Question Repository for DEC 2024 Examinations

Common To
Subject Code 19CS406 Subject Name Computer Networks
CSE/IT/IOT/CYBER
Faculty Name Dr. RAMYADEVI. R, AOP, CSE Department CSE AI&DS/AI&ML

(PART A – 2 Marks)
UNIT - I
Q. No Questions
QA101 Define the term Computer networks.
A computer network is group of devices referred to as nodes connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer,
or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
QA102 What is the need for Protocol layering?
Protocol layering enables us to divide a complex task into several smaller and simpler
tasks. One of the advantages of protocol layering is that it allows us to separate the services
from the implementation.

QA103 Categorize the four basic topologies in terms of line configuration.

Bus Star Ring Mesh

*QA104 For ‘n’ devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh, ring, star and bus topology?
Mesh: n(n-1)/2
Star: n
Ring: n-1
Bus: one backbone and n drop lines
*QA105 What is VCI? Where it is used?
VCI is Virtual Circuit Identifier. It is the concept of local addressing used for data transfer in
virtual circuit approach of packet switching network. It is a small number that has only scope
only within switches; it is used by a frame between two switches.

*QA106 List the types of line configuration.

Point-to-point: A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link
between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices.
Multipoint (Multidrop): More than two specific devices share a single
link. The capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or timeshared.

*QA107 What are the two-boarder classification of Transmission media?

*QA108 How the data flow can be done in the Transmission?

Communication between two devices can be
◦ Simplex
◦ Half-duplex
◦ Full-duplex

UNIT - II
Q. No Questions
QA201 How the Error control mechanism will work in the Data Link Layer?
Error control is meant for delivering the error-free data to the receiver.
Parity checking, Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) and checksum are the approaches to detect the error in data. Hamming code,
Binary Convolution codes, Reed-Solomon code.
 Detects and correct the error occurred in the data
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, Selective-Repeat ARQ are examples of error control techniques.

QA202 Show the format of Ethernet frame.

*QA203 What is meant by Broadcast Address? What is the use of it?

Broadcast Address
Some link-layer protocols define a broadcast address. Broadcasting means one-to-all communication. A frame with a
destination broadcast address is sent to all entities in the link.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

*QA204 Differentiate NRM and ABM.

NRM – Normal Response Mode ABM – Asynchronous Balanced Mode

The station configuration is unbalanced. We have one In ABM, the configuration is balanced. The link is point-to-
primary station and multiple secondary stations. A primary point, and each station can function as a primary and a
station can send commands; a secondary station can only secondary
respond. The NRM is used for both point-to-point and
multipoint links
QA205 List down the applications of Bluetooth technology.
✓ Peripheral devices such as a wireless mouse or keyboard can communicate with the computer through this
technology.
✓ Monitoring devices can communicate with sensor devices in a small health care center.
✓ Home security devices can use this technology to connect different sensors to the main security controller.
✓ Conference attendees can synchronize their laptop computers

*QA206 What is P/F in HDLC?

✓ The P/F field is a single bit with a dual purpose.
✓ It has meaning only when it is set (bit = 1) and can mean poll or final.
✓ It means poll whenthe frame is sent by a primary station to a secondary (when the address field containsthe address of the
receiver).
✓ It means final when the frame is sent by a secondary to aprimary (when the address field contains the address of the sender).

*QA207 What is the need of ARP?

✓ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is needed in order for devices on a network to discover their surroundings and neighbors.
✓ The protocol is used to enable computers to automatically map IP Network Addresses to hardware addresses that are used by
the data link protocol
✓ A hostwishing to obtain a physical address broadcastARP request onto the network.
The host on the network that has the IP address in the ARP request then replies with its physical hardware address as ARP
Response, ARP Resolution is then updated in ARP cache
*QA208 List the services provided by data link layer.
The services that the data link layer provides are:
✓ Encapsulation of network layer data packets into frames
 ✓ Frame synchronization
✓ In the logical link control (LLC) sublayer:
▪ Error control
Flow control

UNIT – III
Q. No Questions
QA301 What is routing?
Routing is a process of selecting paths in a network through which network traffic is sent.

QA302 State the duties of Network layer.

[Link] for the source to detitanation delivery of a packet.
[Link] addressing
[Link]
*QA303 What are the metrics used in determining the best path for a routing protocol?
a. Bandwidth
b. Delay
c. Load
d. Reliability
e. Cost
f. Hop count
g. MTU
h. Ticks
*QA304 Define Subnetting.
Subnetting is a technique that allows a network administrator to divide one physical
network into smaller logical networks and thus, control the flow of traffic for security or
efficiency reasons.
QA305 What are the salient features of IPv6?
Salient features are :
[Link] and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructures.
2.IPv6 networks provide auto configuration capabilities.
[Link] support for QOS.
 [Link] Address space.
5. stateless and stateful address configuration.

*QA306 What is Multicasting?

Delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most
efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once.

*QA307 What are different types of multicast routing?

[Link] path multicasting
[Link] path broad casting

*QA308 Define an Internetwork.

A collection of internally connected networks is called an internetwork.
Internetworking was designed to resolve the matter of delivering a packet of
information through many links.

UNIT – IV
Q. No Questions
QA401 What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?
The four aspects are,
1. Error control
2. Sequence control
3. Loss control
4. Duplication control
*QA402 What is the difference between service point address, logical address and physical address?

Service Point Address Logical Address Physical Address

There are many applications running An IP address of the system is called Each system having a NIC(Network
on the computer. Each application run logical address. This address is the Interface Card) through which two
with a port no.(logically) on the combination of Net ID and Host ID. systems physically connected with
computer. This port no. for application This address is used by network layer each other with cables. The address of
is decided by the Kernel of the OS. This to identify a particular network (source the NIC is called Physical address or
port no. is called port address. to destination) among the networks. mac address. This is specified by the
This address can be changed by manufacture company of the card. This
changing the host position on the address is used by data link layer.
network. So it is called logical address.

*QA403 Define Congestion Control?

It involves preventing too much data from being injected into the network, thereby causing switches or links to become
overloaded. Thus, flow control is an end to an end issue, while congestion control is concerned with how hosts and networks
interact.
QA404 What are the three events involved in connection of Transport Layer?
For security, the transport layer may create a connection between the two end ports. A connection is a single logical path
between the source and destination that is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three steps:
➢ Connection establishment
➢ Data transfer
➢ Connection release
QA405 What are the two services of Transport Layer?
Two basic types of transport services are,
i. Connection service
ii. Connectionless services
*QA406 What is the main idea of UDP?
The basic idea is for a source process to send a message
to a port and for the destination process to receive the
message from a port.
*QA407 What is meant by Segment?
At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides long transmissions into smaller data units and packages each
into a frame called a segment.

*QA408 Define TCP?

TCP guarantees the reliable, in order delivery of a stream of bytes. It is a full-duplex protocol, meaning that each TCP connection
supports a pair of byte streams, one flowing in each direction.
Features are
❑ Process-to-Process Communication
❑ Stream Delivery Service
❑ Full-Duplex Communication
❑ Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
❑ Connection-Oriented Service
❑ Reliable Service

UNIT – V

Q. No Questions
QA501 Define MIME.
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP.
MIME transforms non- ASCII data at the sender site to NVT ASCII data and deliverers it to the client SMTP to be sent through the
Internet. MIME converts binary files, executed files into text files. Then only it can be transmitted using SMTP.
*QA502 State the POP3 Protocol.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol
in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. POP and IMAP deal with the receiving of e-mail and are not
to be confused with the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), a protocol for transferring e-mail across the Internet.
QA503 What is TELNET Protocol?
A TELNET connection is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection used to transmit data with interspersed TELNET
control information. The TELNET Protocol is built upon three main ideas: "Network Virtual Terminal"; second, the principle of
third, a symmetric view of terminals and processes.
*QA504 How the security features are handled by SSH Protocol?
(Secure Shell) A security protocol for logging into a remote server. SSH provides an encrypted session for transferring files and
executing server programs. Also serving as a secure client/server connection for applications such as database access and e-mail
SSH supports a variety of authentication methods.
QA505 What are the types of Messages available in DNS?
Two types of messages
1. Query: header and question records
2. Response: Header, question records, answer records, authoritative records, and additional records.
*QA506 What are the responsibilities of Application Layer?
The Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support
for services such as e-mail, shared database management and other types of distributed information services

*QA507 What are the requests messages support SNMP and explain it?
GET & SET
The former is used to retrieve a piece of state from some node and the latter is used to store a new piece of state in some node.

*QA508 Discuss the basic model of FTP.

The client has three components: the user interface, the client control process, and the client data transfer process. The server has
two components: the server control process and the server data transfer process. The control connection is made between the control
processes. The data connection is made between the data transfer processes.

(PART B – 13 Marks - Either Or Type)

UNIT - I
Q. No Questions
QB101 (a) Explain briefly about the role of different layers in OSI reference model with a neat diagram.

(Or)
*QB101 (b) Differentiate Circuit and Packet Switched Networks.
*QB102 (a) Discuss in detail about Unguided Media for Transmission.

(Or)
QB102 (b) Explain in detail about TCP/IP protocol suite with neat diagram.

QB103 (a) Distinguish between Point to Point links and Multi Point links. Demonstrate the types of Network Topology with their
advantages and disadvantages and suitable diagrams.
 (Or)
QB103 (b) Discuss in detail about the Guided Media for Transmission with their types and its connector to be used for different
applications.
*QB104 (a) Explain in detail the components of data communication and the different categories of Networks.
Components of data communication

 Message: The information (data) to be communicated.

◦ Popular : text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
 Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message.
◦ It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, etc.
 Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message.
◦ It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, etc.
 Transmission medium: The physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver.
◦ Some examples : twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and
radio waves.
 Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
◦ It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.

Different categories of Networks

Local Area Network(LAN)

a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area.

Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

a computer network that interconnects with computer in a metropolitan area like city.
Wide Area Network(WAN)

a computer network that exists over a large-scale geographical area.

 (Or)
*QB104 (b) How the Transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message in the Network Model. Explain
the responsibilities of Transport layer with a detailed performance.
• Transport layer treats each one independently, as though each piece belonged to a separate message, whether or not it does.
• The transport layer, on the other hand, ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control
and flow control at the source-to-destination level.
• It ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-
destination level.

Responsibilities of Transport layer

• The Process-to-Process Delivery.
• Segmentation and reassembly,
• Multiplexing and Demultiplexing.
• Error correction.
• Flow control.
• Connection control.

UNIT - II
Q. No Questions
QB201 (a) Demonstrate Two Dimensional Parity Check with an example of your own.

Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) :

 (Or)
QB201 (b) Explain in details about the access method and frame format used in Ethernet with a neat diagram.

Implementation of Standard Ethernet

Standard Ethernet can be implemented by LAN using either bus topology using coaxial cable or star topology using a hub
QB202 (a) Discuss the CSMA/CD protocol and comment on its performance for medium access
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

(Or)
QB202 (b) Explain briefly about HDLC protocol with their types.
 HDLC defines three types of frames:
1. Information frames (I-frame)
2. Supervisory frame (S-frame)
3. Unnumbered frame (U-frame)

(Or)
(Or)
*QB203 (a) Discuss the three popular methods of Controlled Access in Data Link layer.
1. Reservation
2. Polling
3. Token Passing
 (Or)
*QB203 (b) Write the Procedure to perform Checksum which handles the detection of the Error in Data.

Data:
10101001 00111001
Computing Checksum:
10101001
00111001
---------------
Sum 11100010
CheckSum 00011101

Data Sent :
 10101001 00111001 00011101

Receiver Side:
10101001
00111001
00011101
---------------
Sum 11111111
Complement 00000000

QB204 (a) Summarize the services of Data Link Layer with its Characteristics.

(Or)
QB204 (b) Show and explain the ARP packet format for
mapping IP addresses to Ethernet addresses.
 UNIT - III
Q. No Questions
QB301 (a) List the classes in Classful Addressing and define the Application of each class

(Or)
QB301 (b) Discuss in detail about Internet Protocol Datagram in the Network Layer.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across
networks and arrive at the correct destination.
*QB302 (a) State IPv4 address with suitable example. Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. [Link]
d. [Link]

IPv4 Address :
• The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal.
• An IPv4 address is 32 bits long. – The address space of IPv4 is 232 (4,294,967,296) – Notation.

• Binary notation
• Dotted-decimal notation

Use of IPv4 Address

1) Subnetting
– Divide a large address block into smaller subgroups.
– Use of flexible net mask.
 (Or)
*QB302 (b) With a neat diagram explain Distance Vector Routing Protocol.
• The distance-vector (DV) routing uses the goal to find the best route.
• In distance-vector routing, the first thing each node creates is its own least-cost tree with the rudimentary information it has about
its immediate neighbors.
• The incomplete trees are exchanged between immediate neighbors to make the trees more and more complete and to represent the
whole internet.
• In distance-vector routing, a router continuously tells all of its neighbors what it knows about the whole internet (although the
knowledge can be incomplete).

QB303 (a) Explain in detail about Link State Routing Algorithm

❑ A routing algorithm that directly follows our discussion for creating least-cost trees and forwarding tables is link-state (LS)
routing.
❑ This method uses the term link-state to define the characteristic of a link (an edge) that represents a network in the internet.
❑ In this algorithm the cost associated with an edge defines the state of the link.
❑ Links with lower costs are preferred to links with higher costs;
❑ if the cost of a link is infinity, it means that the link does not exist or has been broken.
All possible Spanning Tree :

(Or)
QB303 (b) Why subnetting is necessary? With suitable example, develop the concept of subneting in class B network.

The first mask (/26) is applied to the destination address. The result is [Link], which does not match the corresponding
network address.

*QB304 (a) Discuss Internet Control Message Protocol version 4 with its Frame format.
error-reporting or error-correcting mechanism
ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories:
1. Error-reporting messages: The error-reporting messages report problems that a router or a host (destination) may encounter
when it processes an IP packet.
2. Query messages: The query messages, which occur in pairs, help a host or a network manager get specific information from a
router or another host. For example, nodes can discover their neighbors. Also, hosts can discover and learn about routers on
their network and routers can help a node redirect its messages.
8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits
Type Code Checksum Type Code Checksum
Rest of the header Identifier Sequence number

Data section Data section

Error-reporting messages Query messages

 (Or)
*QB304 (b) Define and describe Classful Addressing and Classless Addressing.

CLASSFUL ADDRESSING CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

UNIT - IV
Q. No Questions
QB401 (a) Explain about the various protocols that helps in the process of Flow
Control of noiseless channel.
Flow control techniques
1) Simple Protocol
2) Stop-and-Wait Protocol
3) Go-Back-N Protocol
4) Selective-Repeat Protocol

(Or)
QB401 (b) Draw the format of Segment in TCP transmission. Explain how the
Data transfer is done after Connection establishment in TCP protocol.

format of Segment

*QB402 (a) Discuss the various strategies TCP used to avoid

congestion.
TCP Strategies - 8 marks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses
a congestion control algorithm that includes various
aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative
decrease (AIMD) scheme, along with other schemes
including slow start[1] and congestion
window (CWND), to achieve congestion avoidance.

TCP Tahoe and TCP Reno are two techniques

of TCP congestion control (7 Marks)

(Or)
*QB402 (b) Explain in detail about the three-way handshake protocol for connection establishment in TCP.

QB403 (a) Illustrate in detail about UDP header format with the Port number to be used in the header part with a neat sketch.

Source Port: Source Port is a 2 Byte long field used to identify the port number of the source.
Destination Port: It is a 2 Byte long field, used to identify the port of the destined packet.
Length: Length is the length of UDP including the header and the data. It is a 16-bits field.
Checksum: Checksum is 2 Bytes long field. It is the 16-bit one’s complement of the one’s complement sum of the UDP header,
 the pseudo-header of information from the IP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end.

(Or)
QB403 (b) Explain in detail about Sliding Window Protocol.
*QB404 (a) Explain Stream Control Transmission Protocol with its frame format.
Working of SCTP – 4 Marks
Packet Format and explanation – 4 marks

Connection and termination explanation with diagram - 5 mark

(Or)
*QB404 (b) Explain in detail about Sliding Window Protocol.
 UNIT - V
Q. No Questions
QB501 (a) Explain the functions of SMTP.
System for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses.
SMTP provides mail exchange between users on the same
or different computers.
network management system
A. Structure of Management Information (SMI)
B. Management Information Base (MIB)
C. Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP
Object attributes
Data type
 Encoding format
SNMP PDUs (Protocol Data Units)
SNMP PDU format
Port numbers for SNMP
(Or)
QB501 (b) Explain SSH Protocol in detail.

❖ Although Secure Shell (SSH)

❖ is a secure application program
❖ that can be used today
❖ for several purposes such as
❖ remote logging and file transfer,
❖ it was designed to replace TELNET.
❖ There are two versions of SSH.
❖ The first version, SSH-1,
❖ is now deprecated
❖ because of security flaws
❖ discuss only SSH-2.

Components
*QB502 (a) Write short notes on FTP.

Transfer a file from one system to another.

TCP connections
Basic model of FTP
Two Connections
Security for FTP

(Or)
*QB502 (b) Summarize the request and response message format of HTTP.

HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-known port 80.

QB503 (a) Explain detail about Domain Name System
DNS consists of the following components:
Domains:
A domain is a logical group of computers in a large network. ...
Distributed Database:
A distributed database is an archive of information about the computers in a network.
Name Servers:
A name server contains address information about other computers on the network.

DNS Resource Records

Resource Records are used to store hostnames, IP addresses and other information in DNS name servers. A record is made up of the
following fields:

Name is an alphanumeric identifier of the DNS record

TTL (time to live) specifies how long the record should be kept in local cache
Record class indicates the namespace—typically IN, the Internet namespace
Record type is the DNS record type—for example an A, CNAME, MX
Record data contains the DNS values, for example the IP address for a hostname

name ttl record class record type record data

Components of DNS
DNS in the internet
Name space
Domain name Space
Resolution
Message format
Resource records
Name servers
(Or)
QB503 (b) Explain TELNET Protocol in detail.
It is impossible to have a client/server pair for each type of service we need; the number of servers soon becomes intractable. The
idea is not scalable.
The solution is to have a specific client/server program for a set of common scenarios, but to have some generic client/server
programs for the rest.

Local versus remote logging

Concept of NVT
Examples of interface commands
 Secure Shell (SSH)
Components of SSH
Applications
Port Forwarding
SSH Packet Format

*QB504 (a) Explain about Electronic mail.

Email addressing
Message headers
Formatted email
Functions of email
User agent and message transfer agent
Simple mail Transfer protocol
Post Office Protocol(POP)
MIME
(Or)
*QB504 (b) Describe the role of a DNS on a computer network with reference to its components.
DNS consists of the following components:
Domains:
A domain is a logical group of computers in a large network. ...
Distributed Database:
A distributed database is an archive of information about the computers in a network.
Name Servers:
A name server contains address information about other computers on the network.

DNS Resource Records

Resource Records are used to store hostnames, IP addresses and other information in DNS name servers. A record is made up of the
following fields:
Name is an alphanumeric identifier of the DNS record
TTL (time to live) specifies how long the record should be kept in local cache
Record class indicates the namespace—typically IN, the Internet namespace
Record type is the DNS record type—for example an A, CNAME, MX
Record data contains the DNS values, for example the IP address for a hostname

name ttl record class record type record data

 (PART C – 15 Marks - Either Or Type)

UNIT - I
Q. No Questions
*QC101 (a) Explain how the addressing helps in transferring the Data from the Sender to Receiver and also find the path for the data hop through
the Network Routers to reach the Destination.

• The computer with logical address

A and physical address 10 needs to send a packet to the computer with logical address P and physical address 95.

• The sender encapsulates its data in a packet at the network layer and adds two logical addresses (A and P).
• Note that in most protocols, the logical source address comes before the logical destination address (contrary to the order of
physical addresses).
• The network layer, however, needs to find the physical address of the next hop before the packet can be delivered.
• The network layer consults its routing table and finds the logical address of the next hop.
(Or)
QC101 (b) Assume the Income and Outcoming of the Switches and its table. Elaborate the process of data transfer from Source A to Source B
using Virtual Circuit Network.
 UNIT - II
Q. No Questions
QC201 (a) Explain the purpose of CRC in data transmission at Data Link Layer. Given the data word 1010011110 and the divisor 10111

(i) Show the generation of CRC at the sender site (using binary division)
(ii) Show the checking of CRC at the receiver end.
 (Or)
*QC201 (b) How the different types of Frames are used in Connection Establishment, Data Transfer and Connection Release in HDLC
Protocol of Data link Layer. Draw the flow of the Data Frames to explain how the PIGGYBACKING is implemented in data
transfer.
 UNIT - III
Q. No Questions
QC301 (a) Expand the IPV6 address 0:15::1:12:12:13.
An IPv6 address is

• 128 bits or 16 bytes (octets) long,

 • four times the address length in IPv4.

❑ A computer normally stores the

address in binary, but it is clear that 128
bits cannot easily be handled by humans.

❑ Several notations have been proposed to represent IPv6 addresses when they are handled by humans.

❑ The following shows two of these notations: binary and colon hexadecimal.

Solution

We first need to align the left side of the double colon to the left of the original pattern and the right side of the double colon to the
right of the original pattern to find how many 0s we need to replace the double colon.

This means that the original address is

 (Or)
*QC301 (b) The network shown below uses a Distance Vector Routing. Construct a Shortest Path Tree from 0 to 4.

Routing Table -5 marks

Shortest path – 5 marks
Cost – 3 marks

UNIT - IV
Q. No Questions
(Or)
*QC401 (a) What are the three mechanisms of Congestion Control? Explain the different Congestion Policy in TCP Protocol.
• Slow Start Phase: Starts slow increment is exponential to the threshold.
• Congestion Avoidance Phase: After reaching the threshold increment is by 1.
• Congestion Detection Phase: The sender goes back to the Slow start phase or the Congestion avoidance phase.
(Or)
QC401 (b) Comparison between a TCP segment and an SCTP packet with their operation.
Working of SCTP – 4 Marks
Packet Format and explanation – 4 marks
Connection and termination explanation with diagram - 5 mark
 UNIT - V
Q. No Questions
QC501 (a) Explain how FTP has a message for exchanging commands and responses during control connection.

FTP message – 4 marks

Exchange commands – 7 marks
Response – 4 mark
(Or)
QC501 (b) Describe in detail about message format, message transfer, mail reader and MIME type of Email.

Message format- 3 marks

Message transfer – 3 marks
Mail reader – 3 marks
MIME type of Email – 6 marks