Source: Mathematical Excursions Third Edition by Richard N. Aufmann
Mathematics in the Modern Word by Baltazar
Arithmetic Operation Modulo n
Arithmetic modulo n, where n is a natural, uses a variation of standard rules of
arithmetic we have used [Link] the arithmetic operation and then divide by
the modulus. The answer is the remainder.
The result of an arithmetic operation mod n is always a whole number less than n.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Example
Evaluate (23 + 18) mod 12
Solution
Add 23 + 38 to produce 61. Then
divide by the modulus, 12. The
answer is the remainder.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Subtraction Modulo n
The method of adding and subtracting in modular arithmetic can be used for
clock arithmetic and days-of-the-week arithmetic.
Calculating Time
Source: Mathematical Excursions Third Edition by Richard N. Aufmann
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Multiplication Modulo n
Example 1:
Example 2: Solving Congruence Equation
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Example 3
Topic 3: Applications of Mathematical Systems
Application:
Computing the Day of The Week
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
Topic 4: Codes
Activity 9.2 Watch the following video!
The Caesar cipher | Journey into cryptography | Computer Science |…
ISBN and UPC
Every book that is cataloged in the Library of Congress must have an ISBN
(International Standard Book Number). This 13-digit number was created to help ensure
that orders for books are filled accurately and that books are cataloged correctly. The
first three digits of an ISBN are 978, the next digit indicates the country in which the
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE
publisher is incorporated (0, and sometimes 1, for books written in English), the next
two to seven digits indicate the publisher, the next group of digits indicates the title of
the book, and the last digit (the 13th one) is called a check digit. If we label the first
digit of an ISBN d1, the second digit d2, and so on to the 13th digit d13, then the check
digit is chosen to satisfy the following congruence.
CARD ISSUER PREFIX NUMBER OF DIGITS
Master Card 51 to 55 16
Visa 4 13 or 16
American Express 34 to 37 15
Discover 6011 16
The Luhn algorithm, used to determine whether a credit card number is valid, is
calculated as follows:
1. Beginning with the next-to-last digit (the last digit is the check digit) and reading
from right to left, double every other digit.
2. If a digit becomes a two-digit number after being doubled, treat the number as
two individual digits. Now find the sum of the new list of digits;
3. The final sum must equal 0 mod 10.
The Luhn algorithm is demonstrated in the next example.
Example
Determine whether 5234 8213 3410 1298 is a valid credit card number.
Solution:
Highlight every other digit, beginning with the next-to-last digit reading from right
to left.
5 2 3 4 8 2 1 3 3 4 1 0 1 2 9 8
Next, double each of the highlighted digits.
10 2 6 4 16 2 2 3 6 4 2 0 2 2 18 8
Finally, add all digits, treating two-digit numbers as two single digits
Because 60 = 0 mod 10, this is a valid credit card number.