2 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

1 FUNDAMENTAL
UNIT OF LIFE

INTRODUCTION :

Cell

Structure Shape of cells Number and Types

size of cells

Cell membranes Nucleus Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Plant cell
Cell organelles
Eukaryotic Animal cell

Living Parts of a Cell

Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

• Cell is the structural and functional unit of all life forms.

• A single cell organism such as bacteria, Amoeba and Chlamydomonas are also a type of life forms.
• The microscopic study of cell is called Cytology.
• A cell may be defined as a unit of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane.

HISTORY
• A.V. Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), a first person to construct a microscope. He discovered the minute
forms of life such as bacteria and single-celled animals like Infusoria in a drop of water.
• Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke (1665), in a cork slice. He gave details about cell in his
book “Micrographia” and described cell as honey comb lattice.
• Leeuwenhoek (1674) with the improved microscope, discovered the free cells of bacteria for the first
time.
• Robert Brown in 1831, discovered the nucleus in the cell.
• J.E. Purkinje in 1839 gave the term ‘protoplasm’ for the living fluid substance of the cell.
• The cell theory was presented by two German biologists, [Link] (1838) and T. Schwann (1839).
• In 1855, Rudolf Virchow said, “Omnis cellulae cellula”, (cells arise from pre-existing cells).

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 3

CELL THEORY
• Two biologists, “Schleiden and Schwann” gave the “Cell theory” which was later on expanded by
“Rudolf Virchow”. Cell theory states that
(i) All plants and animals are composed of cells.
(ii) Cell is the basic unit of life.
(iii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Do you know
Viruses are the exceptions of cell theory.

TYPES OF CELL & ORGANISM

(a) On the Basis of Number of Cells Organisms can be categorized as :
(i) Unicellular organisms : These are organisms which made up of single cell only. This single cell Performs
all the vital body functions of an organism. e.g. Amoeba.
(ii) Multicellular organisms : These are the organisms which made up of numerous cells. These cells then
combine to form an organ and group of organs performing different functions forms an organ system
which further forms an organism. e.g. plants and animals.

(b) On the basis of type of organization, cells are of two types :

(i) Prokaryotic cells : These are primitive and incomplete cells. They have less developed nucleus without
nuclear membrane & nucleolus. e.g. Bacteria.
(ii) Eukaryotic cells : These are well developed cells. They have advanced nucleus with unclear membrane
and nucleolus. e.g. Plants & animals.

CELL STRUCTURE, SHAPE, SIZE AND NUMBER :

1. Structure of Cell :
• All cells have three major functional regions, viz. plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
• The cytologists divide the cell into two major components – the nucleus and the cytoplasm, with the
development of electron microscope, whose magnifying power is of the order 16 × 105.
2. Shape of Cell :
• There is a great variation in the shape of cells. The shape of cell is usually related to its function.

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 4 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

3. Size of Cells :
• The smallest cells (0.1 – 0.2 µm) are found as bacteria and pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO),
eg. Mycoplasma gallisepteum.
• The largest cell is the egg of an Ostrich which measures about 180 mm in diameter.
• The largest human cell is the female ovum (0.01 mm in diameter).
• The smallest human cell is the red blood cell (0.0075 mm or 7.5 µm).

Do you know :
Cells are measured in micrometres. A micrometer is one thousandth of a millimetre.

4. Number of Cells :
• The number of cells in living organisms also varies greatly. In unicellular organisms, a single cell constitutes
its body eg. Chlamydomonas, Amoeba and Paramoecium (Protist Organisms).
• On the other hand, in human body, the estimated number of cells is about 26 trillion.
MICROSCOPE
• A Microscope is an instrument which magnifies the object seen through it.
• Resolving Power of a Microscope : In addition to magnifying a specimen, microscope must produce
a clear image of the closely spaced parts. The ability to provide such an image is called the resolving
power of a microscope.

PARTS OF A CELL :
1. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane
2. Nucleus :
(a) Nuclear membrane (b) Nucleolus
(c) Nucleoplasm (d) Chromatin material
3. Cytoplasm : Contain various cell organelles :
(a) Endoplasmic Reticulum (b) Golgi Complex (c) Lysosome
(d) Mitochondria (e) Plastid (plants only) (f) Ribosome
(g) Centrosome (animals only)

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 5

1. Plasma membrane or Cell Membrane :

• Every living cell is externally covered by a thin, transparent, elastic, selectively-permeable membrane
called- plasma membrane or cell membrane.
• Present on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Made up of protein and phospholipids.
• Fluid-Mosaic model of plasma membrane is most acceptable. It was proposed by Singer and Nicholson.
• It helps in exchange of gases i.e. CO2, O2 by the process of diffusion.
• “It the movement of molecules from the region of high concentration to the region of low
concentration”.

Example - 1
• If the perfume bottle is opened in one corner of the room, then the fragrance of the perfume can
be smelled on the other corner soon.
• It happens because the fragrance molecules are more concentrated in the perfume bottle.
• The fragrance molecules are nil in the air present in the room.
• The fragrance molecules spread in the air present in the room from the opened perfume bottle just
by diffusion.
Example - 2
• If a drop of ink is added to the breaker containing water, then the ink slowly spreads in the water.
• It occurs because of diffusion.
• Movement of water takes place by the process of osmosis through it.

OSMOSIS
• Is the process of movement of solvent molecules from the region of low concentration to the
region of high concentration through semi-permeable membrane.
Example - 1
• If the plant cell is placed in a concentrated solution, then the cytoplasm of the cell shrunks.
• The cytoplasm shrinks, since the water (universal solvent) from the cytoplasm moves into the
surrounding solution through semi-permeable membrane (plasma-membrane).
• The phenomenon is called “Osmosis”.
• The cell that has lost the water from the cytoplasm is called ‘flaccid cell”.

Example - 2
• If the flaccid cell is placed in plain water, then the water starts moving into the cell through
plasma-membrane.
• The cytoplasm swells and starts exerting the pressure on the cell wall.
• Now the cell is called “turgid cell”.
Osmosis Osmosis
Normal plant cell  conc . solution   Flaccid cell  water   Turgid Cell
( Exosmosis ) ( Endosmosis )

Normal Nucleus
Plasma
plant cell membrane

Vacuole
conc. plain cell wall
solution water

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 6 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Example - 3
• If the plant cell is kept in the solution that has same concentration (Isotonic) to that of cytoplasm,
then there is no much change in the amount and concentration of cytoplasm.
• This occurs because there is no net movement of solvent molecules across the plasma membrane.
• The flexibility of the cell membrane helps the cell to engulf food and other materials from the
surrounding. This process is called endocytosis. In take of solid food by cells is called phagocytosis
(cell eating) where as in take of liquid by cells is called pinocytosis (cell drinking).

Functions of Cell memberane :

• It regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cells.
• It allows selective molecules to pass through it, so called selectively permeable.
• Selective permeability allows the passage of solvent molecules i.e. water. On the basis of this property,
cell shows change in it shape according to concentration of surrounding solutions, which are :
(i) In isotonic solution, has the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell. Cell shows no
change in its shape.
(ii) In hypotonic solution, has lower solute concentration than inside the cell. Cell becomes turgid.
(iii) In hypertonic solution, has higher solute concentration than inside the cell. Cell becomes flaccid.
Cell wall :
• Outer most, rigid, dead, protective and supportive layer found on all plant cells, bacteria, cyanobacteria
and some protists but not found on animal cells.
• Discovered by Robert Hooke (1666).
Function of Cell wall :
• It lies outside the plasma membrane.
• Provide shape and rigidity to cell.
• In plants, it is made up of cellulose, a polymer of glucose.
• In Fungi, it is made up of chitin, a polymer of acetylglucosamine.
• In prokaryotes, it is made up of peptidoglycan, a combination of non-cellulose polysaccharides and
amino acids.
• Helps in withstanding hypotonic external media without bursting the cell. In such condition cell absorb
water by osmosis, swells up and exerts a pressure on cell wall. It is called turgur pressure (TP). At the

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 7

same time cell wall exert an equal pressure on Plasma membrane, called wall pressure (WP). In fully
turgid cell WP is always equal to TP. Thus, due to cell wall, cell can withstand greater changes in
surrounding medium.
2. Nucleus :
• Important and essential part of the cell is present in cytoplasm and is called ‘nucleus’.
• It shows variation in shape and number.
• Most cells are monokaryotic with (single nucleus) but RBCs of mammals are enucleate, Paramoecium
is binucleate, Opalina is multinucleate.
• Robert Brown (1831) described it for the first time.
• In prokaryotic cells well defined nucleus is absent due to the absence of nuclear membrane. Such undefined
nuclear region is called nucleoid or genophore.

Do you know :
Nucleus was discovered by an English biologist, Robert Brown in 1831.

Structure :
• It is generally spherical or oval in shape.
• It is formed of four components.
(a) Nuclear Membrane :
• It is bilayered, also called nuclear envelope or nucleolemma.
• Has nuclear pores that allow exchange of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
(b) Nucleolus :
• Ist observed by Fontana (1781).
• It is most prominent in non dividing cell.
• It is a store house of RNA. Helps in synthesis of ribosomes.

Do you know :
Nucleolus is known as the factory of ribosome.

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 8 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

(c) Nucleoplasm :
• Transparent, homogenous, semifluid substance, has chromatin material and nucleolus.
• Has water, sugar, minerals and various enzymes.
(d) Chromatin material :
• First reported by W. Flemming (1882).
• Made up of DNA with genes.
• Genes are linearly arranged on DNA.
• Change in DNA produce variations.
• Since DNA can be coloured (stained) and is in the form of net-work, it is also called chromatin network.
• By coiling (or condensation), chromatin material can form chromosomes.
Chromosome :
• Appear only at the time of cell division inside the nucleus.
• Appear by coiling and condensation of DNA.
• DNA coil around the histone proteins, so chromosomes are said to be made of nucleo-proteins (since
DNA is a nucleic acid).
• Chroma means colour or stain or dye and soma means body.
• Since chromosomes can be coloured or stained, these are given the name ‘chromosomes’.
• The term chromosome was used for the first time by Waldeyer.
• Chromosomes appear as rod or thread shaped structures.
• Since DNA has genes on it, DNA is called ‘genetic material’.
• Since chromosome are made of DNA, that in turn has genes, chromosomes carry genetic information
from one generation to the next generation.
• Thus the chromosomes are called ‘the vehicles of heredity’.
• Structure of a typical chromosome :

Chromatid
Centromere

• On the basis of the position of centromere on the chromosome, chromosomes are of following types.

1. Metacentric or V-shaped

2. Sub-metacentric or L-shaped

3. Acrocentric or j-shaped

4. Telocentric or i-shaped

5. Acentric

Functions :
• Controls all cellular activities.
• Chromosome contains hereditary informations of the cell and transfer the genetic information from one
generation to another.
• Plays central role in cellular reproduction. It determines the way in which cell will develop.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 9

3. Cytoplasm :
• Part of cell present outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane is called cytoplasm. Has various
organelles to perform various activities of cell like digestion, synthesis, release of energy etc.
• Cytoplasm is an aqueous jelly with H2O, Oxygen, Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids etc.
• Organelles are primitive in Prokaryotic cells.

Knowledge Enhancer :
On the basis of membranous convering, cell organelles are divided into three types :
(i) Membrane less organelles – Example : Ribosomes.
(ii) Single membrane bound organelles – Example : Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lyosomes,
Vaculoes.
(iii) Double membrane bound organelles – Example : Mitochondria and plastids.

CELL ORGANELLES FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

(a) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• First observed by Garnier (1897), then ER the term was given by Porter (1952).
• Membranous network, enclosing a fluid-filled lumen present through out the cytoplasm.
• Absent in prokaryotes.
• Made up of three types of elements i.e. Cisternae, Vesicles and Tubules.
• On the basis of presence or absence of ribosomes, ER is of two types
(a) Smooth or agranular endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
(b) Rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Functions :
• Helps in transportation of materials between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm
and the nucleus.
• Act as cytoskeleton and provide mechanical support and shape to cell.
• RER helps in synthesis of proteins which are sent to various places in the cell depending on need. SER
helps in lipid synthesis.
• Some proteins and lipids sythesized in ER are used for producing cell membrane the process is called
membrane biogenesis.
• Some proteins and lipids synthesized by ER also work as hormones and enzymes.
• ER forms cytoplasmic frame work and provide surface for biochemical activities.
• In liver cells of vertebrates, SER helps in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

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 10 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

(b) Golgi Apparatus :

• First described by Camilo Golgi (1898), by using black reaction staining technique.
• In animal cells it lies above the nucleus. In plant cells, it is scattered in the cytoplasm and is called
dictyosomes.
• Shape varies and depends on functional state of the cell called pleomorphic organelles.
• It consist of set of smooth, flattened cisternae, vacuoles, vesicles.
• Its membrane is connected with membrane of ER and make another cellular membrane system.
Function :
• Golgi apparatus helps in packing and dispatching various materials synthesized near ER to inside and
outside the cell.
• It helps in storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles.
• Some time it may form complex sugar from simple sugar.
• Also forms lysosomes, by converting proteins into enzymes.

Do you know :
Golgi body is a single complex in animal cells while in plant cells, it is formed of separate units
called dictyosomes.

(c) Lysosomes :
• Discovered by de Duve (1955).
• Membrane-bound vesicles formed by SER or golgi apparatus.
• Contain strong hydrolytic enzyme capable of digesting or breaking down all organic materials, these
enzymes are synthesized by RER.
Function :
• Helps in intracellular digestion, so called digestive bags.
• Destroy any foreign material inside cell such as bacteria etc.
• Also remove the worn-out and poorly working cell organelles by digesting them. Hence, make a waste
disposal system of the cell and keep the cell clean.
• During disturbance in cellular metabolism, Lysosomes get burst and its enzyme digest their own cell.
Thus, Lysosomes are also called suicidal bags of cell.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 11

(d) Mitochondria :

• It was first observed by Altman and was later explained by Kollikar.

• Name mitochondria was given by Benda (1897-98).
• Rod-shaped, double membranous cell organelles, called power-house of cell.
• Outer membrane is smooth and porous but inner one is folded into finger like cristae, for ATP generating
reactions.
• On cristae oxysomes are present, which are the main site of ATP generation.
Function :
• Main cell organelles that help in aerobic respiration.
• Release energy required in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is called energy currency.
• ATP is used for making new chemical compounds and for mechanical works.
• Mitochondria have their own circular DNA and ribosomes. So, regarded as semi-autonomous and
self-replicating cell organelles.

Do you know :
ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate. ATP is known as energy currency of the cell. It is a common
cellular fuel that drives many energy-requiring processes of the cell.

(e) Plastids :

• Term plastid was given by Haeckel (1866).

• Found in all plant cells and some protists.
• These are double-membranous and have their own DNA. Thus, called semi-autonomous amd self-
replicating cell organelles.

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 12 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

• In photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria chlorophyll is associated with membranous vesicles (but not with
plastids).
• Schimper used the term plastid for the first time in 1885 and classified plastids as :
(i) Leucoplasts : Colourless plastids that store starch, oil and proteins.
(ii) Chromoplasts : Coloured plastids other than green. Contain several pigments and provide colour to
petals, fruits etc.
(iii) Chloroplast : Green coloured plastids, found in leaf and other green parts of plants. Help in photosynthesis
to prepare carbohydrates. So, are called kitchen of the cell.
• Two membranes of chloroplast surround colourless, proteinaceous matrix called stroma, containing
DNA, ribosomes and enzymes etc. In stroma dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place.
• Stroma contain flat, membranous disc like strucutres called thylakoids, and their group forms granum.
• Grana are connected by stroma lamellae.
• In side grana chlorophyll molecules are present. So, in grana light reaction of photosynthesis occurs.

Do you know :
Granum is the site of light reaction during photosynthesis while stroma is the site of dark
reaction during photosynthesis.

(f) Ribosome :
• First observed by Claude (1941) through electron mircroscope and called microsome.
• Name ribosome was given by Palade (1955).
• Smallest cell organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Not surrounded by membrane.
• Are of two types on the basis of size and Swedberg unit or sedimentation coefficient i.e.
(a) 70S ribosomes : Found in prokaryotes and have two sub units (i.e. 50S and 30S).
(b) 80S ribosomes : Found in eukaryotes and have two sub units (that is 60S and 40S).
Function :
• Main site of protein synthesis.
(g) Centrosome :
• Formed by two granules called centrioles, surrounded by transparent area called centrosphere.
• Found in all animal cells except mature RBC and nerve cell. Also found in most of protists, motile plant
cells.
Function :
• Forms asters during cell division of animal cells.
• Forms basal-bodies of cilia and flagella.

(h) Peroxisomes :
• Small, membrane bound sacs and contain powerful oxidative enzymes.
• Mostly found in kidney and liver cells.
Function :
• In plants, help in photorespiration.
• Carrying out some oxidative reactions and help in removal of toxic substances.

(i) Vacuoles :
• These are uni-membranous sacs for storage of solid or liquid, nutrients
• Outer membrane is called tonoplast.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 13

• Small and few in animal cells but large and well developed in plant cells.
• Centrally placed in plant cells and may occupy 50-90% of the cell volume.
Function :
• Store some proteins, amino acids, sugars, various organic acids etc., that are essential for plant cells.
• In amoeba, store food called and so are called food vacuoles.
• In some unicellular, aquatic organisms vacuole helps in expelling excess water and some wastes from the
cell and are called contractile vacuole (CV).
(j) Cell Inclusions :
• On the basis of nature, cell inclusions are classified as :
1. Reserve product: Carbohydrates, fats and oils, yolk (in animals), proteins.
2. Secretory Products: Enzymes, pigments, nectar (in plants).
3. Waste products (in plants): Mineral crystals, gums and resins, latex, alkaloids (e.g. nicotine, morphine,
quinine), tannin and essential oils.

CELL AND THEIR TYPES :

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Lysosome
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum Microvilli
Plasmodesmata Nucleus Golgi
apparatus
Nucleolus Plasma
membrane
Golgi Centriole
Microtubule apparatus
Nuclear Smooth Peroxiome
envelope endoplasmic
reticulum Lysosome
Plasma
membrane
Nuclear
Vacuole Ribosomes
envelope
Middle lamella
Nucleolus Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Rough
Peroxisome Mitochondrion endoplasmic
Cytoplasm reticulum
Ribosomes Nucleus
Chloroplast Cytoplasm

Animal cell Plant cell

Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Mesosome
Cytoplasm

Nucleoid
Plasmid

Pili
Glycogen
granules

Flagellum

Bacterial cell

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 14 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Differences between prokaryotic and

ypeukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
1. Size is generally small (1 – 10 µm) 1. Size is generally large (5 – 100 µm)
2. Protoplasm is relatively rigid, usually 2. Protoplasm is typically more fluid like,
non-vacuolate. generally vacuolate.
3. True nucleus absent, i.e. nuclear 3. True nucleus present, i.e. nuclear
membrane and nucleolus are absent. membrane and nucleolus are present.
4. DNA scattered in the protoplasm and 4. DNA organized with histone proteins to
without histone proteins. form chromosomes.
5. Membrane-bound cell organelles like 5. Membrane-bound cell organelles like
plastids, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, plastids mitochondria, Golgi bodies,
E.R. are absent. E.R. are present.
6. Ribosomes are of 70S type. 6. Ribosomes are of 80S type.
7. Examples : Bacteria, blue-green algae, 7. Examples: Cells of all higher
mycoplasma. organisms

Differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cell Animal cell
1. Plant cells are usually larger than Animal cells are generally small in size.
animal cells.
2. The plasma membrane of a plant cell is Cell wall is absent.
surround by a rigid cell wall.
3. Plastids (leucoplasts, chloroplasts, Plastids are absent.
chromoplasts) are present in plant cells.
4. Vacuoles are present in abundance. Vacuoles are less in number and smaller
They are larger in size. in size.
5. Plant cells have many simpler units of Animal cells have a single highly
Golgi complex, called dictyosomes. elaborate Golgi complex.
6. Centrioles have not been found in plant Animal cells possess centrioles.
cells (except in a few lower plants).
7. Cytokinesis takes place by cell-plate Cytokinesis takes place by constriction
formation. during cell division.
8. Plant cells usually have a regular shape. Animal cells are usually irregular in
shape.

CELL DIVISION :
Cell division was first observed by Nageli in plant cell (1842) and it was first studied by Prevost and
Dumas in the fertilized egg of frog.
• Cell Cycle : It is a series of programmed cyclic changes by which the cell duplicates its contents and
divides into two daughter cells. Cell cycle was discovered by Howard and [Link] is divided into two
phases :
1. Long non dividing (I – phase) or interphase.
2. Short dividing M – phase or mitotic phase

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 15

Mitotic division phase

(1 h hase
Mp
r)
(3-4 hr)
G2 phase (12 hr)
G1 phase
S-phase
(6-8 hr)
D.N.A.
Synthesis
Cell cycle

1. Long non dividing (I – phase) or interphase or preparatory

phase : Interphase divided in the following steps.
• G1 (First growth phase),
• S(Synthesis phase),
• G2 (Second growth phase)
2. Short dividing M – phase :
It is the phase of cell division. It consists of karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic
division).It is of three types:
I. MITOSIS :
• Term mitosis was given by Flemming.
• It is also called as somatic division as it occurs during formation of body cells.
• It is an equational division in which a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each of them
contains the same number of chromosomes as are present in parent cell.
• It occurs in two steps :
(i) Karyokinesis
(ii) Cytokinesis
(i) Karyokinesis : Division of nucleus. It is divided in four steps :
(A) Prophase : Longest phase of cell division. In this chromatin condensed into chromosomes and
nuclear membrane disappears.
(B) Metaphase : Chromosomes are arranged at the equator & forming a metaphase plate.
Chromosomes are shortest and thickest in this stage. This phase is most suitable for study of
chromosomes.
(C) Anaphase : Shortest phase of cell division.
• Chromosomes are appeared in different shapes.
• V – Shaped (Metacentric)
• L – Shaped (Submetacentric)
• J – Shaped (Acrocentric)
• I – Shaped (Telocentric)
(D) Telophase : It is reverse of prophase
(ii) Cytokinesis : It is referred to the division of cytoplasm.
In animals it occurs by formation of cleavage furrow in the middle by constriction in plasma
membrane. In plants it occurs by cell plate formation.
Note : Colchicine is a mitotic poison. It blocks the completion of metaphase.

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 16 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Various stages of mitosis

II. MEIOSIS :
• It occurs only once in the life cycle of organism.
• It is a double division in which a diploid cell divides twice to form four haploid cells.
• It can be studied in anthers of unopened flowers in plants and in testis of grasshopper in animals. It
consists of two phases :
(i) Interphase : Size of nucleus increases to three times. It also involves G1 – S – phase in meiosis-I and G1
– G2 in meiosis-II.
(ii) M – phase : It occurs in two steps
(A) Meiosis – I, (B) Meiosis – II
(A) Meiosis – I : Also called as reduction division. Diploid stage changes to haploid stage. It occurs in four
steps.
• Prophase – I : It is the longest phase of meiosis. It has following stages :
• Leptotene : Chromatin fibres condense to form [Link] are two chromosomes of each
type which are diploid and are called as “homologous chromosomes”.
• Zygotene : Synaptonemal complex is formed between two homologous chromosomes.
• Pachytene : The exchange of segments between non sister chromatids of chromosome is called as
crossing over.
• Diplotene : Synaptonemal complex is dissolved, tetrads are cleared. At some places nonsister chromatids
of two homologous chromosomes remain attached to form a chiasmata.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 17

• Diakinesis : Chiasmata shifts towards ends, nucleolus degenerates.

• Metaphase – I : Spindles are formed and bivalents form a double whorl or double metaphase plate.
• Anaphase – I : Chiasmata disappears, homologous chromosomes separate by disjunction forming
dyads. They move towards poles and form two groups of haploid chromosomes.
• Telophase–I : Chromosomes elongate, nucleoplasm & nuclear envelope reappears.

(B) Meiosis – II : It is also called as equational division and maintains the haploid number of chromosomes.
No replication of DNA occurs in this stage (It is similar to mitosis)
• Prophase – II • Metaphase – II • Anaphase – II • Telophase – II

• Differences between mitotic and meiotic cell division

Mitosis Meiosis
It occurs in all somatic cells. It occurs in reproductive cells (germ cells)
In the resultant daughter cells, the number In resultant daughter cells, the
of chromosomes remains the same (i.e., number of chromosomes reduces to half
diploid), (i.e., haploid), hence, called reductional
hence, called equational division. division.
By mitosis two daughter cells are produced By meiosis four daughter cells are
produced.
During mitosis no crossing over takes place During meiosis crossing over takes place.
Daughter cells have identical chromosomes Chromosomes of the daughter cells are
which are also identical to that of parent cell with combined components (genes) of both
(i.e. remains constant) parents (i.e., genetic variability occurs)
• Significance of mitosis : It is essential for growth, repair, differentiation, maintenance of chromosome
number etc.
• Significance of meiosis : It produces variations and essential for sexual reproduction. It maintains the
chromosome number in each generation of living organisms.
(C) Amitosis : It was discovered by Remak. In this division, cells are divided into two cells without any
particular pattern. e.g. prokaryotic cells.

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 18 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

TRY YOURSELF :
1. “Cell is a unit of life” (OR the term cell was proposed by) :
(A) Malpighi (B) Leeuwenhoek (C) Schleiden (D) Hooke

2. Plant cell is characterized by :

(A) Presence of wall, absence of vacuole
(B) Presence of wall, vacuole starch and the absence of centriole or centrosome.
(C) Presence of vacuole and absence of plastids
(D) Presence of centriole and lysosomes and absence of plastids.

3. The main difference between an animal and a plant cell is :

(A) Plant cells lack rigid cell wall (B) Animal cells lack rigid cell wall
(C) Plant cells possess small vacuoles (D) Animal cells possess large vacuoles

4. Example of unicellular animal is/are :

(A) Amoeba (B) Paramoecium (C) Plasmodium (D) All of these

5. Who applied cell theory to plants?

(A) Schwann (B) Schleiden (C) Swanson (D) Jensen

6. Cell theory states that :

(A) All living cells do mitosis and meiosis (B) All cells are living
(C) All cells have nucleus (D) Cell is structural unit of all living organisms

7. Selective permeability is the property of :

(A) Cell membrane (B) Cell wall
(C) ER & Nuclear membrane (D) All of these

8. Major component of cell membrane is

(A) Lipid (B) Protein (C) Carbohydrate (D) Nucleic acid

9. Plasma membrane
(A) Controls the passage of water and soluble substances in and out of the cell
(B) Helps in protein synthesis
(C) Serves as a selective permeable membrane
(D) (A) and (C)

10. Outermost membrane enclosing the contents of a plant cell is called

(A) Tonoplast (B) ER (C) Plasmalemma (D) Cell wall

11. Plasma membrane or unit membrane is made up of

(A) Phosphoprotein and carbohydrate (B) Protein and fat/phospholipid
(C) Phospholipid/fat and carbohydrate (D) Carbohydrate and fat/phospholipid

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 19

12. What is the latest model for the structure of plasmalemma

(A) Unit membrane model (B) Fluid mosaic model
(C) Molecular sieve model (D) Sandwich model

13. Controlling centre of a cell is :

(A) Nucleus (B) Nucleolus (C) Chloroplast (D) Ribosome

14. What happen to a cell, if its nucleus is removed :

(A) Cell dies (B) Its catabolism increases
(C) Its metabolism decreases (D) It becomes non-osmotic

15. An enucleated living plant cell is :

(A) Vessel (B) Tracheid (C) Sieve cell (D) All of the above

16. A Prokaryotic cell does not possess :

(A) Nuclear membrane (B) Plasma membrane (C) Cell wall (D) Cytoplasm

17. Main difference between living and non living is the presence of :
(A) Nucleus and growth (B) Protoplasm
(C) Mitochondria and cytoplasm (D) Movements

18. Who coined the term protoplasm?

(A) Dujardin (B) Purkinje (C) Nirenberg (D) Francis P. Roux

19. Protoplasm includes :

(A) only cytoplasm (B) only nucleus and centrosome
(C) Both cytoplasm and nucleus (D) None of these

20. The compound present in the largest quantity in an active protoplasm is :

(A) Glucose (B) Fat (C) Protein (D) Water

21. pH of cytoplasm is :
(A) Acidic (B) Alkaline (C) Slightly acidic (D) Strongly basic

22. The endoskeleton of a cell is made up of :

(A) Cell wall (B) ER (C) Cytoplasm (D) Mitochondria

23. Which of the cell organelle exhibits maximum polymorphism?

(A) Lysosome (B) Spherosome (C) Ribosome (D) Dictyosome

24. Which one is not the function of Golgi complex?

(A) Carbohydrate synthesis (B) Formation of Lysosome
(C) Formation of secretory vesicles (D) Digestion of intracellular particles
25. Hydrolytic enzymes are located in :
(A) Lysosomes (B) Ribosomes (C) Microsomes (D) Mesosomes

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 20 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

26. Maximum Lysosomes occur in :

(A) Plant cells (B) Animal cells (C) Both equally (D) Bacterial cells

27. Tonoplast is a membrane surrounding the :

(A) Cytoplasm (B) Nucleus (C) Vacuole (D) Mitochondria

28. What type of protein is synthesized over ribosomes?

(A) Reserve food protein (B) Enzymatic protein
(C) Flagellar protein (D) All of these

29. Which of the pairs resemble in having the prokaryotic ribosomes :

(A) Chloroplast and nucleus (B) Nucleus and cytoplasm
(C) Cytoplasm and nucleus (D) Mitochondria and chloroplast

30. Within the cell the site of respiration or oxidative phosphorylation is :

(A) Mitochondria (B) Nucleolus (C) Golgi bodies (D) Ribosomes

31. Which cell organelle, transform the light energy into organic material?
(A) Chromoplast (B) Elioplast and leucoplast
(C) Chloroplast (D) Mitochondria

32. Plastids contain :

(A) Microtubules (B) Chromatin network (C) Thylakoids (D) Cristae

33. Green tomatoes turn red because :

(A) Chloroplast turns into chromoplast
(B) Chloroplast disappears and chromoplast are produced
(C) Chromoplast overlap the chloroplasts
(D) Anthocyanins appear in the cell

34. Chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous structures due to the presence of :

(A) DNA only (B) RNA only (C) DNA and RNA (D) Pigments & Proteins

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 21

1. In 1665, Robert Hooke first discovered and named the cells.

2. Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
3. Organisms may be unicellular or multi-cellular. A single cell constitutes the unicellular organism whereas
many cells coordinately function in case of multi-cellular organism.
4. The size, shape and volume of the cell are related to the specific function that they perform.
5. A cell generally shows plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
6. Plasma membrane is a thin, selectively permeable membrane, covering the cell and is made up of lipids
and proteins.
7. Functions of plasma membrane :
(i) It separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment.
(ii) It regulates the flow of substances to and from the cell through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active
transport and endocytosis.
8. Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
9. A cell will gain water when placed in hypotonic solution and lose water when placed in hypertonic
solution. When placed in isotonic solution, cells will neither lose nor gain water.
Can be written more specifically as :
(i) Hypotonic solution : A cell placed in it will gain water.
(ii) Hypertonic solution : A cell placed in it will loose water : Also known as plasmolysis.
(iii) Isotonic solution: A cell placed in it will neither gain nor loose water.
10. In addition to plasma membrane, the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria have another rigid, non-living,
outer covering called cell wall, composed mainly of cellulose.
Can be written more specifically as
Cells of Plants, fungi & bacteria: Contain both plasma membrane & cell wall.
Cell wall is rigid, non-living & outer most covering, composed mainly of cellulose.
11. When placed in hypertonic solution, a living plant cell shows plasmolysis.
12. Cell wall provides mechanical strength to the cell. It permits the cell to withstand huge changes in the
surrounding medium.
13. Nucleus is an important, spherical, usually centrally located constituent of the cell and is bounded by
double layered nuclear envelope.
14. The nucleus of a dividing cell shows rod-shaped chromosomes, made up of DNA and proteins. In a
non-dividing cell, the chromosomes elongate and take the form of thread-like chromatin.
15. DNA molecules are responsible for transmitting hereditary information from one generation to the next.
16. Nucleus controls all metabolic activities of the cell.
17. Depending on the presence or absence of nucleus, cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
(i) Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus and instead show nucleoid, an undefined nuclear region
containing the genetic material.
(ii) Eukaryotic cells possess a proper nucleus with nuclear membrane.
18. Cytoplasm is the fluid content of the cell, occurring between nucleus and plasma membrane. It stores
several vital chemicals and is the site of certain important metabolic pathways.
19. Several specialized cell organelles are present in the cytoplasm. These organelles perform different kinds
of metabolic activities and are kept separate from each other.

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 22 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

20. The various cell organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria,
plastids, vacuoles and centrosome.
21. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive, interconnected, membrane bound network of tubes and
sheets.
22. Ribosomes are attached to the surface of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and are absent in Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).
23. Functions of ER :
(i) It synthesizes important proteins (RER) and lipids (SER).
(ii) It provides a pathway for intracellular transport of materials.
(iii) SER of liver cells is important for detoxification.
24. Golgi apparatus is a network of stacked, flattened, membrane bound sacs and vesicles.
25. Golgi apparatus carries out the storage, modification and packaging of substances manufactured in the
cell and is also involved in lysosome formation.
26. The spherical, sac-like lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes and form the waste disposal
system of the cell. They are also known as ‘suicide bags’.
27. Mitochondria and plastids are each covered by 2 membranes and possess their own DNA and ribosomes.
28. Mitochondria are the ‘power houses of the cell’, providing energy for various metabolic activities.
29. Chromoplasts and leucoplasts are the 2 types of plastids present in plant cells.
30. Chloroplasts are chromoplasts containing chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis in plants.
31. Leucoplasts store starch, oil and protein granules.
32. The large central vacuole of mature plant cells provides turgidity to the cell and also stores important
substances.
33. In unicellular organisms, vacuoles play important roles in nutrition and osmoregulation.
34. Ribososmes are sites of protein synthesis.
35. Centrosome is found only in animal cells and consists of 2 centrioles. Centrosome helps in cell division.
36. The membrane-bound cell organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells.
37. Differences between plant cell and animal cell.

38. The basic structural organization of the cell helps it to perform important functions like respiration, nutrition,
excretion and protein synthesis.

*****

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 23

[NCERT Questions]

Q.1 Who discovered cell and how ?

Ans. Robert Hooke discovered cells with the help of his self-designed microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke
was examining a thin slice of cork and he saw that the cork resembled the structure of a honeycomb
consisting of many campartments.

Q.2 Why is the cells called the structural and functional unit o life?
Ans. Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions that are characteristic of al living
forms. Each living cell has got certain specific components within it known as cell organelles. Each kind
of cell organelle performs as special function, such as making new material in the cell, clearing up the
waste material from the cell and so on. A cell is able to live and perform all its functions because of these
organelles. Theses organelles together constitute the basic unit called the cell.

Q.3 How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell ?
Ans. Sustances like CO2 (which is cellular waste and requires to be excreted out by the cell) accumulates in
high concentrations inside the cell. In the cell’s external environment, the concentration of CO2 is low as
compared to that inside the cell. As soon as there is a difference of concentration of CO2 inside and
outside a cell, CO2 moves out of the cell, from a region of low concentration outside the cell by the
process of diffusion.

Q.4 Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane ?

Ans. The plasma membrane allows or permits the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell. It also
prevents movement of some other materials. The cell membrane, therefore, is called a selectively perme-
able membrane.

Q.5 Fill int the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and eukary-
otic cells.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Size : Generally small (1 – 10 Size : Generally large (5– 100µm.)

µm) 1µm = 10–6m
Nuclear region : Nuclear region : well defined and
_________(a)_____________ surrounded by a nuclear membrane
and known as
__________(b)__________

Chromosome single More than one chromosome.

Membrane bound cell _____________(c)_____________
organelles absent. _____________(d)_____________.

Q.6 Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contains their own genetic material?
Ans. Mitochondrion and Plastid.

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 24 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.7 If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will
happen?
Ans. Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions due to its cell organelles which are
responsible for its organisation. If this organisation of a cell is destroyed, then cell will not be able to
perform certain basic functions and ultimately it will die soon.

Q.8 Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags ?

Ans. Lysosomes contain powerul digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all organic material whenever
there is disturbance in the cellular metabolism, i.e., when the cell gets damaged, then these lysosomes
may burst and the enzymes digest their own cell. Therefore, lysosomes are also known as the ‘suicide
bags’ of a cell.

Q.9 Where are protein synthesised inside the cell ?

Ans. Ribosomes (which are attached to the surface of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) are the sites of protein
manufacture inside the cell.

Q.10 Make a comparision and write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells.
Ans. [Link]. Plant Cell Animal Cell
1 A cell wall made up of cellulose, is Cell wall is absent.
present outside the plasma membrane.
2 Plastids (chloroplast, leucoplasts and Plastids are absent.
chromoplasts) are present.
3 Vacuoles are present usually a large cell Vacuoles are either absent or very
vacuole lies in the centre. small.
4 Centriole is absent (except in few lower Centriole with centrosome is
plants). present.
5 They are usually regular in shape. They are usually irregular in shape.
6 Reserve food occurs in the form of starch. Food is stored in the form of
glycogen.
7 Lysosomes are either absent or very few Lysosomes are prominent and more
in number. in number.

Q.11 How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell.

Ans. [Link]. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
1 Size : Generally (1 – 10µm) 1 µ m = 10–6 m Size : Generally large (5 – 100 µm).
2 Nuclear region : Undefined nuclear region Nuclear region : Well defined and
containing only nucleic acids (genetic material) surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
and known as nucleoid
3 Chromosome : single. More than one chromosomes
4 Membrane bound cell organelles absent. Membrane bound cell organelles present.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 25

Q.12 What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down ?
Ans. If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, then following things may happen :
(i) There will be no difference between the contents of the cell and its external environment.
(ii) Since plasma membrance is selectively permeable and allows only useful substances to enter inside
the cell. When it may get ruptured, then all the useful substances will also move out of the cell.
(iii) The cell will lose its shape.
Ultimately all the metabolic activities of the cell will get affected and cell may die even.

Q.13 What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus ?
Ans. The following things may happen in the cell if there was no golgi apparatus :
(i) There will be effect on the packaging and dispatching of different types of proteins to various targets
inside and outside the cell.
(ii) The products of the cell cannot be stored and modified further.
(iii) The formation of complex sugars from simple sugars cannot take place.

Q.14 Which organelle is known as the power house of the cell ? Why ?
Ans. Mitochondria are known as the power house of the cell. These organelles contain many oxidative enzymes
which oxidise the food and convert it into energy currency of the cell in the form of ATP (Adenosine tri
phosphate). This energy (in the form of ATP) is used by body for making new chemical compounds and
for doing mechanical work. Due to this reason, mitochondria are generally referred to as ‘power house
of the cell’.

Q.15 Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised ?
Ans. Lipids are synthesised in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) while proteins are synthesised in the
ribosomes which are attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).

Q.16 How does an Amoeba obtain its food ?

Ans. Amoeba acquires its food through the process of endocytosis. This process takes place due to the
flexible nature of cell membrane which forms the structure of amoeba. The flexible nature of cell membrane
enables the amoeba to engulf in food and other material from its external environment.

Q.17 What is osmosis ?

Ans. Osmosis is the passage of water or any solvent (diffusion) from a region of its higher concentration to its
lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
Thus, osmosis is a special type of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.

Q.18 Carry out the following osmosis experiment :

Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups. One of these
potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough containing
water. Now :
(a) Keep cup A empty.
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B.
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C.
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.

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 26 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following :
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment ?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D.

Sugar
Fresh Fresh
peeled peeled
potato cup potato cup

Cup A Cup B

Salt Sugar
Fresh
peeled
potato cup Boiled
potato
cup

Cup C Cup D

Ans. (i) The water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C due to the process of osmosis. Since the
concentration of solute (sugar in cup B and salt in cup C) is higher inside the cup as compared to
the water which is outside the cup. Therefore, water (solvent) from its higher concentration
(outisde the cup) will move towards the lower concentration (inside the cup). This process of
osmosis (moving in of solvent) is known as endosmosis.
(ii) Potato A acts as a control for the experiment. This is very necessary for comparing the results of
the experiment.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D because of the following reasons.
(a) The hollowed portion of potato A is empty. Thus, there is no concentration difference and,
therefore, no osmosis takes place.
(b) The hollowed portion of potato D contains sugar inside it but this potato is boiled one.
Therefore, osmosis will not take place as its semipermeable membrane is destroyed by boiling.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 27

SECTION-A
Fill in the blanks :
1. Protoplasm consist of two parts _________ and _________ .
2. _________ is the basic unit of life.
3. __________________ seprates the content of a cell from its surrounding medium.
4. Cell wall is absent in _________ cells
5. Cell wall is made up of _________ in plant cell.
6. ____________ allows exchange of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
7. _________ are units of hereditary material.
8. RER helps in the synthesis of _________.
9. When lysosomes bring self destruction of a cell, they are called _________.
10. Vacuoles are fluid filled sacs covered by a membrane called _________.

SECTION-B
1. Bacteria do not possess –
(A) DNA (B) RNA (C) Nucleus (D) Lipids

2. A non-living structure of cell is

(A) Cell wall (B) Plasma membrane (C) Cytoplasm (D) Nucleus

3. Choose correct option :

(A) Membrane biogenesis - ER (B) Power house - Golgi body
(C) Suicidal bags - Mitochondria (D) Director of cell - Chloroplast

4. Example of uni-membranous cell organelles are :

(A) Vacuole (B) Golgi body (C) ER (D) All of these

5. Protoplasm is :
(A) Alveolar (B) Granular (C) Fibrillar (D) Crystallo – colloid

6. Protoplasm excluding nucleus is called :

(A) Cytoplasm (B) Endoplasm (C) Ectoplasm (D) Protoplasm

7. Eukaryotic cells devoid of ER are :

(A) Liver cells (B) Kidney cell (C) Leucocyte (D) Mature erythrocytes

8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is endoplasmic reticulum found in :

(A) Adipose cell (B) Muscle cell (C) Nerve cell (D) Leucocyte

9. SER takes part in synthesis of :

(A) lipids and steroids (B) vitamins (C) carbohydrate (D) all of the above
10. Besides protein, ribosomes contain :
(A) DNA (B) RNA (C) Both RNA & DNA (D) Lipids

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 28 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

11. Most abundant organelle of the cells are :

(A) Mitochondria (B) Plastids (C) Ribosomes (D) Golgi body

12. Golgi apparatus is concerned with :

(A) excretion (B) secretion (C) ATP synthesis (D) RNA synthesis

13. Main function of lysosome is :

(A) Secretion (B) Respiration
(C) Extracellular digestion (D) Intra cellular digestion

14. Mitochondiral matrix contains :

(A) Enzymes (B) DNA & RNA (C) Ribosomes (D) All of the above

15. Organelle covered by double membrane is :

(A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Plastid (D) All of the above

16. Structural elements of chloroplasts are :

(A) plasto globuli (B) photosynthetic pigments
(C) thylakoids (D) quantasome

17. Centrioles are found :

(A) Singly (B) In Pairs (C) In Triplets (D) In Quadraplets

18. Liquid content of a vacuole is called :

(A) cell sap (B) matrix (C) nucleoid (D) core

19. A biomembrane is made up of :

(A) protein, lipids and carbohydrate (B) protein, lipids and RNA
(C) protein, lipids and DNA (D) protein, lipids and hormones

20. Most abundant lipid of cell membrane :

(A) cholestrol (B) phospholipid (C) glycolipid (D) none of these

SECTION-C
PREVIOUS YEAR’S QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Type Questions : (One Mark)
Q.1 All activities inside the cell and interaction of the cell with its environment are possible due to some
features found in almost every cell. Name any two such features. [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) Presence of living membrane (Plasma / cell memberane).
(ii) Presence of control centre. (Nucleus).
(iii) Presence of site for all cellular activities (Cytoplasm).

Q.2 What is protoplasm ? Who coined this term and when ? [SAI 2014]
Ans. The living fluid substance of the cell is called as ‘protoplasm’. Purkinje in 1839 coined the term protoplasm.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 29

Q.3 Name the process of building of cell membrane. [SAI 2013, 14]
Ans. Membrane biogenesis.

Q.4 Who observed the free living cells in pond water for the first time ? [SAI 2011, 14]
Ans. Leeuwenhoek.

Q.5 What can be seen when cell is placed in a hypertonic solution ? [SAI 2013, 14]
Ans. Most of the water moves out of the cell due to exosmosis. The cell shrinks.

Q.6 What is the composition of chromosomes? [SAI 2012, 14]

Ans. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein.

Q.7 Which cell organelle is responsible for making fat molecules or lipids? [SAI 2013]
Ans. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Q.8 Name the cell organelles that help to keep the cell clear by digesting the worn out cell organelles.
[SAI 2013]
Ans. Lysosomes.

Short Answer Type Questions : (Two Marks)

Q.9 (a) Name the different cell organelles which perform functions like protein/lipids make, specific digestion,
and energy generation.
(b) Which ER plays a crucial role in detoxyfying many poisons and drugs ? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (a) Protein / lipid making-Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Specific digestion – Lysosomes
Energy generation – Mitochondria
(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Q.10 State two functions of vacuoles in a plant cell. [SAI 2011, 14]
Ans. (i) Vacuoles help in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the cell.
(ii) They store important substances like amino acids, sugars etc. They also store metabolic wastes of the
cell.

Q.11 What type of enzymes are present in the lysosomes? What is their function? Which cell organelles
manufacture these enzymes? [SAI 2011, 13, 14]
Ans. (i) Lysosomes contain the powerful digestive enzymes.
(ii) These enzymes are capable of breaking down all organic material thus, they help to keep the cell
clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn out cell organelles.
(iii) Rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures these enzymes.

Q.12 Write the composition of a chromosome. Name the part of a cell where it is formed.
[SAI 2012, 13, 14]
Ans. Chromosomes are founded inside the nucleus. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein. DNA
molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organising cells. Functional segments
of DNA are called genes. In a cell which is not dividing, this DNA is present as part of chromatin
material.

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 30 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.13 What type of information is contained in DNA and in which form it is present? [SAI 2012, 14]
Ans. Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form
of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules.

Q.14 What is cellular reproduction ? Which organelle plays an important role in it ? [SAI 2013, 14]
Ans. (i) The process by which a single cell divides and form two new cells is called cellular reproduction.
(ii) The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction.

Q.15 What is nucleoid? Where it can be seen ? [SAI 2014]

Ans. It is the poorly defined nuclear region due to the absence of nuclear membrane. This region contains only
nucleic acid. It can be seen in bacteria.

Q.16 What are chloroplasts? What is their function? What other pigments are present in chloroplasts?
[SAI 2014]
Ans. Plastids containing the pigment chlorophyll are known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are important for
photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow or orange pigments in addition to
chlorophyll.

Short Answer Type Questions : (Three Marks)

Q.17 Name the stain used to prepare slides like that of onion peel and cheek cell. Why is the use of stain
necessary ? Do all organelles absorb stain equally? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) Safranin for onion peel and methylene blue for cheek cells.
(ii) Stain highlights the cell compartments by making the cell organelles coloured and helps in distinguishing
its various components.
(iii) No, all organelles do not absorb the stain equally. The amount of stain absorbed will depend on
surface area and density of the cell organelle.

Q.18 (a) Where are chromosome present in the cell? What is their chemical composition?
(b) How many pairs of chromosomes are present in humans? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (a) Chromosomes are present in the nucleus of cell of all eukaryotes. The chromosomes are made-up of
DNA and proteins.
(b) In normal cells of humans there are 23 pairs (46 is the total number) of chromosomes while in
gametes i.e., sperm and egg, there are only 23 chromosomes in each cell.

Q.19 Where are proteins synthesised inside the cells? How are they transported to various places inside the
cells? What is the role of proteins in the functioning of lysosomes? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) The proteins are synthesised in the cells by ribosomes, i.e., ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
(ii) Proteins are sent to various places in the cell using endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which serves as
channels for transport of proteins between various regions of the cytoplasm or the nucleus.
(iii) Lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes (proteins) which are capable of breaking down all
organic material.
(iv) These lysosomes (proteins) also help in keeping the cell clean by removing its debris.
Q.20 Name the two cell organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes. What is the site of respiration
to fulfil energy demands within the cell ? In which form energy is stored in a cell? [SAI 2015]

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 31

Ans. • Mitochondria and plastids.

• To fulfil energy demands within the cell, mitochondria is the site of respiration.
• Energy cannot be stored in a cell. It is produced as and when required in the form ofATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate).

Q.21 Define the following terms :

(i) Endocytosis (ii) Phagocytosis (iii) Exocytosis [SAI 2012, 14]
Ans. (i) Endocytosis : It is the process of ingestion of material by the cells through the plasma membrane.
(ii) Phagocytosis : It is a common method of feeding in some organisms such as Amoeba and sponges.
Biologically it means “cell eating”. The WBCs engulf cell debris and microbes with the help of this
process.
(iii) Exocytosis : It is the process by which the plasma membrane removes its contents to the surrounding
medium.

Q.22 List any six functions of nucleus of a cell. [SAI 2010, 14]
Ans. (i) It is the control centre of the cell.
(ii) It plays an important role in determining the way the cell will develop.
(iii) It also determines what form the cell will exhibit at maturity.
(iv) It contains chromosome thus inherits characters.
(v) Nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction.
(vi) Nucleus plays a central activities of the cell.

Long Answer Type Questions : (Five Marks)

Q.23 On the basis of number of cells, living organisms are classified as unicellular and multicellular.
(a) Name two unicellular organisms.
(b) What is meant by division of labour in multicellular organisms?
(c) Name one prokaryotic and one eukaryotic unicellular organism.
(d) “Every multicellular organism has come from a single cell.” Justify this humans.
(e) Write one common feature between an Amoeba and white blood cells of humans. [SAI 2012, 13]
Ans. (a) Amoeba, Paramoecium, Clamydomonas. (Any two)
(b) The different parts in the body of multicellular oragnism perform different functions.
(c) Prokaryotic – Bacteria; Eukaryotic – Amoeba.
(d) Cell divide again and again to produce the new cells of their own kind. All cells of a multicellular
organism come from a pre-existing single cell.
(e) Both have an irregular shape, i.e., their shape keeps on changing continuously.
Q.2 Draw a neat diagram of a plant cell and label the following parts : [SAI 2012, 13]
(i) Cell wall (ii) Nucleus (iii) Vacuole (iv) Golgi apparatus
(v) Mitochondrion (vi) Lysosome (vii) Chloroplast

Ans.

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 32 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.3 Draw a neat diagram of animal cell and label only four parts. [SAI 2013]
Ans.

SECTION–D
UNDERSTANDING BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 State the significance of two membrane coverings instead of just one, in mitochondria. [SAI 2015]
Ans. The deep folds of inner membrane create a large surface area for ATP generating chemical reactions
while the outer membrane which is very porous acts as the protective covering and also helps in the
easier diffusion of gases.

Q.2 List two similarities between mitochondria and plastids. [SAI 2010, 13, 14]
Ans. (i) Both have two membrane coverings.
(ii) Both have their own DNA and ribosomes and therefore, they are able to make some of their own
proteins.
(iii) The inner membrane of both contains numerous folds which increases their surface area for biochemcial
processes.

Q.3 Do all cells in our body look alike in terms of shape, size and structure ? Explain with the help of
examples. What similarities do they have? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) No, all cells in our body to not look alike in terms of shape, size and structure.
(ii) The shape, size and structure of cell is determined by the function which it performs.
(iii) The eggs of many animals are spherical in shape, some are oval in shape, smooth muscle fibres are
spindle–shaped, nerve cells are elongated and RBCs are discoidal in shape.
(iv) The size and number of cells also vary from organism to organism.
(v) All cells have the same organelles.

Q.4 Identify a cell organelles which is present in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. Discuss their shape and
location. [SAI 2015]
Ans. (a) Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.
(b) Shape : Ribosomes are small globular, granular structures.
(c) Location : Ribosome are situated either on the wall of endoplasmic reticulum or present as free
ribosomes in cytoplasm.

Q.5 Classify the following processes as osmosis or diffusion :

(i) Aquatic animals using oxygen dissolved in water during respiration.
(ii) Swelling up of raisins on keeping in water.
(iii) Spreading of virus on sneezing. [SAI 2011, 12, 14]
Ans. (i) Diffusion (ii) Osmosis (iii) Diffusion

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 33

Q.6 What will happen if :

(i) Ribosomes are removed from the cell,
(ii) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell,
(iii) Plasma membrane ruptures ? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) If ribosomes are removed from the cell, protein will not be synthesised.
(ii) Packaging of materials, synthesis of complex sugar and formation of lysosome will be adversely
affected, if golgi apparatus is removed.
(iii) If the plasma membrane ruptures, the inside materials will come out of the cell.

Q.7 Discuss the role of :

(a) cellulose in cell wall.
(b) presence of deeply folded membrane in mitochondria.
(c) digestive enzymes in lysosomes. [SAI 2015]
Ans. (a) Cellulose is a complex substance that provides structural strength to plants.
(b) Inner membrane of mitochondria is deeply folded to create a large surface area for ATP-generating
chemical reactions.
(c) Powerful digestive enzymes present in the lysosomes help in breaking down all the foreign materials,
entering into the cell such as bacteria etc., as well as old cell organelles into small species.

Q.8 (a) What are the consequences of the following conditions?

(i) A cell having higher water concentration than the surrounding medium.
(ii) A cell having lower water concentration than the surrounding medium.
(iii) A cell having equal water concentration to its surrounding medium.

(b) Name the materials of, which the cell membarne and cell wall are composed of. [SAI 2015]
Ans. (a) (i) If a cell has higher water concentration than the surrounding solutoin, it will gain water by osmosis.
Therefore, the cell will swell up.
(ii) If a cell having lower water concentration than the surrounding medium, then the cell will lose water
by osmosis and the cell is likely to shrink.
(iii) A cell having equal water concentration to its surrounding medium, then there will be no net movement
of water across the cell membrane and the cell will stay in the same size.

(b) Cell membrane is made-up of organic molecules called lipids and proteins. Plant cell wall is mainly
composed of cellulose.

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 34 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-A
1. Which of the following is incorrect pair ?
(A) Nucleus-Brain of the cell (B) Mitochondria-Power house of the cell
(C) Chloroplast-Kitchen of the cell (D) Lysosome-Secretory granules.

2. Chlorophyll is present in
(A) Stroma (B) Cristae (C) Thylakoid (D) Matrix.

3. Ribosomes are made up of

(A) RNA (B) Proteins (C) Lipoprotein (D) Both A and B.

4. Colourless plastids are know as

(A) Leucoplasts (B) Chromoplasts (C) Chloroplasts (D) None of the above

5. Which of the following is known as "Physical basis of life" ?

(A) Gene (B) Protoplasm (C) Nucleolus (D) Mitochondria

6. Power house of the cell is

(A) Mitochondria (B) Golgi Apparatus (C) Lysosome (D) Chloroplast

7. Photosynthetic pigments are located in

(A) Stroma (B) Inner membrane of chloroplast
(C) Grana (D) Outer membrane of chloroplast.

8. Grapes placed in concentrated saline solution will

(A) Swell and burst (B) Become more juicy
(C) Shrink (D) Remain unchanged

9. First living cells were observed by :

(A) Robert Hooke (B) A.V. Leeuwenhoek
(C) Robert Brown (D) [Link]

10. Well defined nucleus is absent in :

(A) Plant cell (B) Animal cell (C) Eukaryotic cell (D) Prokaryotic cell

11. Which of the following is absent in plant cell ?

(A) Vacuole (B) Centriole (C) Cell membrane (D) Mitochondria

12. A colourless plastid is :

(A) Amyloplast (B) Elaioplast (C) Aleuroplast (D) All the above

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 35

13. Mitochondria are the site of :

(A) Kreb's cycle (B) Calvin cycle
(C) Anaerobic respiration (D) Trapping of sun light.

14. Membrane which allows passage of only solvent through it is :

(A) Differentially permeable (B) Semipermeable
(C) Impermeable (D) Both A and B.

15. Unicellular organisms take in oxygen and pass out carbon dioxide through :
(A) Endosmosis (B) Exosmosis (C) Both A and B (D) Diffusion.

16. Identify the phenomenon by which protoplast of a cell shrinks from the wall :
(A) Plasmolysis (B) Deplasmolysis (C) Osmosis (D) Diffusion

17. Which of the following can be made into crystal ?

(A) A Bacterium (B) An Amoeba (C) A Virus (D) A Sperm

18. A cell will swell up if :

(A) The concentration of water molecules in the cell is higher than the concentration of water molecules
in surrounding medium
(B) The concentration of water molecules in surrounding medium is higher than water molecules
concentration in the cell
(C) The concentration of water molecules is same in the cell and in the surrounding medium
(D) Concentration of water molecules does not matter.

19. Chromosomes are made up of :

(A) DNA (B) Protein (C) DNA and Protein (D) RNA

20. Plasmolysis in a plant cell is defined as :

(A) Break down (lysis) of plasma membrane in hypotonic medium
(B) Shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium
(C) Shrinkage of nucleoplasm
(D) None of them

SECTION-B
Assertion & Reason :
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
1. Assertion: Cell place in a hypertonic solution shows plasmolysis
Reason: Not all cell shows plasmolysis.
2. Assertion: Plant cell remain cover by dead, rigid cell wall.
Reason: Due to cell wall, plant cells couldn’t change its shape.

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 36 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-C
Match the following (one to one) :
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of column-
II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Mitochondria (P) Secretion
(B) Golgi complex (Q) Digestive bags
(C) Lysosomes (R) ATP
(D) Centrosome (S) Cell division

Match the following (one to many) :

Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I.
2. Column I Column II
(A) Cell membrane (P) Biocatalyst
(B) Enzyme (Q) Entry and exit
(C) Polymer of amino acid (R) Protein and lipid
(D) Ribosome (S) Protein

SECTION-D
Comprehension
Continuity of living organism depends upon the process of cell division. For a cell to divide normally
instruction comes from Nuclues.
Nucleus contain DNA, RNA and protein. DNA together with a nucleoprotein form chromosome. These
chromosomes are in a thread like structure in a resting cell.

1. The nucleoprotein present in nucleus is :

(A) Rhizome (B) Histone (C) Insulin (D) None of these

2. DNA is :
(A) Deoxyribose acid (B) Deoxyribose sugar
(C) Deoxyribo nucleic acid (D) Deoxynucleic acid

3. Protein are the polymer of :

(A) Fatty acid (B) Nucleic acid (C) Amino acid (D) Citric acid

******

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 37

ANSWER KEY
Try yourself :
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. B
6. D 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. D
11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. C
16. A 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. D
21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. A
26. B 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. A
31. C 32. C 33. A 34. C

SECTION-A
1. Cytoplasm, nucleus 2. Cell 3. Plasma membrane
4. Animal 5. Cellulose 6. Nuclear pore
7. Genes 8. Proteins 9. Suicidal bags
10. Tonoplast

SECTION-B
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. D
16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B

SECTION-A
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. A 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. D
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. D
16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. B

SECTION-B
1. B 2. A

SECTION-C
1. (A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(Q), (D)-(S) 2. (A)-(Q,R), (B)-(P,S), (C)-(S), (D)-(S)

SECTION-D
1. B 2. C 3. C

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 38 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

2 TISSUES

Classification of Plant Tissues

Plant Tissues
Tissue, Organs
and
Organ System
Animal Tissues

Classification of Animal Tissues

INTRODUCTION
• Multicellularity is the most important characteristics of complex organism like humans, mango, penicillium
etc.
• An organism is multicellular when it contain many cells.
• Cells have different structure, shape, size and origin. To group them we must have a fundamental knowledge
of their functions also.
• Group of cells that have common origin, similar structure and perform a definite function is
called tissue.

Tissues

Plant tissues Animal tissues

Meristematic Permanent Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

tissue tissue a. Voluntary
a. Apical b. Involuntary
b. Intercalary Simple Simple Compound c. Cardiac
Complex a. Squamous
c. Lateral
a. Parenchyma a. Xylem b. Cuboidal
b. Collenchyma b. Pholem c. Columnar Connective Skeletal
c. Sclerenchyma Vascular
tissue proper [Link] a. Blood
a. Areolar b. Bone b. Lymph
b. Adipose

• Level of organisation : – Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ system  Organism

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 TISSUES 39

• Founder of Histology (study of tissue) is BICHAT.

• All plant cells are totipotent in nature. Totipotency is the ability of cells to produce complete new organism
of its own kind. In human beings, stem cells are totipotent.

Do you know:
The study of tissue is called histology. The term was coined by Meyer.

PLANT TISSUE :
Plant Tissue

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

(cells are capable of cell division) (mature cells, are not capable of cell division)

Apical Lateral Intercalary Simple Complex

(Tips of root (Cork cambium, (Internodal region) (single cell type) (different cell type)
and stem) vascular cambium) – Parenchyma – Xylem
– Collenchyma – Phloem
– Sclerenchyma
1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
• Meristematic cells shows following characteristics.
(i) Spherical or polygonal.
(ii) less inter-cellular spaces are present or they are absent.
(iii) Protoplasm is dense, with large, prominent nucleus and small vacuoles (vesicles).
(iv) Cell wall is made up of thin cellulose.
(v) Metabolically active.
(vi) Divide through out plant life.
(vii) On the basis of origin meristem are of two types.

Do you know:
Meristems are region within plant body that is involved in formation of new Meristematic cells.

• On the basis of location meristem are of three types :

Meristem

Apical Lateral Intercalary

located at apical region Located at lateral Located at the base
of root, stem region of dicot of internodes
Increases length plants Increase length
Increase diameter
or grith

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 40 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

2. PERMANENT TISSUE :
• The permanent tissues are composed of those cells which have lost their capability to divide.
• May be living or dead at maturity.
• On the basis of composition these are of two types.
Permanent Tissues

Simple Complex

Do you know:
Differentiation is the process whereby cells take up a definite shape, size, structure and function.

A. Simple permanent tissues :

Homogenous masses of cells. Made up of only one type of cells.
These are of three types -
(i) Parenchyma –
• Living tissue.
• Cells are iso-diametric, oval or polygonal in shape with small nuclei.
• Loosely packed cells with inter cellular spaces.
• Cell wall is made up of thin cellulose.
• Cells are metabolically active having small nuclei.
• Provides support to plants and store food.
• In stems and roots, these cells stores nutrients and water.
• Found in cortex of roots, ground tissue of stem, mesophyll of leaves, pith, medullary rays, packing tissue
in xylem and phloem.

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 TISSUES 41

• Modification of parenchyma :
(I) Chlorenchyma :
Cells contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
(II) Aerenchyma :
Between cells large air cavities are present to give buoyancy to aquatic plants and help them to float.
(III) Prosenchyma :
Cells have thick cellulose made cell wall.
Cell become long and taper at either end eg. in pericycle of some plants.
Provide mechanical support, found in some roots.
(IV) Idioblast :
Cells, which store waste materials like tannins, oils and calcium oxalate crystals.

(ii) Collenchyma :
• Living elongated cells, cell wall has deposition of cellulose, pectin & hemi-cellulose.
• At the corner of cells irregular thickenings are present. So, inter-cellular spaces are absent or narrow.
• Allows easy bending of various parts of a plant like leaf, stem without breaking thus provide tensile
strength to plant parts.
• Also provide mechanical support to plant.
• Found in leaf stalks below the epidermis, in hypodermis region of cortex, in mid rib of leaves, petioles of
dicot plant.
• Absent in roots and monocot plants.

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 42 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

(iii) Sclerenchyma :
• Dead, long and narrow cells, with greatly thickened walls due to the deposition of lignin and cellulose.
• Make plant hard and stiff.
• Due to thick cell wall, there is no intercellular spaces between the cells.
• Pits are present over the cell wall.
• Provides strength and mechanical support to the plant parts.
• They are found in stem, root, veins of leaves, hard covering of seeds and nuts.
• Husk of a coconut is made up of sclerenchyma.
• Cells have lumen inside.
• These are of two types :
Sclerenchyma

Fibres Sclereids/grit or stone cells

Narrow and thick Irregular in shape

eg. In vascular eg. In pulp and skin of fruits
bundles

Information :
• Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.

B. Complex permanent tissue :

• Made up of more than one types of cells. All these cells co-ordinate to perform a common function.
• Heterogeneous mass of the cells.
These are of two types :
(i) Xylem or wood
• Consist of four type of cells, which are :
(a) Xylem tracheid
(b)Xylem vessel
(c) Xylem Parenchyma
(d)Xylem Fibres

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 TISSUES 43

(a) Xylem tracheid –

• Elongated, dead cells with tapering ends with narrow lumen.

• Cell wall with lignin deposition and pits.
• About 1 mm in length and made of up single cell.
• Main water conduction element in Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.

(b) Xylem vessel –

• Made up of row of cells placed one above the other with out intervening walls absent due to dissolution.
• Long, dead, tube like structures with broad ends and wider lumen.
• Cell wall with lignin deposition and pits.
• Mainly found in Angiosperm.

Do you know:
Both tracheids and vessels help in vertical transport of water and minerals.

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 44 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

(c) Xylem Parenchyma –

• Living, parenchymatous cells with cellulose cell wall.

• Store food and helps in the sideways conduction of water and minerals.

(d) Xylem Fibres –

• Provide support.
• Elongated, dead sclerenchymatous with higly lignified cell wall & bear narrow lumen.
• Provide mechanical support.

Note : Secondary xylem is called wood.

(ii) Phloem -
• Also known as bast because phloem fibres of some plants like Jute, Flax and Hemp are used for binding
purposes.
• Made up of four types of elements.
(a) Sieve tubes :
• Elongated, thin walled tube like cells with sieve plates at the ends.
• Living cells but nuclei absent
• Placed one above the other.
• Responsible for conduction of food from leaves to other parts of plants.
(b) Companion cells -
• Living, parenchymatous cells, associated with sieve tubes.
• Cell with thin cell wall, dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus.
• Found only in Angiosperms.
• Its nucleus control metabolic functioning of sieve tubes.

Note : Sieve tubes and Companion cells are called “the sisters cells”.

(c) Phloem Parenchyma -

• Living, Parenchymatous cells.
• Helps in storage of food.
• Absent in most of monocot and herbaceous dicots.

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 TISSUES 45

(d) Phloem Fibres -

• Dead, elongated, sclerenchymatous cells.
• Provide mechanical strength.
• Is the only dead phloem element.

• Phloem helps in translocation of food in both direction i.e. upward and downward. It transports foods
from leaves to various parts of the plant.
PLANT TISSUE SYSTEM
• Various tissues in plants forms tissue system, which are of three types -
(1) Epidermal tissue system
(2) Ground or fundamental tissue system
(3) Vascular or conductive tissue system
1. Epidermal Tissue System :
• Outermost layer of cells.
• Epidermis makes outer covering of plant body.
• In xerophytes, epidermis remain covered by thick cuticle.
• In aerial parts of plant, epidermal cells secrete a waxy, water resistant layer on outer surface, which
provide protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
• In epidermis of leaf, small pores or stomata are present, enclosed by two kidney shaped guard cells in
dicot plants, which regulate opening and closing of stomata. Epidermal cells surrounding guard cells are
called subsidiary cell.

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 46 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

• Stomatal pore, guard cells and subsidiary cells together form stomatal complex.
• Stomata help in gaseous exchange and transpiration.
Cork or Phellem :
• In old plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by a strip of secondary meristem, and forms the
several-layer thick cork or the bark of the tree.
• The cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
• Their cell wall contain suberin that makes cork cells impervious to gases and water.
• Cork is protective in function.

2. Ground or Fundamental tissue system -

• Forms major part of plant body, made up of mostly parenchyma cells.
• Forms cortex, endodermis, pith, medullary rays of plant body.
3. Vascular tissue system -
• Made up of xylem and phloem.
• Group of xylem and phloem is called vascular bundle.
• Helps in conduction of water and minerals and in translocation of food.
• If cambium is present between xylem and phloem, such then the vascular bundles are called open,
found in dicot plants and responsible for secondary growth.
• If cambium is absent between xylem and phloem, then the vascular bundles are called closed type,
found in monocot plants.
ANIMAL TISSUE :
• Based upon the structure and functions, simple tissues in multicellular animals are categorized into four
types. These are :
(1) Epithelial Tissue (2) Muscular Tissue (3) Connective Tissue (4) Nervous Tissue

1. Epithelial tissue :
• Cells are tightly packed with no intercellular spaces and form a continuous sheet.
• Rest on extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
• Make outer covering or protective tissues in animal body.
• It regulates exchange of materials between body and the external environment and also between different
parts of the body.

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 TISSUES 47

(a) Simple Epithelial Tissue :

• Single cell thick layer. On the basis of shape of cells, it is of different types :
Simple Epithelial tissue

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Simple thin flat, tiles like cells, Cube shaped cells with centric Tall, pillar like cells nucleus at the
forms a delicate lining, cells are and rounded nucleus base, on free surface microvilli,
transverse and oval with cilia are present
Found in lining of kidney tubules
nucleus in centre
and ducts of salivary glands, in In intestine, it helps in absorption
Helps in exchange of materials, retina of the eyes, in testis and and secretion
provide protection ovaries
In respiratory tract on the free
Found in Alveoli of lungs, It is involved in secretion surface of cells cilia are present.
Bowman’s capsule of nephron, absorption and excretion Cilia can move and pushes mucus
blood capillaries, lining of body It also provides mechanical forward to clear it.
cavity, epidermis of skin support When goblet cells are present
between cell then mucus is
secreted by cells
for eg. Stomach, colon,
rectum etc.

Squamous Epithelium

Cubodial Epithelium Columar Epithelium

(b) Compound Epithelial Tissue :

• It is multilayered thick structure.
• It is also called as stratified epithelial tissue.
• It is found in those regions of body where rapid wear and tear of cells is required.
• Skin is regarded as stratified squamous epithelial tissue as outer most layer of skin is squamous type.
• It is found in conjuctiva, female urethra, larynx, ureter, urinary bladder etc.
• It provides protection.

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 48 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

2. Muscular Tissue :
• Muscular tissue is distinguished from other tissues by its unique ability to contract and relax and thereby
perform mechanical work. It is responsible for movement of body organs and location of body.
• Muscle cells are highly elongated and contractile and are called Muscle fibres.
• The contractility is due to the presence of contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin) in the muscle fibre.
• The plasma membrane of muscle cells is called sarcolemma and endoplasmic reticulum of muscle
cell is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Type of muscular Tissue :
Muscles

Striated / voluntary Smooth/Involuntary Cardiac [striped

& Involuntary]
(a) Striated muscles / Skeletal muscle / Voluntary muscle :
• They are also called as voluntary muscles because these are under the control of one’s will.
• They are also found in tongue, limbs, neck, facial muscles etc.
• Muscle fibres or cells are multinucleated and unbranched.

(b) Smooth / Unstriated / Visceral / Involuntary Muscles :

• These are not under the will of organism, hence called as Involuntary Muscles.
• They are involuntary muscles also called smooth muscles.
• These are present in the walls of visceral tubular organs like alimentary canal, blood vessels, urinary
bladder, urethra etc so are called as Visceral Muscles.
• These are also present in the dermis of skin, iris and ciliary muscles of eye.
• Sarcomeres is muscle cells. Sarcomeres are small and spindle shaped with tapering ends.
• It is covered by Sarcolemma. It is usually uninucleated and the nucleus is oval and centric.

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 TISSUES 49

• These are not attached to skeletal structures, hence called as Non-skeletal muscles.
• These fibres contract slowly but for a long period without undergoing fatigue, hence called as Non-
fatigue muscles.

Smooth Muscle Fibres

(c) Cardiac Muscles :
• These are found in the walls of heart.
• These are uninucleate, and branched.
• These are involuntary.
• Cardiac muscles are joined end to end by flat, dense, zig-zag junctions called INTERCALATED
DISC.
• These muscles contract rapidly like skeletal muscles but do not get fatigued. So, these work efficiently
throughout the life.

Cardiac Muscle Fibres

3. Connective Tissue :
• The cells of the CT are widely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix.
• The nature of matrix decides the function of tissue.
• White & yellow fibres are present in the matrix.
• Their basic function is to provide support to different organs and keeping them in place.
Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper Skeletal tissue Vascular tissue

(with fibrous matrix) (with dead, (with fibre free matrix)
mineralized matrix)
Areolar Adipose White Yellow Blood Lymph
fibrous fibrous Cartilage Bone

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 50 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

A. Connective tissue proper :

• It is most abundant type of connective tissue. It is of following types –
(i) Areolar Tissue :
• Most widely distributed tissue. Thus most abundant.
• Consist of transparent, jelly like, sticky matrix containing fibres, cells and mucin.
• Fibres are of two types i.e. white and yellow fibres. White fibres are made up of collagen protein.
• Yellow fibres are made up of elastin protein and provide elasticity to the tissue.
• Matrix contain several cells. Fibroblasts or fibrocytes are large, flat cells, which secrete matrix and
fibres. Macrophages are large, amoeboid, phagocytic cells. Mast cells are small, oval, secrete heparin,
histamine etc. which prevents blood clotting and involve in allergic reactions respectively.

Fig: Areolar connective tissue

(ii) Adipose Tissue :

Fig: Adipose tissue

 Fat storing connective tissue, matrix contain adipocytes cells, storing fat.
 Matrix contain fibres, cells etc.
 Primarily store food, below skin prevents heat loss from body and forms shock-absorbing cushion
around kidneys and the eye balls.

Do you know:
Animals living in cold areas have thick sub cutaneous fat, which prevents the heat loss.
The insulating fat body present in whale is called blubber.
Hump of camels is rich in adipose tissue.

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 TISSUES 51

(iii) White Fibrous Tissue :

• Rich in white collagen fibres.
• For example tendons connect the muscles with the bones.

Do you know:
Sprain is caused by excessive pulling of ligaments.

(iv) Yellow Elastic Tissue :

• Contain loose network of yellow elastic fibres.
• For example ligaments that bind bone to bone.

B. Skeletal Tissue :
• Have a tough matrix with protein, calcium and phosphorus salts.
• Forms a rigid frame work. Which supports the body, protects the vital organs, provide surface for
attachment of muscles etc.
• These are of two types:
(i) Bones :
• Hardest tissue in the body with calcified matrix.
• Main constituent of the skeleton.
• Matrix is dense and hard, formed of a protein called ossein.
• Remain externally covered by periosteum.
• Matrix have longitudinal and transverse blood vessels i.e. Haversian and Volkmann’s canals respectively.

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 52 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

• In matrix osteocyte cells are arranged in concentric rings or lamellae and forms Haversian system.
• In long bones, central bone marrow cavity is present, having soft fatty tissue called Bone marrow, which
is of 2 types called red and yellow bone marrow.

(ii) Cartilage :
• It is elastic and strong but softer than bone.
• Matrix is like a homogenous mass, composed of flexible material i.e. the chondrin, having less amount of
calcium salts.
• Cells are called as chondrocytes. Chondrocytes remain scattered in matrix.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Voluntary and involuntary muscles
There are two kinds of muscles.
(i) Voluntary muscles are those muscles, which function as per direction of conscious will.
Brain can stop or start them. For examples, skeletal muscles that come into use when we walk.
(ii) Involuntary muscles are those muscles, which function on their own, independent of conscious
will. Brain cannot stop or start them. For examples, breathing in and out of air.

Do you know:
The muscles used to smile are called voluntary muscles. We can control smile to express
how we are feeling.

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 TISSUES 53

C. Vascular or Fluid Tissue :

• It is of two types : (i) Blood (ii) Lymph
Vascular Tissue

Blood Lymph

Plasma Cells/corpuscles Plasma Leucocytes

Erythrocytes Leucocytes Platelets

or or
RBCs WBC

Granulocyte Agranulocytes

Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

(i) Blood :
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
• Matrix of blood is called plasma.
• Consists of two components i.e. plasma and corpuscles.
(a) Plasma :
• Faint yellow, slightly alkaline, viscous fluid consisting of 90% H2O, 1% inorganic salts, 7-8% proteins, 1-2%
other materials, like food materials, gases, antibodies etc.
• Plasma proteins help in transport of materials, blood clotting, respond to foreign agents etc.
(b) Blood corpsules or cells :
These are of three types

NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL BASOPHIL

RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES (RBCs) OR ERYTHROCYTES :

• They are also called erythrocytes.
• Carry iron containing, oxygen carrying pigment haemoglobin that helps in transportation of oxygen.

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 54 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

• One molecule of haemoglobin carry four molecules of oxygen in the form of oxy-haemoglobin.
• In human body life span is 120 days.

WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES (WBCs) OR LEUCOCYTES :

• Rounded or irregular cells, can change their shape and are capable of showing amoeboid
movement.
• Fewer than RBCs.
• These are of two types.:
• Agranulocytes : No granules in cytoplasm and have non lobed nucleus. Have 2 sub-types:
Monocytes : Largest WBCs
Lymphocytes : With large rounded nucleus, non-motile and non-phagocytic.
• Granulocytes : With granular cytoplasm and lobed nucleus. Have 3 sub-types :
Basophils : Large with S-shaped nucleus and secrete histamine and heparin.
Eosinophils : Large with bilobed nucleus, number increases during allergic conditions.
Neutrophils : Quite large with many lobed nucleus and phagocytic in nature.

PLATELETS (Thrombocytes):
• They are spindle shaped cells that helps in blood clotting.

(ii) Lymph :
• Consists of two parts - a clear, colourless fluid matrix called plasma and WBCs mainly
lymphocytes.
• Lack RBCs and some blood proteins.

4. NERVOUS TISSUE :
• It is composed of specialised cells called nerve cells or Neurons and Neuroglial cells.
(a) Neuron :
• Structural and functional unit of nervous system.
• A typical neuron has a large cell body called CYTON with two or more protoplasmic processes, the
dendrons.
• One of the dendron is usually longer than the rest, called the Axon.
• Axon ends in a number of small branches on muscle fibres, gland cells or other neurons.
• ‘Dendrons’ may branches into dendrites. Dendrons transmit nerve impulse to the cell body.
• The inter communicating junctions between two neurons (between the axon terminal of one neuron and
the dendrites of another neuron) are called SYNAPSES. The impulses are transmitted across the synapse
using chemicals called Neuro-transmitters, for eg. Acetylcholine (Ach).
• The cell body contains a large nucleus and granular cytoplasm. These granules are called as Nissl’s
granule.
• The Axon is the nerve fibre of neuron, which transmits nerve impulse from cell body to dendrite of other
neuron. The nerve fibre is usually covered by a cellular Neurilemma, which is the layer of schwann
cells.
• Some nerve fibres have an additional myelin or medullary sheath.
• The myelinated nerve fibre show constriction at regular intervals called nodes of Ranvier.

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 TISSUES 55

• Some nerve fibres may be as long as one metre in length.

• The function of neuron is to transmit impulses.
• Nerve cells do not have centriole. So, these cells could not divide.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Synapse
Synapse is a junction between two neurons. The terminal knobbed branch end of an axon are
connected with dendrite branches of an adjacent neuron. This gap junction helps in transmission
of impulse from one neuron to the next. The transmission of impulse is generally carried out
with the help of a neurotransmitter chemical like acetylcholine.

Figure : A Neuron

(b) Neuroglial cells :

• These are specialised cells found in brain and spinal cord act as supporting and packing cells.

Do you know:
The left side of the human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the
brain controls the left side of the body.

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 56 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

TRY YOURSELF :

1. Plant tissue can be divided into following groups :

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None
2. The process by which Meristematic tissue changes into permanent tissue is called :
(A) development (B) differentiation (C) division (D) all of the above
3. Cells capable of cell division are :
(A) Mirror cell (B) Meristematic cell
(C) Microscopic voltage cell (D) Permanent cell
4. Cork cambium is a :
(A) Apical meristem (B) Lateral meristem
(C) Intercalary meristem (D) Robert hooke
5. Sclerenchyma is a :
(A) dead permanent complex tissue (B) living permanent simple tissue
(C) dead permanent simple tissue (D) none of the above
6. Ability of a cell to give rise to all the various cell types :
(A) Meristemate (B) Permanent (C) Differentiation (D) Totipotency
7. Cells are living or dead it depends upon :
(A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Protoplasm (D) All of the above
8. Aerenchyma is found in :
(A) Mesophyte (B) Xerophyte (C) Hydrophyte (D) None of these
9. Which among them is not a type of parenchyma?
(A) Chlorenchyma (B) Collenchyma (C) Aerenchyma (D) Both (A) and (B)
10. Cells found in pulp and skin of fruits :
(A) Fibres (B) Grit cells (C) Epithelial cells (D) All of the above
11. Technical term for cork cambium is :
(A) Phellem (B) Phellogen (C) Phelloderm (D) Phallic
12. Guard cell differ from other epidermal cell by :
(A) Presence of chloroplast (B) Absence of vacuole
(C) Presence of centriole (D) All of the above
13. Skin is a part of :
(A) Connective tissue (B) Epithelial tissue (C) Muscular tissue (D) Nervous tissue
14. Blood is a :
(A) Fluid epithelial tissue (B) Intracellular tissue
(C) Plasma (D) Fluid connective tissue
15. Which among them is many layered?
(A) Squamous (B) Cuboidal (C) Columnous (D) Stratified
16. Which among them is a mucous secretory cell?
(A) Goblet (B) Myoblast (C) Neuron (D) None of these
17. Which among them is not a muscle cells?
(A) Striated (B) Smooth (C) Cardiac (D) Hyaline
18. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called :
(A) Neoplasm (B) Sarcoplasm (C) Glycogen (D) Myofibre

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 TISSUES 57

19. Shape of smooth muscle cell is :

(A) Cylindrical (B) Barrel (C) Spindle (D) Oblong
20. An important protein of muscle is :
(A) Actin (B) Albumin (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
21. While holding a note book in your hand you are using :
(A) Voluntary muscle (B) Smooth muscle (C) Involuntary (D) Both (A) and (B)
22. Every connective tissue have :
(A) Matrix (B) Cells (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Muscle
23. WBC are a part of :
(A) Epithelial protective tissue (B) Connective tissue
(C) Involuntary active muscle tissue (D) None of these
24. Tissue storing fat in our body :
(A) Fibroblast (B) Adipose (C) Mast (D) All of these
25. Ligament and Tendon are helpful :
(A) Articulation of bone and attachment of muscle
(B) Blood circulation
(C) Nerve impulse
(D) None of these
26. Platelet helps in :
(A) Movement of body (B) Joining of cranium
(C) Blood clotting (D) Transporation of gases
27. Bones are a type of :
(A) Cartilage (B) Ligament (C) Connective tissue (D) All of them
28. Structural and functional unit of nervous system is :
(A) Nephron (B) Neuron (C) Nephridia (D) None of these
29. The impulse are transmitted across the synapse using chemicals called :
(A) Insulin (B) Vasopressin (C) Acetylcholine (D) All of the above
30. Neuron not having myelin sheath make nerve impulse move :
(A) Faster than myelinated neuron (B) Slower than myelinated neuron
(C) Some time faster and other times slower (D) None of these
31. Part of neuron receiving stimulus is called :
(A) Axon (B) Soma (C) Dendrite (D) Node of Ranvier

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 58 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

1. Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and performing a common function.
2. Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms.
3. The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to variations in their body organization and
mode of living.
4. Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and permanent tissues.
5. Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending on their location in the plant.
6. Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissue shows only one type of
cells whereas complex tissue consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit.
7. Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
8. Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large
intercellular spaces.
9. Collenchyma cells are elongated, with irregularly thickened cell walls. It provides mechanical support
and elasticity to the plant.
10. The main supporting tissue, sclerenchyma, consists of long and narrow cells with thick, lignified cell
walls.
11. Parenchyma and collenchyma are living tissues whereas sclerenchyma is a dead tissue.
12. Epidermis is the outer protective covering of the plant and is usually layered by cuticle.
13. Stomatal pores, present in the epidermis, are essential for transpiration and gaseous exchange.
14. In older plants, many layered cork is seen, made up of dead and compactly arranged cells.
15. Xylem and phloem are important types of complex tissues in plants.
16. Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. It conducts water and
minerals from roots to aerial parts of the plant.
17. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma. It transports
food from leaves and storage organs to all other parts of the plant.
18. Animal tissues are grouped into 4 basic types – epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissue.
19. Epithelial tissues are the covering or protective tissues which act as a barrier between the various systems
of the body. It rests on a basement membrane and is composed of tightly packed cells.
20. Based o n the shape and function of its cells, epithelial tissue is subdivided
further into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular.
Equithelium type Shape of cells Function
Squamous Thin and flat Protection
Absorption, secretion and
Cuboidal Cubical
mechanical support
Columnar Elongated Absorption and secretion
Cubical or columnar cells Moving materials, like mucus,
Ciliated
with cilia forward
Glands formed from cuboidal
Glandular Secretion
or columnar cells

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 TISSUES 59

21. Connective tissue is the binding and supporting tissue of the animal body. Matrix forms the main bulk of
this tissue, whereas the cells are loosely spaced and less in number.
22. Blood, bone, ligament, tendon, cartilage, areolar tissue and adipose tissue are important connective
tissues present in our body.
23. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, composed of plasma and cells, and plays a significant role in the
process of transportation.
24. Functions of protection, providing skeletal framework and anchoring are carried out by the strong and
hard bone tissue.
25. Ligaments connect bones to bones whereas tendons connect bones to muscles.
26. Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body parts.
27. Areolar tissue repairs the injured tissues and fills spaces within organs.
28. Adipose tissue serves as a fat reservoir and also carries out the function of insulation.
29. All movements in our body are brought about by the muscular tissue through the contraction and relaxation
of their contractile proteins.
30. Depending on their structure and function, the muscles may be striated, smooth or cardiac muscles.
Striated Smooth Cardiac Shape of cells Long, cylindrical, unbranched Spindle-shaped Cylindrical,
branched Striations Present Absent Present Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Number and
position of nuclei Multinucleate and peripheral Uninucleate and central Uninucleate and central.
Striated Smooth Smooth
Long, cylindrical,
Shape of cells Spindle-shaped Cylindrical, branched
unbranched
Striations Present Absent Present
Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Number and positions Multinucleated and Uninucleate and Uninucleate and
of nuclei peripheral central central
31. Nervous tissue is present in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
32. Neuron is made up of cell body, dendrites and axon.
33. Neurons are specialized to receive and conduct impulses rapidly.

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 60 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

1. Tissues – Agroup of specialized cells with similar structure, working together to perform a common function.
2. Mersitematic tissue – Tissue made up of actively dividing cells, present in the growing areas of the
plant body.
3. Apical mersitem – Meristem present at the growing tips of stem and root that causes the stem and root
to increase in length.
4. Lateral meristem – Meristem located on the lateral portion of the plant and responsible for increasing
the girth of its stem and root.
5. Intercalary meristem – Meristem found between already differentiated tissues, in locations such as the
base of leaves or internode.
6. Permanent tissue – A well-differentiated plant tissue derived from meristematic tissue, which has lost
its ability to divide.
7. Differentiation – The process by which a cell attains a permanent shape, size and function.
8. Simple permanent tissue – A permanent tissue composed of only one cell type.
9. Complex permanent tissue – A permanent tissue composed of more than one type of cells which
coordinate to perform a common function.
10. Chlorenchyma – Parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts and hence performs photosynthesis.
11. Aerenchyma – Parenchyma containing large air cavities, providing buoyancy to aquatic plants and
allowing the circulation of gases.
12. Xylem – The complex tissue that conducts water and minerals in vascular plants and composed of
tracheids, vessels, fibers, and parenchyma.
13. Phloem – The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants, consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells,
fibers and parenchyma.
14. Epidermis – The outermost, protective layer of cells covering the surface of a plant.
15. Stratified epithelium – An epithelium composed of multiple layers of cells, with only the basal layer
being in contact with the basement membrane.
16. Ligament – A fibrous connective tissue that connects (or binds) bones to bones.
17. Tendon – A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to muscles.
18. Voluntary muscles – Muscles which can be controlled according to our will.
19. Involuntary muscles – Muscles which are not under the control of the will.
20. Multinucleate cell – Cell containing more than one nucleus.
21. Uninucleate cell – Cell containing only one nucleus.
22. Neuron – A cell of the nervous system specialized to conduct nerve impulses and made up of cell body,
axon and dendrites.
23. Impulse – An electrical signal transmitted along a nerve fibre in response to a stimulus.

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 TISSUES 61

[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 What is a tissue?
Ans. Tissue is a group of related cells that have a common origin and perform a common function.

Q.2 What is the utility of tissue in multicellular organisms?

Ans. The utility of tissue in multicellular organisms
(i) Division of Labour. Tissues bring about division of labour in multicellular organisms. it increases
efficiency.
(ii) Higher Organisation. Tissues become organised to form organs and organ systems.
(iii) Individual Cells. Work load of individual cells has decreased.
(iv) Higher Survival. Because of division of labour, higher efficiency and organisation, the multicellular
organisms have high survival.

Q.3 Name types of simple tissues.

Ans. Three – perenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. (Meristematic tissue is also a simple tissue).

Q.4 Where is apical meristem found?

Ans. Apical meristem occurs at root and stem tips.

Q.5 Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?

Ans. Sclerenchyma.

Q.6 What are the constituents of phloem?

Ans. Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Q.7 Name the tissue responsible for movement of our body.

Ans. Muscular tissue.

Q.8 What does a neuron look–like?

Ans. A miniature tree with thin hair like parts arising from its ends.

Q.9 Give three features of cardiac muscles.

Ans. Features of cardiac muscles
(i) Cells/Fibres : They are small, cylindrical, uninucleate striated with short lateral branches.
(ii) Intercalated Discs : In the area of union between the two adjacent cardiac muscle fibres,
zig-zag junctions called intercalated discs develop. The intercalated discs function as impluse boosters.
(iii) Rhythmic Contractions : The muscles are involuntary and nonfatigued which continue to contract
and relax tirelessly throughout life.
Q.10 What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Ans. The functions of areolar tissue are :
(i) Packing : Areolar tissue provides packing material in various organs.
(ii) Binding : It binds various structures with one another in such a way as to prevent their dislocation
while allowing limited movement.

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 62 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

(iii) Covering : It provides covering over nerves, muscles and blood vessels.
(iv) Repair : The tissue provides materials for repair of injury.
(v) Defence : It has cells that feed on microbes, produce antibodies and other chemicals to combat
them.

Q.11 Define the term tissue.

Ans. Tissue may be defined as a group or cluster of cells that are similar in structure and work together to
achieve a particular [Link] as a cluster of cells performs a particular function at a definite place
in the [Link] in a tissue, cells are arranged or designed to give the highest possible efficiency of
function. Blood, phloem and muscle are all examples of tissues.

Q.12 How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Ans. Xylem tissue are Complex tissues, which are made of more than one type of cells. Xylem tissue consists
of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. The cells have thick walls, and many of them
are dead cells. Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and
minerals vertically. The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water. Fibres
are mainly supportive in function.

Q.13 How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Ans. Differences between simple and complex tissues in Plants
[Link]. Simple Tissue Complex Tissue
1. These are made up of only one type of These are made up of more than one type
cells, which look like each other. of cells.
2. All cells have common origin and The cells of complex tissues have different
structure. origin as well as structure.
3. They are called epidermis. They are called vascular tissue .
4. Their main role is to store and provide Their main function is transport of water,
structural support. minerals, sugars and other metabolites.
Examples – Collenchyma, Parenchyma Examples – Xylem and phloem.
and sclerenchyma.
Q.14 Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell
wall.
Ans. Differences between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
The cell wall is thin and is The cell wall is thick due to The cell wall is thick at the
made up of cellulose. deposition of lignin. corners due to deposition of
pectin.

Q.15 What are the functions of the stomata?

Ans. Stomata are small pores present in the epidermis of the leaf. Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-
shaped cells called guard cells.
The main function of stomata are :
They are necessary for exchanging gases like CO2 or O2 with the atmosphere. Photosynthesis is not
possible without them.

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 TISSUES 63

They are responsible for Transpiration in which water is lost in the form of water vapour from the plant
surface. This ultimately helps in absorption of minerals by root tissues on account of build up root
pressure.
Q.16 Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Ans.

Types of muscles fibres

(a) striated muscle, (b) smooth muscle, (c) cardiac muscle

Q.17 What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Ans. The specific function of cardiac muscle to contract and relax rhythmically throughout life and to ensure
the blood circulation through entire [Link] muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate.

Q.18 Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure
and site/location in the body.
Ans. Differences Striated, Unstriated and Cardiac Muscles
Striated Muscle Unstriated Muscle Cardiac Muscle
The fibres or cells are long The cells are long, narrow, The cells are short,
and cylindrical. spindle-shaped. cylindrical and branched.
The fibres or cells are The fibres or cells are At some places, they develop
unbranched. unbranched. lateral outgrowths to form
cross-connections.
Multiple nuclei are present on Single centrally located Cardiac cell are uninucleate
the periphery. nucleus. and have a centrally located
single nucleus.
Striations with light and dark Striations absent. Striations present, but not as
band present. prominent as they are present
in striated muscle.
They are present in Hand, They are present in Walls of They are present in the heart.
feet and other skeletal stomach, intestine, ureter and
muscles. bronchi.

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 64 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.19 Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.

Ans.

Labelled Diagram of a Neuron

Q.20 Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Ans.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth --- Squamous epithelium
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans - Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants - Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body - Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix - Blood
(f) Tissue present in the brain - Nervous tissue

Q.21 Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule,
vascular bundle.
Ans. Given Type of tissue
Skin Squamous epithelium
Bark of tree Cork or secondary epidermis (tissue)
Bone Connective tissue
Lining of kindey tubule Cuboidal epithelium
Vascular bundle Conductive tissue (xylem and phloem)

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 TISSUES 65

Q.22 Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Ans. Parenchyma tissue are cluster of living cells . They consists of relatively unspecialised cells with thin cell
walls. They are usually loosely packed and have large intercellular spaces. This tissue is mainly found in
all soft parts of the plant such as stem, root, leaves, flowers, fruits. It is also found in the ground tissue of
petioles, mesophyll of leaves as well as in vascular bundles.

Q.23 What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Ans. Role of epidermis in plants :
1. Protection of the underlying cells and tissues.
2. Prevention of water loss.
3. Prevention of mechanical injury and invasion by parasite fungi.
4. Absorption of water.
5. Exchange of gases and transpiration through stomata.

Q.24 How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Ans. Cork is a multi layered structure of of epidermal. These cells are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular space. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls which makes them impervious
to water and gases.

Q.25 Complete the table :

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Collenchyma Xylem
Ans.
Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem

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 66 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-A
Fill in the blanks :
1. Matrix of cartilage contains ___________ and of bone ___________ protein.
2. Cartilage cells are called ___________ and bone cells ___________.
3. A normal human adult has about ___________ extracellular fluid.
4. Formation of RBC in liver, spleen and red bone marrow is called ___________
5. Striated muscle fibres in the sarcoplasm contains many ___________ numerous ___________ and
glycogen granules for the supply of adequate ___________.
6. Neuron receive impulses through ___________ and pass them on to the next neuron through
___________.
7. Permanent tissues are derived from ___________ tissue.
8. Non vascular tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are the examples of
___________tissues.
9. Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem are examples of ___________tissues.
10. Chlorenchyma tissues performs the function of ___________
11. Cork cambium is purely a ___________.
12. Due to secondary growth on the surface of trees stem small pores are developed called ___________.

SECTION-B
Multiple choice question with one correct answers :
1. The meristematic cells have :
(A) Thin walls (B) prominent nuclei (C) Absence of vacuoles (D) All of the above

2. Meristems helps in :
(A) Absorption of water (B) Absorption of minerals
(C) Transport of food (D) Growth of plants

3. The division in meristematic cells is :

(A) Mitotic (B) Amitotic (C) Meiotic (D) All of the above

4. The cells having the ability to divide are :

(A) Specialised (B) Glandular (C) Meristematic (D) Permanent

5. A nail inserted some years back at 1.5 mtr height on a tree trunk shall :
(A) remain where it was (B) move upwards
(C) move downwards (D) move laterally
6. Most metabolism of the plants is carried in tissue :
(A) Phloem (B) Meristem (C) Collenchyma (D) Parenchyma
7. Which tissue provides maximum mechanical strength to the plants :
(A) Parenchyma (B) Xylem (C) Phloem (D) Collenchyma

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 TISSUES 67

8. Xylem & Phloem belong to the group of :

(A) Simple tissue (B) Latex tissue (C) Complex tissue (D) None of these
9. Which constitutes the thickening in collenchyma :
(A) Suberin (B) Cutin (C) Pectin (D) Lignin
10. Vessles and Companion cells occur in :
(A) Angiosperm (B) Gymnosperm (C) Pteridophytes (D) Bryophytes

11. Which one is not a plant fibre :

(A) Coir (B) Flex (C) Hemp (D) Silk

12. Which of the following acts a middle man?

(A) W.B.C. (B) Plasma (C) Blood (D) Lymph

13. The main difference between bone and cartilage is of :

(A) Mineral distribution (B) Cell structure (C) Lymph vessels (D) Haversian system

14. Tendon is made up of :

(A) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (B) Adipose tissue
(C) Modified white fibrous tissue (D) Areolar tissue

15. Muscles get fatigued due to accumutation of :

(A) ATP (B) CO2 (C) Lactic acid (D) Poly Molecule

16. Chemical ions responsible for muscle contraction are :

(A) Ca2+ and K+ (B) Na+ and K+ (C) Na+ and Ca2+ (D) Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion

17. Collagen is :
(A) Protein (B) Fat (C) Sugar (D) Starch

18. Sprain is due to pulling of :

(A) Muscles (B) Ligaments (C) Tendens (D) Nerves

19. Power of regeneration is poor in :

(A) Brain cells (B) Bone cell (C) Muscle cell (D) All of the above

20. Which one contain voluntary muscles?

(A) Heart (B) Hind limb (C) Liver (D) Lung

SECTION–C
PREVIOUS YEAR’S QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Type Questions : (One Mark)
Q.1 Which one of the meristematic tissue is also called cambium ? What is its function? [SAI 2015]
Ans. (i) Lateral meristem. (ii) It increases the girth (thickness) of the stem or root.

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 68 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.2 State how the epithelium is usually separated from the underlying tissue. [SAI 2015]
Ans. The epithelium is separated from the underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.

Q.3 Write the name of most abundant muscular tissue found in our body. [SAI 2015]
Ans. Striated muscles or voluntary muscles or skeletal muscles.

Q.4 Name the chemical substance which gets deposited in the walls of sclerenchyma. [SAI-2013,2014]
Ans. Lignin.

Q.5 What is differentiation of meristematic tissues? [SAI-2012, 2014]

Ans. It is the process by which meristematic tissues take-up a permanent shape, size and function.

Q.6 Name the tissue which forms subcutaneous layer. [SAI-2012, 2013, 2014]
Ans. Adipose tissue.
Short Answer Type Questions : (Two Marks)
Q.7 Name the following :
(a) Tissue that occurs in specific regions of growth.
(b) Tissue present at the growing tips of stems and roots.
(c) Tissue at the base of the leaves or internodes on twigs.
(d) Basic packing tissue in the form of a few layers of cells. [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) Meristematic tissue.
(b) Apical meristem.
(c) Intercalary meristem.
(d) Simple permanent tissue.

Q.8 Determine the location of the following tissues: [SAI-2015]

(a) Unstriated muscle fibres (b) Cuboidal epithelium
(c) Adipose tissue (d) Striated muscle fibres
Ans. (a) In lining of alimentary canal, blood vessels, iris of eye, ureters and in the bronchi of lungs.
(b) They form the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
(c) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
(d) Mostly attached to bones.

Q.9 Write one important functional difference between striated and smooth muscle tissues.
[SAI-2012, 2013, 2014]
Ans Striated muscle tissue: This tissue is responsible for voluntary actions like movement of limbs in our
body.
Smooth muscle tissue : This tissue is responsible for involuntary actions like movement of food in
alimentary canal in our body, also found in the iris of the eye, ureters and bronchi.

Q.10 What are the functions of phloem ? [SAI-2012, 2013, 2014]

Ans. The functions of phloem are:
(i) It helps in the transportation of organic food to all parts of a plant.
(ii) Phloem parenchyma helps in the storage of food .
(iii) Phloem fibres provide mechanical support.

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 TISSUES 69

Q.11 List two characteristics of cork cells which help them to function as protective tissue.
[SAI-2012, 2013, 2014]
Ans. (i) Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
(ii) They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and
water.

Q.12 Give two characteristics of xylem elements. [SAI-2011, 2014]

Ans. (i) The cells have thick walls.
(ii) Mostly cells are dead.

Q.13 What is the role of xylem parenchyma? [SAI-2014]

Ans. (i) It stores food.
(ii) It helps in the sideways conduction of water.

Q.14 What is the unique feature of phloem elements as compared to xylem elements? [SAI-2014]
Ans. In phloem, except for phloem fibres, all other elements are living cells. In xylem, except for parenchyma,
all other elements are dead cells.

Q.15 Write two locations of the following animal tissues: [SAI-2012, 2013]
(i) Simple squamous epithelial cells.
(ii) Cuboidal epithelium
Ans. (i) Oesophagus, lining of mouth.
(ii) Lining of kidney tubules, ducts of salivary gland.

Short Answer Type Questions : (Three Marks)

Q.16 Name two types of : (i) Fibres, (ii) Cells.
Found in areolar connective tissue. Where is this tissue located ? [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a)Areolar connective tissue consists of
(i) reticular fibre and collagen fibre and two types of cells :
(1) Mast cell and (2) Plasma cell.
(b)Areolar conne ctive tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves
and in the bone marrow.
Q.17 (a) Mention different types of blood cells.
(b) Which substances are transported by blood? [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) (i) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC)
(ii) White Blood Corpuscles (WBC)
(iii) Platelets
(b) Blood transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the
body.
Q.18 Name the tissue found in the following locations:
(a) Haversian canal, (b) Chondrocyte, (c) Eosinophils [SAI-2015]
Give one function of each of these.
Ans. (a) Connective tissue contains blood vessels and nerve fibres. They help to communicate with the cells
and also give strength to bone tissues.
(b) Connective tissue in hyaline cartilage. They smoothens bone surfaces at joints and give flexibility to
cartilage.
(c) Connective tissues (blood) are the kind of WBC and help the immune system in the body.

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 70 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.19 Identify the tissue present in the following and give one specific feature of each:
(i) leaf stalks below epidermis.
(ii) In stem, around vascular bundles.
(iii) At root and shoot tip. [SAI-2013, 2014]
Ans. (i) Collenchyma, (ii) Sclerenchyma, (iii) Meristematic tissue (Apical meristem)
Features:
• Collenchyma allows easy bending in various parts of a plant.
• Sclerenchyma makes the plant hard and stiff.
• Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells.

Q.20 What is epidermis ? What is its role ? [SAI-2012, 2014]

Ans. Epidermis is a single layer of cells that covers all the parts of the plant externally.
Role:
(i) Protection - It protects against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
(ii) Secretion - Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy layer which further
helps in protection from mechanical injury and water loss.
(iii) Absorption - Root hairs present on epidermis of root help in absorption of water and minerals from
the soil.

Q.21 (i) What are substances that are transported by blood ?

(ii) Draw any two types of white blood corpuscle. [SAI-2014]
Ans. (i) Blood transports gases, digested food, hormones a nd waste materials to different parts of the body.
(ii)

Long Answer Type Questions : (Five Marks)

Q.22 Write four characteristic features of parenchyma tissue. How would you classify this tissue based upon
its specialised functions ? What are these functions? [SAI-2015]
Ans. Features:
(i) Parenchyma is generally found in all plants.
(ii) Its cells are living.
(iii) Intercellular spaces are present.
(iv) The cell wall is thin and made-up of cellulose.
(v) A large vacuole is present in the centre of the cell.
(vi) Cells are generally rounded, oval or polygonal.
Classification of parenchyma tissues :
(i) Simple parenchyma or storage parenchyma, (ii) Chlorenchyma, (iii) Aerenchyma.
Functions:
• They provide support to plant and also store food.
• Some of them contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
• Some have large air cavities, which give buoyancy to the plant to help them float.
• The parenchyma of stems and roots also stores nutrients and water.

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 TISSUES 71
Q.23 List the characteristics of cork. How are they formed ? Mention their role. [SAI-2010,12,14]
Ans. Characteristics:
(a) (i) Cells of cork are dead at maturity.
(ii) These cells are compactly arranged.
(iii) Cells do not possess intercellular spaces.
(iv) Cells possess a chemical substance suberin in their walls.
(v) They are several layers thick.
(b) As plants grow older, a strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the stem. Cells cut on the
outer side by this meristem are called cork.
(c) They are protective in function for older stem / twigs / branches. They are impervio us to gases and
water.

SECTION–D
UNDERSTANDING BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain. [SAI-2010, 13, 14]
Ans. Due to aerenchyma present in the swollen petiole.

Q.2 Why are skeletal muscles known as striated muscles? [SAI-2010,11,13,14]

Ans. Since skeletal muscles have light and dark bands so they are also known as striated muscles.

Q.3 Identify the two types of tissues in the given figure each of the two. [SAI-2015]

Ans. (a) Compact bone, (b) Hyaline cartilage

Q.4 Differentiate between aerenchyma and chlorenchyma. [SAI-2012, 2014]
Ans. Aerenchyma is present in aquatic plants. It has large air cavities which give buoyancy to the plants.
Chlorenchyma is present in green parts of all plants. It has chlorophyll which helps in photosynthesis.

Q.5 Explain the significance of the following:

(a) Hair like structures on epidermal cells.
(b) Numerous layers of epidermis in cactus.
(c) Presence of a chemical suberin in cork cells. [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) Function of epidermal cells in roots is water absorption. Hair like parts greatly increase the total
absorptive surface area.
(b) Plants living in very dry habitats have thick epidermis and entire surface of the plants have this outer
covering of epidermis. It protects them from loss of water, mechanical injury and parasitic invasion.
(c) Suberin makes the cork cells impervious to gas and water.

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 72 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.6 (a) State the feature of cardiac muscles which makes it unique.
(b) The tissue is under control of will. What is this type of tissue called ? Name it.
(c) What are ligaments ? What do you expect to feel if they are over stretched? [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) The cardiac muscles (muscles of heart) are cylindrical branched and uninucleate. They are involuntary
muscles. They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. They never show fatigue.
(b) These are called striated muscular tissues. These muscles are attached with bones and involved
voluntary movements of body. They are called voluntary muscles also.
(c) Ligaments are type of connective tissues. These tissues are very elastic. If these tissues are over
stretched it causes fatigue and may also get teared.

Q.7 Complete the following table :

Example Tissue Type of tissue Cell Main function
(Living / Dead)
(i) Husk of coconut

(ii) In leaf, stalk,

below the
epidermis

Ans. Example Tissue Type of tissue Cell Main function

(Living / Dead)
(i) Husk of coconut Simple Sclerenchyma Dead Provides strength to
permanent plant
(ii) In leaf, stalk, Simple Collenchyma Living Allow bending
below the permanent without breaking
epidermis and mechanical
strength

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 TISSUES 73

SECTION – A
1. Fibres of striped muscles are :
(A) Oval (B) Spindle-Shaped (C) Cylindrical (D) Oblong

2. Striped muscle fibres are :

(A) Mutinucleate (B) Uninucleate (C) Binucleate (D) Anucleate

3. In a striped muscle fibre, the nuclei lie :

(A) Centrally (B) Peripharally (C) Polar (D) Diffused

4. Striped muscle fibres possess :

(A) Longitudnal Striations (B) Oblique striations
(C) Transverse striations (D) No striations

5. Striations appear in striped muscles due to :

(A) Presence of alternate light and dark bands (B) Dispersion of pigments
(C) Presence of intercalated discs (D) Occurrence of actin strands

6. A characteristics of striped strands :

(A) Rapid contraction (B) Forceful contraction
(C) Fatigued after some time (D) All the above

7. Striped muscle is specialised to :

(A) Elongate (B) Contract (C) Relax (D) Both B and C

8. Striped muscle works :

(A) Automatically or involuntarily (B) Under control of will or voluntarily
(C) Under control of reflex system (D) All the above

9. Nucleated part of nerve cell is called :

(A) Axon (B) Dendrites (C) Cyton (D) None of the above

10. Cell body of a nerve cell contains :

(A) Nucleus (B) Cytoplasm
(C) Nissl granules and neurofibrils (D) All the above

11. Dendrites occur over :

(A) Muscle fibre (B) Nerve cell (C) Spinal cord (D) Brain
12. Nerve cells are also called :
(A) Neurons (B) Neurites (C) Neurines (D) Nuerofibrils

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 74 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

13. Dendrites are :

(A) Long unbranched processes (B) Long branched processes
(C) Short branched processes (D) Short unbranched processes

14. Along fibre like process coming out of the cyton of a nerve cell is :
(A) Axon (B) Dendron (C) Neurolemma (D) Neurofibrils

15. Buttons are :

(A) Terminal sharp ends of dendrons (B) Terminal swollen ends of dendrons
(C) Terminal pointed ends of axon branches (D) Terminal knob-like swollen ends of axon branches

16. Nerve fibre is :

(A) A thin nerve (B) Fibre formed by many axons
(C) Fibre formed by ensheathing of axon (D) Fibre formed by ensheathing of a dendrite

17. Medullated nerve fibre is axon covered by :

(A) Neurolemma (B) Meduallary sheath
(C) Both neurolemma and medullary sheath (D) None of the above

18. Nodes of Ranvier are areas where :

(A) Joints occur between adjacent axons
(B) Axon terminals form synapses with dendrite tips
(C) Dendrites of one nerve cell are attached to dendrites of an adjacent one
(D) Non medullated areas of a medullated nerve fibre

19. Impulse is brought to a nerve cell through a :

(A) Dendrite (B) Neurofibril (C) Axon (D) Nissl granules

20. A nerve cell transmits its impulse to another through its :

(A) Dendrite (B) Axon (C) Cyton (D) All the above

SECTION-B
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
1. Cells are stained to :
(A) Nourish the cell (B) Highlight the cell organelles
(C) Make the cell turgid (D) Help in cell multiplication
2. Which is the most commonly used instrument for viewing slides in the laboratory?
(A) Simple Microscope (B) Compound Microscope
(C) Dissecting Microscope (D) Electron Microscope
3. Gita prepared a temporary mount of human cheek cells. She first observed it under low power and then
under high power of the microscope. Under high power, she must have observed :
(A) more cells in brighter field of view. (B) more cells in diarker field of view.
(C) fewer cells in brighter field of view. (D) fewer cells in darker field of view.

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 TISSUES 75

4. Magnifying power of a microscope is calculated by :

(A) Multiplying the power of objective lens and eye-piece.
(B) Multiplying the power of objective lens with distance between the objective lens and the specimen.
(C) Adding up the powers of objective lens and eye-piece.
(D) Subtracting the power of objective lens from that of the eye-piece.

5. Glycerine is used to prepare a temporary mount of a tissue due to the following reasons :
(A) to colour the specimen (B) to avoid drying up of the specimen quickly
(C) to avoid entry of air bubbles (D) none of the above

6. Which of the following is the correct sequence for preparing a mount of onion peel?
(A) (i) Take out onion peel. (ii) Keep the peel on a slide.
(iii) Add a drop of glycerine on it. (iv) Add few drops of safranin stain.
(v) Cover it up with a coverslip.
(B) (i) Take out onion peel. (ii) Keep the peel in water in a petridish.
(iii) Add few drops of safranin stain and transfer to a slide.
(iv) Add a drops of glycerine. (v) Cover it up with a coverslip.
(C) (i) Take out onion peel. (ii) Keep it on a slide and add safranin stain.
(iii) Transfer it to water in a petridish. (iv) Remove water and add glycerine.
(v) Cover it up with a coverslip.
(D) (i) Take out onion peel. (ii) Cover it up with a coverslip.
(iii) On a petridish, add water to clean. (iv) Add a drops of glycerine.
(v) Add few drops of safranin stain.

7. Nihal prepared a mount of human cheek cell by staining it with methylene blue. But he did not see
mitochondria in the cell because :
(A) Human cheek cells do not have mitochondria.
(B) They are too small to be seen under compound microscope.
(C) Mitochondria to do not get stained with methylene blue.
(D) None of the above

SECTION-C
Assertion & Reason :
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’.
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’.
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
1. Assertion : Every living organism is not multicellular.
Reason : Few multicellular organisms do not have tissue.
2. Assertion : Node of Ranvier occur in myelinated nerve fibre.
Reason : Myelin sheath is discontinous.

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 76 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-D
Match the following (one to one) :
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of
column-II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I

1. Column I Column II
(A) Pith (P) Secondary meristem
(B) Cork cambium (Q) Parenchyma
(C) Cambium (R) Primary meristem
(D) Pits (S) Xylem vessels

2. Column I Column II
(A) Node of Ranvier (P) Tear Gland
(B) Exocrine gland (Q) Phagocytosis
(C) Macrophage (R) Myelinated nerve fibres
(D) Dendrite (S) Nerve impulse

Match the following (one to many) :

Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I.

3. Column I Column II
(A) Bone (P) Connective tissue
(B) Cartilage (Q) Matrix present
(C) Ligament (R) Femur
(D) Blood (S) Plasma

SECTION-E
Comprehension :
If you germinate a kidney bean seed in a petridish, then the reserve food material present in plant part
undergo oxidation to release energy. This energy is used in cell division and hence sprouting take place.
The two small plant part comes out of the seed are plumule and radicle respectively.
1. Plumule helps in formation of :
(A) Fruit (B) Seed (C) Flower (D) None of these

2. Root that help in anchorage are specialized structure of :

(A) Plumule (B) Radicle (C) Embryo (D) None of these

3. Height of the plant above the soil increases due to meristematic tissue present in :
(A) Root tip (B) Shoot tip (C) Both (B) & (C) (D) None of these

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 TISSUES 77

ANSWER KEY
Try yourself :
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C
8. C 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. D
15. D 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. A
22. C 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. C 28. B
29. C 30. B 31. C

SECTION-A
1. Chondrin, Ossein 2. Chondrioblasts, Osteocytes 3. 1.5 litres
4. Erythropoiesis 5. Nuclei, Mitochondria, energy
6. Dendrons, Axons 7. Meristematic 8. Simple
9. Complex 10. Photosynthesis
11. Secondary meristem 12. Lenticles

SECTION-B
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B
8. C 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C
15. C 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B

SECTION – A
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. D
8. B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A
15. D 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. B

SECTION-B
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. C

SECTION-C
1. B 2. B

SECTION-D
1. (A)-(Q), (B)-(P), (C)-(R), (D)-(S)
2. (A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(Q), (D)-(S)
3. (A)-(P,Q,R), (B)-(P,Q), (C)-(P,Q), (D)-(P,Q,S)

SECTION-E
1. D 2. B 3. B

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 78 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

3 IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES
Improvement of Food Resources

Plant food resources Animal food resources

Crops Animal Husbandry

Cattle farming
Production Improvement Protection
Poultries
Hybridization Weeds
Agricultural
Practices Apiculture
Pests / Insects
Crop rotation
Fisheries
Birds

Cropping Patterns Microbes

Inter Cropping Mixed Cropping

INTRODUCTION
• Food is required by living organism to meet their requirement of energy to sustain life. The food comes
directly or indirectly from plants (crops).
(i) All living organisms require food. Plants can make their own food (autotrophs) however animals including
humans depends directly or indirectly on plants. Food is important as it supplies:-
• Energy for carrying out various body activities
• Protein for building body
• Minerals and vitamins, having protective function.
(ii) Crops provides:
Carbohydrate: Energy giving food. Ex.: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Millets and Sorghum.
Protein: Pulses Like Gram (Chana), Pea, Black Gram (Urad), Green Gram (Moong),
Pigeon pea (Arhar), Lentil (Masoor).
Fat: Oil Seeds like Soyabean, Ground Nut, Seasum, Castor, Mustard, Linseed, Sunflower.
Vitamin and Mineral: Vegetables, Spices and Fruits
Fodder (for livestock): Berseem, Oats or Sudan grass.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 79

(iii) Types of crop on the basis of climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods, which are require for
their growth and completion of their life cycle.
(a) Kharif crops – Grown in rainy season from the month of June to October.
Ex.: Paddy, Soyabean , Pigeon Pea, Maize, Cotton, Green gram and Black Gram.
(b) Rabi Crops – Grown in winter season from November to April.
Ex.: Wheat, Gram, Pea, Mustard, Linseed.

[Link]. Kharif Crop / Rainy Season Crop Rabi Crop / Winter Season Crop
1. Are grown during monsoon / rainy season Are grown during winter season
2. They require warm and wet weather They require cold and dry weather
3. They are shown in June / July and They are shown in October / November
harvested in September / October and harvested in March / April
4. e.g. Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Cotton, e.g. Wheat, Barley, Gram, Mustard,
Groundnut, Urad, Moong etc. Potato etc.

• Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods for their growth and
completion of their life cycle.
• Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight. Growth of plants and flowering are dependent on
sunlight.

Knowledge Enhancer :
• In Indian sub continent, the crops grown on irrigated land which do not have to wait for monsoon, in
short duration between Rabi and kharif crops, mainly from march to june are called as Zayed crops.
• It require warm day weather for growth and longer day length for flowering. e.g. Water melon, bitter
gourds, cucumber and musk melon.

HORTICULTURE
Horticulture is derived from two latin words : hortus : garden and culture : cultivation.
It is the branch of biology that deals with growing and production of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants
and managment of orchards.
The horticulturists research to find new ways by which better varieties of fruits and vegetable can be
grown in large quantities.

GREEN REVOLUTION
The great increase in the yield of wheat crop during the 1970s is called green revolution.
Dr. N. E. Borlaug was the scientist behind the green revolution. he developed high yielding triple dwarf
Maxican wheat varietes. Father of green revolution in India is Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
Important :
(i) In increased the buffer stocks of food grains.
(ii) It improved the economic conditions of farmers.
(iii) If provided employment opportunities to large number of people.

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 80 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Agriculture Revolution Production

Green Revolution Cereals
White Revolution Milk
Blue Revolution Fish
Grey Revolution Fertilizers
Red Revolution Meat/Tomatoes
Golden Revolution Horticulture
Pink Revolution Prawn
Silver Revolution Eggs and Chicken
Round Revolution Potato
Yellow Revolution Oil Seeds

Important term :
Agronomy is the branch of agriculture concerned with rearing and management of crops plants

IMPROVEMENT IN CROPS YIELDS

• To obtain the high yields from our farms the following three scientific approaches are adopted :
1. Crop variety improvement
2. Crop production management.
3. Crop protection management.

1. CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT

• To obtain good yield, which can be done by :
Selection Breeding :
• Plants having best desired characters are picked up and seeds of such plants are used for future generation.
• For development of various useful characteristics like disease resistance, high yield, product quality,
response to fertilizers etc. Various crops varieties or strains can be selected by breeding.
• Plants of desirable characteristics are selected and allowed for cross breeding to develop a new plant
species of superior desirable characteristics.
Eg. Maize and cabbage are represented by their cultivated varieties only.

Hybridization
• Hybridization refers to Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.
• This may be:
(a) Intervarietal: between different varieties
(b) Interspecific: between two different species of the same genus
(c) Intergeneric: between the different genera.
• Crop plants produced in this way are called as hybrid varieties or high yielding varieties.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 81

High-yielding Cross-breed Disease resistant

variety × variety

Parent 1 Parent 2

High-yielding,
Disease resistant
variety
Hybrid

Do you know :
The scientist, which devolop new varieties of seed, are known as plant breeders.
The science and art of improving the heredity of plants in relation to their economic use is known as
plant breeding.

Genetic Engineering
• By introducing a gene that would provide the desired characteristic in the crop. This results in genetically
modified crops.
• Introduction or deletion of genes that would provide the desired characteristics to crops and yield genetically
modified crops (GMCs), called genetic engineering.
• Various cultivation practices, crop yield are related to weather, soil quality and availability of water but
the weather conditions like drought, flood etc. are unpredictable. Thus, those plant varieties are useful
which can be grown in different climatic condition. Hence, for several factors crop variety improvement
is done.
(a) Higher yield : To increase crop productivity per acre.
(b) Improved quality : It varies among different crops. For eg. in wheat baking quality is considered.
Similarly protein quality in pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving quality in fruits and vegetables etc
are important.
(c) Biotic and abiotic resistance : Crop production can decreases due to various biotic (diseases, insects
and nematodes) and abiotic (drought, salinity, water lodging, heat, cold and frost) stresses. Varieties
resistant to these stresses can improve crop production.
(d) Change in maturity duration : Shorter the maturity duration of crop, more will be its economical
output. Such short duration allow farmers to grow multiple rounds of crops in an year and also reduces
the cost of crop production. Besides that uniform maturity makes harvesting process easy and reduces
losses during harvesting.
(e) Wider adaptability : Developing varieties for wider adaptability will help in stabilising the crop production
under different environmental conditions. Thus, one variety can be grown under different climatic conditions
in different areas.
(f) Desirable agronomic characteristics: It depends on types of crop. For Ex. - for fodder crops,
desirable agronomic characteristics are tallness and profuse branching and for cereals like dwarfness to
reduce chances of lodging and less consumption of nutrients by these crops are important factors. Thus,
crop productivity increases.

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 82 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Knowledge Enhancer
Lodging resistance – It refers to the capability of plants to resist lodging by optimal roots system or other
characteristics.

2. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

• Crop production mainly depends upon different farming practices and agricultural technologies opted by
farmers, but it directly depends upon money and financial conditions of farmers.
• Crop production management is done at different levels:
(A) Nutrient Management
(B) Irrigation
(C) Cropping pattern (Mixed cropping crop rotation and inter cropping etc.)
A. Nutrient Management
For healthy growth, development plants, requires various nutrients, which are supplied to plants by air,
water and soil
Nutrients supplied by air, water and soil
Source Nutrients
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
(i) Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur
Soil
(ii) Micronutrients: iron, manganese, boron,
zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.

• There are 16 nutrients which are essential for plants.

• Macronutrients are require in large quantity and micronutrients in less quantity by plants. For
increasing the yield and to maintain level of nutrients in soil, manures and fertilizers are added to the soil.
• Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological processes in plants including reproduction, growth and
susceptibility to diseases. To increase the yield, the soil can be enriched by supplying these nutrients in
the form of manure and fertilizers.

Do you know :
Of the six macronutrients, only three namely NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) are required
by plants in greater amounts. they are called primary nutrients.

MANURE
• Is prepared by decompostion of animal excreta and plant wastes with the help of bacteria,
fungi etc.
• Rich in organic matter and also supplies small quantity of nutrients to the soil. Hence increases soil fertility
and water holding capacity of sandy soil as it improves the soil structure. In clayey soils, it helps in
drainage and in avoiding water logging, as manure contain organic matter.
• Also protect an environment as it prevents excessive use of fertilizers and helps in recycling of farm
wastes.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 83

• Give long term benefits as maintain soil fertility and gives optimum yield.
• On the basis of kind of biological material used, manure can be classified as:
(i) Farm Yard Manure
• Prepared by decompostion of farm wastes including livestock excreta (cow dung etc.), vegetable waste,
animals refuse, domestic wastes, sewage wastes, straw, eradicated weeds etc.
(ii) Compost and Vermi-compost
• Livestock excreta (cow dung etc.), vegetable waste, animals refuse, domestic wastes, sewage wastes,
straw, eradicated weeds etc.
• Wastes are allowed for decomposition in pits, it is called composting.
• Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients and used as a manure.
• Compost is prepared by earthworms through decompostion of plant and animal refuse. This is called
vermicompost.

Do you know :
Earthworm is physically an aerator, crusher and mixer; chemically it is a degrader and biologically a
stimulator of decomposition.

(iii) Green manure

• Used before sowing of the crop seeds.
• For this purpose legume plants (Generally sun hemp and guar) are used, their roots contain symbiotic
Rhizobium bacteria, helps in nitrogen fixation.
• Plants are grown and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil.
• By action of decomposers, these green plants are converted into green manure, which helps in enriching
the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.

FERTILIZERS
• Plant nutrients produced at commercial scale in factories.
• Supply N, P, K nutrients. These nutrients are regarded as critical elements.
• Fertilizers uses:
(i) Good vegetative growth i.e. leaves, branches & flowers.
(ii) Gives healthy plants.
(iii) Gives higher yields of high-cost farming.
• Several precautions must be taken while using fertilizers:
(i) Used in proper dose and time.
(ii) In post and pre-application, precautions must be taken for their complete utilization.
For eg. sometime fertilizers are not fully absorbed by plants and get washed away due to excesive
irrigation etc.
(iii) Fertilizers are non bio-degradable. So, can causes soil and water pollution.
• Effects of fertilizers :
(i) Continuous use degrade soil quality and soil fertility. As organic matter in the soil is not replenished.
(ii) Causes harm to soil microbes, which are beneficial to soil-fertility.
(iii) Give short term benefits.

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 84 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

ORGANIC FARMING
• A farming system with minimum or no use of chemical as fertilizers. herbicides, pesticides etc and with a
maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm wastes (straw and livestock excreta).
• In this system, bio-agents like blue-green algae, some bacteria are used as biofertilizers and neem
leaves or turmeric are used in grain storage as bio-pesticides with healthy cropping system like mixed
cropping, inter-cropping and crop-rotation.
• Beneficial in insect, pest and weeds control beside providing nutrients.
• No chemical agents are used so that doesn’t causes pollution etc. like side effects.

Do you know :
Rhizobium and Azotobacter are some examples of symbiotic bacteria. These bacteria provide nutrition
to plants and are therefore called biofertilizers.

Manures Fertilizers
Organic Inorganic salts
Produced in field itself by decomposition Produced in factories
of organic matter
Biodegradable Non biodegradable
Relatively poor in plant nutrients Rich in plant nutrients
Add humus Do not add humus

B. Irrigation

Irrigation

Natural Artificial
– By rain

Traditional methods Modern methods

like moat, rahat, Dhekli like sprinkle and drip system
– Low efficiency – High efficiency

• Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in the fields is known as irrigation.
• In India, most of agriculture is dependent on rain. So, poor monsoons causes crop failure. Due to
scarcity or irregular distribution of rains drought occurs. It causes great problem in those areas where
farmers don’t uses irrigation methods.
• Light and sandy soil have less water retention capacity. So, in these areas crops get adversly affected by
drought conditions.
• India has a wide variety of climatic conditions and water resources. So, different irrigation systems are
used to supply water to agriculture lands in different area. The major irrigation systems are:
(i) Wells
• Mainly are of two types- dug well and tube well. Former collect water from water bearing strata whereas
later collected water from the deeper strata.
• Water is lifed by pumps.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 85

(ii) Canals
• Elaborate and extensive irrigation system.
• Canals receives water from one or more reservoirs or rivers.
• Main canal divided into several branches and sub-branches to supply water in field.
(iii) River Lift System
• Used in those areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate reservior release.
• It is rational method.
• Water directly drawn from the rivers and supply to the areas close to rivers.
(iv) Tanks
• Small, storage reservoir.
• Store the run-off of smaller catchment areas.
• To increase water availability for agriculture, rain water harvesting and watershed management etc. are
done. Small check-dams which stops the rain water from flowing away and reduce soil erosion are build
to increase ground water levels.

Do you Know :
Crops are needed to be irrigated with just the right amount of water, neither too little nor too much?
Why? It is because excessive irrigation of water to crops reduces the air trapped in the spaces between
the soil particles. As a result, the roots of crop plants do not get sufficient air to breathe and hence they
die.
Also, the excess water increases the amount of salt on the surface of soil, which is formed due to
excessive evaporation. this accumulation of salt in the field lowers the fertility of soil and hence, reduces
the crop growth and development.

C. Cropping patterns
• Involves different ways of growing crops to obtain maximum benefit.
• The main patterns are:
(i) Mixed cropping:
• Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
For eg. wheat + gram or wheat + mustard or groundnut + sun flower etc.
• Reduces risk, competition for nutrients.
• Gives insurance of yield against failure of one of the crop.
(ii) Inter-cropping
• Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite patterns, i.e. few rows of
one crop alternate with a few rows of second crop.
For e.g. soyabean + Maize or finger millet (bajara) + cow pea (lobia) etc.
• For this pattern, those crops are selected which have different nutrient requirements. So, maximum
utilisation of the nutrients can be ensure without competition.
• Pests and disease could not be spread to all the plants belonging to one crop in a field. Thus, both crops
can give better returns.

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 86 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Intercropping

(iii) Crop-rotation
• The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
• Can be done for different crop combinations.
• Choice of crop after one harvest depends on
(a) Duration of growth
(b) Availability of moisture
(c) Irrigation facilities
• In this pattern, one crop must be of legume family to maintain fertility of soil.
• Two or three crops can be grown in a year with good harvest if method is done properly.

3. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT

• Protection of crop from weeds, insects pests and disease-prevent crops loss.
(i) Weeds
• Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field like-Xanthium (Gokhroo), Parthenium (Gajar Ghas),
Cyperinus rotundus (Motha) etc.
• Weeds causes competition for space, nutrients, light with crop plants and reduces growth, crop yield.
Thus, weed removal during early stages of crop growth is essential for a good harvest.
• Proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation also helps in weed
control.
• Weed can be controlled by mechanical removal and chemical treatment.

Weeding (Weed Removal)

Mechanical Chemical
– uprooting of weeds – specific chemical like 2, 4-D
with help of trowel, hoe etc. are used to kill weeds selectively.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 87

Do you know :
Weeding is done before flowering so that weeds cannot produce seeds to multiply their number and
these seeds cannot mix with grains.

(ii) Insects pests

• Insects pests mainly attack the plants in three main ways:
(a) By cutting roots, stem and leaf.
(b) By sucking the cell sap from different plants parts.
(c) By boring into stem and fruits.
• Thus, pests attack health of the crop and reduce yields.
• Use of resistant varieties, deep ploughing of fields in summers destroy weeds and pests.

(iii) Pathogens
• Bacteria, fungi and viruses are main plant pathogens.
• These are present in and transmitted through air, water and soil.
• Crops can be protected by use of pesticides i.e. herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. These chemicals
can be spreaded on crops, used for treating seeds and soil. But excessive used of these chemicals can be
poisonous to many plants, animal species and can also causes environmental pollution.

Weed can be control by following ways :

(i) Mechanical methods (By weeding) :
• Removing weeds from crop fields by harrow interculture ploughing, burning and flooding.
(ii) Chemical method :
• Using chemicals called herbicides or weedicides e.g. 2,4 D, nitrofen, atrazine.
• These are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds.
• Weedicides are sprayed during the vegetative growth of weeds before flowering and seed formation.
(iii) Biological method :
• Employing living organisms to destroy weeds.
• Cassia plant prevent the growth of parthenium weed.
Advantages of biological method :
• It does not cause pollution.
• Organisms are harmless to the main crop.

Do you know
Bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen, used as a bio-pesticide. It kills a wide range of insect larvae.

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 88 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

STORAGE OF GRAINS
• Various biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria and abiotic factors like- inappropriate
moisture, temperature of storage house etc. are responsible for grain losses.
• These factors causes loss in weight, degradation in quality, poor germinability, discolouration of seeds
etc which decreases marketability.
• Grains losses can be controlled by proper treatment and by systematic management of warehouses.
• Preventive and control measures should be used before storage of grains like:
(a) Strict cleaning
(b) Proper drying in sun light first, followed by in shade
(c) Fumigation by using chemicals that can kill pests.
• Moisture control is an important factor in storage of grains. Generally grains are stored in jute bags or
metallic bins. However, large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect them from
pests like rats and insects. Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home.

Do you know :
The entire sun dried food grains are allowed to cool to the room temperature before storing them.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
• The science of rearing, feeding, caring, breeding and utilization of animal livestock is called animal husbandry.
• The word live stock refers to domestic animals kept or dealt in for use or profit eg. cattle, buffaloes,
sheep, goat, pigs, horses and camels etc.
• With increase in population, living standards and demand for milk, eggs and meat also increases.
So, practices of animal based farming i.e. cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish increases.
• Various types of animal farming are :
1. Cattle farming 2. Poultry farming 3. Fish farming 4. Bee keeping
1. Cattle Farming
• Done mainly for two purposes [Link] and draught labour for agriculture work such as tilling, irrigation
and carting.
• Cattle and buffaloes are important forms of domesticated animals.
• There is a variety of breeds of cattle and buffalo in our country, which differ in body build, colour,
forehead, forms of horns and geographical distribution. The best cattle breeds occurs in the drier regions
of the country.
• Indian cattle belongs to two different speices i.e. Bos indicus (cow), Bos bubalis (buffaloes).
• Depending upon the utility, the cattle are classified into the following groups:
(a) Milch breeds - Milk producing females [Sahiwal (Punjab, UP), Gir (Rajasthan, Gujarat)]
(b) Draught breeds - Used for farm labour [Malvi (Rajasthan, MP), Nageri (Haryana, UP)]
(c) General utility breeds (Dual purpose): [Kankrej (Gujarat), Tharparkar (AP)]
• Milk production depends on the duration of the lactation period ie. the period of milk production after
the birth of a calf. Thus, by increasing the lactation period, milk production can be increased.
• Exotic or foreign breeds for eg. Jersey, Brown Swiss are selected for long lactation period whereas
local breeds for e.g. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal shows excellent resistance to diseases. Both can be
crossed to get animals with both the desired qualities.
• For better health and milk production, proper cleaning and shelter is required.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 89

• Regular brushing of animals is require to remove dirt and loose hairs.

• They should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them from rain, heat and cold.
• The floor of cattle shed should be slopy. So, it remain dry and facilitate cleaning.
• Dairy animals needs two types of food requirements-
(a) Maintenance requirement - including food which support healthy life of animals.
(b) Milk producing requirement - includes types of food require during lactation period for proper
milk production.
• Cattle food is of two types :
(a) Roughage - contain large amount of fibres and low nutriting value which include hay, fibre, fodder
and silage.
(b) Concentrate - Rich in proteins and other nutritive but low in fibre. It is a mixture of cereal, broken
grams, polish rice, cotton seeds, gram bran and oil cake, moistened in water.
• Cattle require balance ratio having all nutrients in proper proportion.
• Beside that cattles also require certain additives rich in micronutrients and promote the health and milk
output of dairy animals.
• Cattles suffers from several diseases which can cause death and reduces milk production.
• Diseases can be caused by:
(a) Parasites: Which may be external and internal, former live on the skin, causes mainly skin diseases.
Later including worms affects stomach and intestine, while flukes damage the liver.
(b) Bacteria: TB, anthrax
(c) Virus: Foot and mouth disease, pox
• Against various bacterial and virul diseases vaccinations are given to farm animals.

Knowledge Enhancer :
MILK
Milk as drawn from the cattle is known as full cream milk. When the cream is separated and the remaining
milk is called toned milk. This milk contains no fat and is known as skimmed milk.
The various milk products are :
(i) Cream : It is prepared by churning milk. The fat comes on the top which is separated by draining out the
liquid. It is known as cream with 10-70 % fat contents.
(ii) Curd : Milk is converted to curd due to bacterial activites.
(iii) Butter milk : It is the left over liquid after removal of butter.
(iv) Ghee : After heating butter, the water evaporates and fat contents are almost 100%, forms ghee.

Do you know :
Buffalo milk is superior to cow’s milk. It is richer in protein, carbohydrate, fat, and calcium and
phosphorous while poorer in potassium, sodium and cholesterol.

2. Poultry Farming
• Poultry includes all those birds, which can be raised under domestication for economic. It includes
chicken, ducks, pigeons, turkeys etc.

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 90 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

• A n egg laying poultry bird is called hen and the poultry birds groomed of obtaining meat are called
chicken.
• Poultry farming is highly advantageous as it yields quick returns, requires less space and is easy to
manage.
• In general poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat. So,
improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers for eggs and broilers for meat.
• The cross breeding programmes between Indian (indigenous for eg. Aseel) and foreign (exotic for eg.
Leghron) breeds are focused to develop new improved varieties for desirable traits like:
(a) number and quality of chicks.
(b) dwarf broiler parent of commercial chick production.
(c) tolerance to high temperature / Summer adaptation capacity
(d) low maintenance requirements
(e) reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird which can utilise more fibrous diets formulated by using
agricultural by-products.
Egg and Broiler production:
• Chicken which are produced and sent of market for meat purpose called broilers.
• Broiler chickens are fed with protein rich with adequate fat and vitamin-rich supplementary feed for
goods growth rate and better feed efficiency. Proper care is require to avoid mortality and to maintain
feathering and carcass quality.
• The level of vitamin A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.
• For good production of poultry birds, good management practices are require including proper
maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed as well prevention and
control of diseases and pests. The poultry raised for egg production called layers.
• Poultry fowl suffers from a number of diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and nutritional
deficiencies. Fowl pox and Ranikhet are common virual diseases. Later is very common in hens.
Whereas fowl cholera, diarrhoea, coryza are bacterial and aspergillus is a common fungal disease.
• With better managament, proper housing and nutrition, timely vaccination of the chicks, the diseases can
be controlled and loss of poultry can be reduced.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Eggs are laid by females of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish they
have probably been eaten by mankind for millennia. Bird’s and reptile’s egg consist of a protective
eggshell, albumen (egg while), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes.
Egg has a calcareous shell made up of calcium carbonate. If you crack the shell and break the egg in a
plate, you will find a yellow coloured solid material, called yolk. Egg yolk stores significant amount of
proteins in it. Yolk is surrounded by a transparent mucilaginous material, known as albumin. Both these
parts get solidified when you boil the egg and peel off its shell.

3. Fish Farming (Fish Production)

• Fish production includes the finned true fish as well as shell fish such as prawns and molluscs.
• Fishes are a valuable and easily accessible source of food, rich in protein, highly nutritious and easily
digestible.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 91

• The production of useful aquatic plants and animals such as fishes, prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs,
molluscs by the proper utilization of small and large water bodies called aqua-culture.
• The production and breeding of fishes by man in ponds called pisciculture.
• Capture Fishing : Fish obtained from natural resources.
• Culture Fishery : Fish obtained by fish farming is called culture fishery.
• Fishes are fresh water and marine.
(i) Marine fisheries:
• India’s marine fishery resources include 7500 km of coastline and deep seas.
Ex. Pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, and Bombay duck are common marine fishes.
• Fishing is done by nets and fishes are located by satellites and echo sounders.
• Marine Fish of high economic value are finned fishes like mullets, bhetki and pearl spots, shellfish such as
prawns, mussels and oyster (for pearl).
• Prawns are crustacean (Arthropoda) animal. Its common species are
(a) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Fresh water)
(b) Peneaus monodon (Marine)
• Oysters are bivalved molluscan animals. These are marine as well as fresh water animals. Common
Oysters used for pearl culture are:
(a) Pinctada vulgaris and other species of pinctada (Marine)
(b) Mytilus, Placuna maxima (Fresh water)
• Mariculture - Marine fish culture is called mariculture.

(ii) Inland fisheries -

• Fresh water resources include canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers.
• Aquaculture is done

Sea water & river water (Brackish water)

Estuaries Lagoons
• Brackish water resources, where seawater and fresh water mix together, such a estuaries and lagoons
are also important fish reservoirs.
• While capture fishing is also done in such inland water bodies, the yield is not high.
• Most fish production from these resources is through aquaculture.
• Some fishes can be cultured along with rice crop called paddy culture.
• Composite fish culture system - is more intensive fish farming in which both local and imported fish
species are used (non competing).
• In this system 5 or 6 fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do
not compete for food as they have different food habits. Thus, food available in all the parts of the pond
is used. For eg.
Catla: surface feeders.
Rohu: Middle zone feeders.

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 92 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Mrigals and common carps: Bottom feeder

Grass carp: Feed on the weeds
• Benefits:
(i) Increases the fish yield from the pond.
(ii) Utilization of complete food present in pond.
• Limitation of composite fish culture system
(i) Breed only during monsoon.
(ii) Lack of good quality fish seed
• Steps to overcome limitations:
(i) Hormonal stimulation for breeding in pond called induced breeding.
This ensure supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.

4. Bee keeping
• Apiculture is the process of rearing of honey bee in the artificial hives, called apiaries, for the production
of honey at commercial level.
• local variety of bee used for commercial honey production are: Apis cerana indica (Indian Bee),
[Link] (The rock bee), A. florae (The little Bee). A. mellifera (Italian bee).
• For commercial honey production A. mellifera (Italian bee) is used, they are sting less, they live longer
in given beehive and breed very well.
• Apiaries: Bee farms, used for commercial honey production.
Quality of honey depend upon - pasturage, (i.e. Flower availability), nectar, Pollen collection. Kind of
flower available determine taste of the honey.
• Rearing of honey bee for honey, wax, medicine. It forms cottage industry when carried out on a large
scale. It needs low investments
• Honey contain Levulose, Dextrose, Maltose etc sugar, Enzymes, water, vitamins (A, B, B2, B3, B6, C, E
& K) & minerals (Ca, Na, Fe, P, S etc.).

Knowledge Enhancer :
HONEY
Honey is viscous sweet syrup, which is formed from the nectar of flowers. Worker bees colect nectar
form flowers, modify and concentrate them to form honey.
Honey contains 20–40% water, 60–80% sugar, 0.2–0.5% vitamins, propolis, enzymes and pollen grains.
Importance of Honey :
(a) It is usefull in the treatment of disorders of humans related to digestion, vomiting and stomach, liver
ailments.
(b) It acts as blood purifier, a cure against cough and cold, sore throat, ulcer of stomach and intestine.
(c) It helps in growth of human body as it is a source of iron and calcium.
(d) It acts as a source of sugar in confectionary items.
(e) It helps in building up haemoglobin.
(f) It acts as an immediate source of energy.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 93

TRY YOURSELF
1 Building block of body is
(A) Protein (B) Vitamin (C) Fat (D) All
2 Oat is
(A) Gram (B) Legume (C) Fodder (D) None
3 Resistance to nematode is
(A) Biotic resistance (B) Abiotic resistance (C) Both (D) None
4 Manure is
(A) Organic (B) Inorganic
(C) Decomposed product (D) Both (A) and (C) are correct
5 Vermicompost is produced by
(A) Fungus (B) Bacteria like Rhizobium
(C) Earthworm (D) None
6 Organic farming is based on using
(A) Fertilizer (B) Pesticide (C) Herbicide (D) None
7 The method of irrigation saving water and having high efficiency is
(A) Modern method (B) Traditional method (C) Both (D) none
8 Growing same crop every year
(A) Increase fertility of soil (B) decrease soil fertility
(C) Has no effect on soil fertility (D) none
9 Advantage of crop rotation
(A) Proper utilization of nutrients (B) Keeping rise of pest attack low
(C) Both (D) None
10 Useful organisms are categorized as
(A) Stray animals (B) Zoo animals (C) Live stock (D) None
11 Diet of Broiler have high amount of
(A) Vitamin A (B) Vitamin K (C) Protein (D) All
12 Fishes used in composite culture should be
(A) Competing (B) Non-competing (C) Both (D) None
13 Rearing honey bee is known as
(A) Horti cultue (B) Bee farming (C) Apiculture (D) None

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 94 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

1. Agriculture and animal husbandry provide us with all our animal and plant food.
2. For feeding the ever increasing Indian population, our capacity of manufacturing crop plants and livestock
should be increased through various efforts like green revolution and white revolution. But this should be
done in a sustainable manner without destroying our environment.
3. Improving the financial status of people, especially those involved in agricultural practices is essential to
provide food security to everyone.
4. Different crops provide us with different types of nutrients.
Crops Nutrients
Carbohydrates Cereals
Proteins Pulses
Fats Oil seeds
Vitamins and minerals Vegetables, spices and fruits
5. The optimum requirement of temperature, water, light and other conditions vary for different crops.
6. Kharif crops like paddy and cotton are grown in rainy season whereas rabbi crops like wheat and
mustard are grown in winter season.
7. Crop variety improvement, crop production improvement and crop protection management helps to
increase the crop yields.
8. A crop variety possessing several desirable characteristics should be selected to produce a good yield.
9. Hybridisation and genetic modification techniques introduce the useful characters into crop plants.
10. It is desirable to develop crops that can survive and give good yields in different climatic conditions and
areas.
11. The characteristics desirable in crop plants are :
(i) Increased yield
(ii) Improved quality (particular to the crop plant)
(iii) Resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, especially those harming the plant.
(iv) Reduction in duration of plant maturity.
(v) Broad range adaptability of the crop plant under various environmental conditions.
(vi) Desired agronomic characteristics particular to a plant.
Variety improvement may be done for one or several of these characteristics.
12. In India, the land holding, financial conditions and use of modern technologies varies among different
farmers. Hence the inputs of farmers are also different, leading to differing production practices and
yields.
13. The sixteen nutrients required by plants are obtained through air, water and soil.
Source of nutrients Nutrients required by plants
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
Soil (i) Macronutrients: Nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur
(ii) Micronutrients: Iron, manganese, boron,
zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 95

14. Manures and fertilizers supplement the soil with the required nutrients and thus increase crop yield.
15. Manures contain decomposed animal and plant wastes and increases soil nutrition and fertility.
16. The bulk organic matter present in manure improves soil structure.
17. In composting, the biological waste material is decomposed in pits. Composting done using earthworms
is called vermi-composting.
18. In green manuring, green crops are grown, mulched by ploughing and mixed with soil to improve soil
structure and fertility.
19. The commercially produced fertilizers provide macronutrients like N, K and P and ensure healthy growth
of plants.
20. Excessive use of fertilizers causes water pollution and loss of soil fertility.
21. Best crop yields is obtained by a balance between the use of fertilizers and manures.
22. In organic farming, use of chemicals is discouraged whereas use of organic manures,
bio-agents and healthy cropping systems is encouraged.
23. Irrigation is essential to ensure agricultural success in India since our agriculture is mainly rain-fed.
24. Wells, canals, rivers and tanks are some important irrigation systems in our country.
25. The source of wells is underground water whereas canals get water from rivers or reservoirs. River lift
systems draw water directly from rivers.
26. Rainwater harvesting and watershed management increases storage of rain water for later use in agriculture.
27. Risk of crop failure is reduced in mixed cropping wherein two or more crops are grown together on the
same field.
28. Two or more crops with different nutritional requirements are grown on the same farm in
inter-cropping so as to utilize maximum nutrients and prevent spread of diseases and pests.
29. In crop rotation, different crop combinations are grown on the same field in a pre-planned succession so
as to get maximum returns.
30. Weeds, pests and diseases can destroy large amounts of crop plants.
31. Weed removal from crop fields is essential since they use up the requirements of crop plants like food,
space, light etc.
32. Insect pests and plant pathogens attack different parts of the plant and thus reduce crop yields.
33. Pesticides are used to control weeds, insects and diseases, but they should be used only as much as
needed to avoid environmental pollution and health hazards.
34. Several preventive methods can be adopted to carry out pest and weed control.
35. Biotic and abiotic factors can cause huge storage losses of food grains and can be taken care of by
proper treatment.
36. It is better to use preventive and control methods for protecting crops such as proper cleaning and
drying of the crops followed by fumigation, rather than treatment measures.
37. Due to the food needs of the ever increasing human population, animal husbandry, especially of cattle,
goat, sheep, poultry and fish, is gaining a lot of importance.
38. In India, cows and buffaloes are used for draught labour and producing milk and are called draught
animals and milch animals respectively.
39. Long lactation period is a desirable quality in milch animals.
40. Exotic breeds showing long lactation is cross bred with local breeds showing resistance to diseases to
obtain high quality breeds.
41. For good health and milk production, proper cattle management is required such as shelter, feeding,
breeding and disease control.

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 96 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

42. The cattle shelter should be well-ventilated, hygienic and dry.

43. Cattle food should include roughage and concentrates in balanced amounts and are required for the
healthy maintenance as well as milk production of the cattle.
44. Cattle diseases are caused by external and internal parasites as well as by bacteria and viruses. These
affect the health as well as milk production of the animals and can be largely controlled through vaccinations.
45. Poultry farming targets egg production and broiler production for chicken meat.
46. Cross-breeding is done between the Indian and foreign breeds of poultry to obtain improved varieties
containing desirable traits such as tolerance to high temperature, dwarf broiler parent, low maintenance
requirements and reduction in size of the layers.
47. The shelter, feeding and other requirements of broilers and layers differ from each other.
48. The diet of broilers is planned with the aim of achieving good growth rate and quality of carcass whereas
the diet of layers is aimed to achieve large number and high quality of eggs.
49. Broiler diet is rich in proteins and vitamins, along with the required amount of fat.
50. The poultry shelter should be hygienic, well-lighted and maintained at appropriate temperatures.
51. Poultry need to be protected from various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and
nutritional deficiencies, through proper treatment, sanitation and vaccination.
52. In fish production, both the finned true fish as well as shellfish are obtained from marine or fresh water
through capture fishing or culture fishery.
53. India’s marine fishery resources are the vast coastlines and extensive seas; the freshwater resources are
canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers whereas the brackish water fishery resources are estuaries and
lagoons.
54. In India, marine fishes such as pomphret, tuna, mackerel and sardines are located through satellites and
echo sounders and captured using fishing nets.
55. Marine fish farming of high economic value fishes like mullets, oysters and prawns are done in sea water.
56. Fresh water fish production is mainly carried out through aquaculture.
57. Composite fish culture system is used commonly for fresh water fish farming. In this system, five or six
fish species with different food habits are farmed together in a single pond, so as to increase the yield of
fish.
58. Since high quality fish seed is not always available, fish are nowadays bred using hormonal stimulation,
thus ensuring continuous supply of the seed.
59. Bee-keeping is a low investment activity carried out by farmers to obtain honey and wax.
60. Apis cerana indica, Apis dorsata and Apis florae are the Indian bee varieties whereas Apis mellifera is an
Italian variety used for commercially producing honey.
61. The availability of sufficient amount of pasturage as well as the type of flowers decides the quality of
honey.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 97

1. Hybridisation – Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.

2. Intervarietal hybridization – Hybridisation between different varieties of plants.
3. Interspecific hybridization – Hybridisation between plants belonging to two different species of the
same genus.
4. Intergeneric hybridization – Hybridisation between plants of different genera.
5. Macronutrients – Nutrients required by plants in large quantities.
6. Micronutrients – Nutrients required by plants in small quantities.
7. Composting – The process in which farm waste material like livestock excreta, vegetable waste, animal
refuse, domestic waste, sewage waste etc is decomposed in pits.
8. Vermi-compost – Compost prepared by using earthworms to hasten the decomposition process of
plant and animal refuse.
9. Manure – Organic substances of animal or plant origin that is added to the soil to increase its fertility
and structure.
10. Fertiliser – Commercially produced plant nutrients that enriches the soil fertility and increases the crop
yield.
11. Organic farming – A farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, pesticides etc.
and with a maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm-wastes, along with use of bio-agents and
healthy cropping systems.
12. Mixed cropping – The practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
13. Inter-cropping – The practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a
definite pattern.
14. Crop rotation – The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.
15. Weeds – Unwanted plants in the cultivated field.
16. Animal husbandry – The scientific management of animal livestock.
17. Milch cattle – Milk-producing females of cattle.
18. Draught cattle – Cattle used for farm labour.
19. Layer – Egg laying poultry.
20. Broiler – Poultry reared for obtaining meat.
21. Capture fishing – Obtaining fish from natural resources
22. Culture fishery – Obtaining fish by fish farming.
23. Mariculture – The farming of finfish or shellfish in marine water.
24. Aquaculture – The farming of freshwater or marine organisms for human use, by proper utilization of
available waters in the country.
25. Beekeeping – The cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey and beeswax.

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 98 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

[NCERT Questions]

Q.1 What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?

Ans. (i) Cereals provide us with carbohydrates. Also, they are a rich source of energy.
(ii) Pulses give us proteins.
(iii) Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. A small amount of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats are also present in them.

Q.2 How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?

Ans. A variety of biotic factors such as pests, nematodes, diseases, etc. can reduce the net crop production.
A pest causes damage to agriculture by feeding on crops. For example, boll weevil is a pest on cotton.
It attacks the cotton crop, thereby reducing its yield. Weeds also reduce crop productivity by competing
with the main crop for nutrients, light, and space. Similarly, abiotic factors such as salinity, temperature,
etc. affect the net crop production. Some natural calamities such as droughts and floods are unpredictable.
Their occurrence has a great impact on crops sometimes, destroying the entire crop.

Q.3 What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?
Ans. The desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements are :
(i) Tallness and profuse branching in any fodder crop.
(ii) Dwarfness in cereals.
These desirable agronomic characteristics help in increasing crop productivity.

Q.4 What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients?
Ans. Macro-nutrientsare nutrients required in relatively large quantities for growth and development of plants.
They are six in number. Since they are required in large quantities, they are known as macro-nutrient.
The six macro-nutrients required by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
and sulphur.

Q.5 How do plants get nutrients?

Ans. Plants require sixteen essential nutrients from nature for their growth and development. All these nutrients
are obtained from air, water, and soil. Soil is the major source of nutrients. Thirteen of these nutrients are
available from soil. The remaining three nutrients (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) are obtained from air
and water.

Q.6 Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.
Ans. Manures increase soil fertility by enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it is prepared by
the decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. On the other hand, fertilizers are mostly inorganic
compounds whose excessive use is harmful to the symbiotic micro-organisms living in soil. Their excessive
use also reduces soil fertility. Hence, fertilizers are considered good for only short term use.

Q.7 Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?
(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use fertilizers.
(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilizer.
(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizer and use crop protection measures.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 99

Ans. (c) Farmers using good quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and using crop protection
measures will derive most benefits.
(i) The use of good quality seeds increases the total crop production. If a farmer is using good quality
seeds, then a majority of the seeds will germinate properly, and will grow into a healthy plant.
(ii) Proper irrigation methods improve the water availability to crops.
(iii) Fertilizers ensure healthy growth and development in plants by providing the essential nutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.
(iv) Crop protection measures include various methods to control weeds, pests, and infectious agents. If
all these necessary measures are taken by a farmer, then the overall production of crops will increase.

Q.8 Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting
crops?
Ans. Preventive measures and biological control methods should be preferred for protecting crops because
excessive use of chemicals leads to environmental problems. These chemicals are also poisonous for
plants and animals. Preventive measures include proper soil and seed preparation, timely sowing of
seeds, intercropping and mixed cropping, usage of resistant varieties of crops, etc. On the other hand,
biological control methods include the usage of bio-pesticides that are less toxic for the environment. An
example of bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringenesis,which is an insect pathogen that kills a wide range of
insect larvae.
Therefore, both preventive measures and biological control methods are considered eco- friendly methods
of crop protection.

Q.9 What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
Ans. During the storage of grains, various biotic factors such as insects, rodents, mites, fungi, bacteria, etc.
and various abiotic factors such as inappropriate moisture, temperature, lack of sunlight, flood, etc. are
responsible for losses of grains. These factors act on stored grains and result in degradation, poor
germinability, discolouration, etc.

Q.10 Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why?
Ans. Cattle farming is commonly used for improving cattle breeds. The purpose of cattle farming is to increase
the production of milk and draught labour for agricultural work. Dairy animals (females) are used for
obtaining milk and draught animals (males) are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as
carting, irrigation, tilling, etc. Cross breeding between two good varieties of cattle will produce a new
improved variety. For example, the cross between foreign breeds such as Jersey Brown, Swiss (having
long lactation periods) and Indian breeds such as Red Sindhi, Sahiwal (having excellent resistance power
against diseases) produces a new variety having qualities of both breeds.

Q.11 Discuss the implications of the following statement :

“It is interesting to note that poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff
(which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food.”
Ans. Poultry in India is the most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein
food. In poultry farming, domestic fowls are raised to produce eggs and chicken. For this, the fowls are
given animal feeds in the form of roughage, which mainly consists of fibres. Thus, by feeding animals a
fibre rich diet, the poultry gives highly nutritious food in the form of eggs and chicken.

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 100 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.12 What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
Ans. Common management practices in dairy and poultry farming are :
(i) Proper shelter facilities and their regular cleaning.
(ii) Some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious food, etc.
(iii) Animals are kept in spacious, airy, and ventilated place.
(iv) Prevention and cure of diseases at the right time is ensured.

Q.13 What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?
Ans. Layers are meant for egg production, whereas broilers are meant for poultry meat. Nutritional,
environmental, and housing conditions required by broilers are different from those required by egg
layers. A broiler chicken, for their proper growth, requires vitamin rich supplements especially vitamin A
and K. Also, their diet includes protein rich food and enough fat. They also require extra care and
maintenance to increase their survival rate in comparison to egg layers.

Q.14 How are fish obtained?

Ans. Fish can be obtained by two ways :
(i) Capture fishing: It is the process of obtaining fish from natural resources.
(ii) Culture fishery: It is the practice of farming fishes. Farming can be done in both freshwater ecosystem
(which includes river water, pond water) and marine ecosystem.
Q.15 What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
Ans. An advantage of composite fish culture is that it increases the yield of fish. In a composite fish culture, five
or six different species are grown together in a single fish pond. Fishes with different food habitats are
chosen so that they do not compete for food among themselves. Also, this ensures a complete utilization
of food resources in the pond. As a result, the survival rate of fish increases and their yield also increases.
Q.16 What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
Ans. Bee varieties having the following desirable characters are suitable for honey production :
(i) They should yield high quantity of honey.
(ii) They should not sting much.
(iii) They should stay in the beehive for long durations.
(iv) They should breed very well.

Q.17 What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?

Ans. Pasturage is the availability of flowers from which bees collect nectar and pollen. It is related to the
production of honey as it determines the taste and quantity of honey.

Q.18 Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield.
Ans. Crop rotationis one of the methods of crop production that ensures high yield. It is the method of
growing two or more varieties of crops on the same land in sequential seasons. A crop utilises some
particular nutrients in larger quantities from the soil. Then, if the same crop is grown in subsequent
seasons those nutrients will get depleted in the soil. Therefore, crops having different nutrient requirements
are rotated. For example, legumes which have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules supply the
soil with nitrogen. Therefore, these legumes are rotated with nitrogen requiring cereals such as wheat and
maize. This method reduces the need of fertilizers, thereby increasing the overall yield of crops.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 101

Q.19 Why are manures and fertilizers used in fields?

Ans. Manures and fertilizers are used in fields to enrich the soil with the required nutrients. Manure helps in
enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. On
the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plants. They are a good source of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To get an optimum yield, it is instructed to use a balanced combination
of manures and fertilizers in the soil.

Q.20 What are the advantages of inter-cropping and crop rotation?

Ans. Inter-cropping and crop rotation both play an important role in increasing the yield of crops. Inter-
cropping helps in preventing pests and diseases to spread throughout the field. It also increases soil
fertility, whereas crop rotation prevents soil depletion, increases soil fertility, and reduces soil erosion.
Both these methods reduce the need for fertilizers. It also helps in controlling weeds and controls the
growth of pathogens and pests in crops.

Q.21 What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural practices?

Ans. Genetic manipulationis a process where the gene for a particular character is introduced inside the chromosome
of a cell. When the gene for a particular character is introduced in a plant cell, a transgenic plant is produced.
These transgenic plants exhibit characters governed by the newly introduced gene. For example, let us assume
there is a wild plant that produces small fruits. If the gene responsible for a larger fruit size is introduced in this
plant, this plant becomes transgenic, and starts producing larger fruits. Similarly, genes for higher yield, disease
resistance, etc. can be introduced in any desired plant.
Therefore, gene manipulation plays an important role in agricultural practices. It helps in improving crop variety.
It ensures food security and insect resistant crops. It also improves the quality and yield of crops.

Q.22 How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?

Ans. Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. Using this
method, better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in
agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc.

Q.23 What are the benefits of cattle farming?

Ans. Benefits of cattle farming :
(i) Good quality and quantity of milk can be produced.
(ii) Draught labour animals can be produced for agricultural work.
(iii) New variety that are resistant to diseases can be produced by crossing two varieties with the desired
traits.

Q.24 For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping?
Ans. The common factor for increasing production in poultry, fisheries, and bee keeping is the proper
management techniques that are to be followed. Regular cleaning of farms is of utmost importance.
Maintenance of temperature and prevention and cure of diseases is also required to increase the number
of animals.
Q.25 How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture?
Ans. Capture fis hing M ariculture Aquaculture
It is the method of It is the culture of It involves the production of aquatic animals
obtaining fishes from marine fishes for that are of high economic value such as
natural resources. commercial use. prawns, lobsters, fishes, crabs, etc.

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 102 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. Raising domestic fowl for chicken, meat and egg is _________________
2. Worms are ____________ parasites.
3. _____________ animal used for tilling and carting.
4. Before storage __________________ is done to remove insects.
5. Period of milk production after birth of calf is _________________ period.
6. ______________ adds humus to soil.
7. _______________ is growth and flowering in plants with respect to duration of sunlight.
8. _______________ increase water holding capacity of soil.
9. Culturing of aquatic plants and animals is called _________________.
10. _________________ Molluscan animals can produce pearls.

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. Organisms preparing own food are
(A) Photoautotrophs (B) Chemoautotrophs (C) Both (D) Hetrotrophs

2. Abiotic factors includes

(A) Drought (B) Salinity (C) Temperature (D) All

3. Most important source of nutrient for plants is

(A) Soil (B) Water (C) Air (D) None

4. Manure is prepared by
(A) Microbial decomposition (B) Chemical treatment
(C) Physical processing (D) All

5. During inter-cropping, nutrient requirement of plants must be

(A) Different (B) Same (C) Uncertain (D) All

6. Long loctation period is found in

(A) Jersey (B) Red Sindhi (C) Sahiwal (D) All

7. Which is not technique of crop improvement

(A) Introduction (B) Selection (C) Hybridization (D) Feeding

8. Broiler chicken are given

(A) More protein (B) No protein (C) Less protein (D) None

9. The production and management of fish is

(A) Sculpture (B) Apiculture (C) Aquaculture (D) Both (B) and (C)

10. Process of cross-breeding two individuals of different variety is

(A) Hybridisation (B) Feeding (C) Intermixing (D) None

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 103

11. Cattle feed includes

(A) Roughage (B) Concentrates (C) Both (D) None

12. Worms are

(A) External parasite (B) Internal parasite (C) Friendly (D) None

13. Leghorn is
(A) Exotic breed (B) Indigenous breed (C) Both (D) None

14. Crops grown in winter are

(A) Kharif (B) Rabi (C) Both (D) None

15. Which of following is milch animal?

(A) Apis spp. (B) Bos indicus (C) Bos bubalis (D) Both (B)&(C)

16. Bees are kept for

(A) Honey (B) Wax (C) Medicine (D) All

17. Vermicompost is
(A) Manure (B) Excreta of earthworm
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None

18. BGA is
(A) Pesticide (B)Biofertilizer (C) Both (D) None

19. Fertilizers
(A) Add humus (B) Do not add humus (C) Uncertain (D) None

20. Type of irrigation method.

(A) Tilling (B) Sprinkler (C) Drip (D) Both (B)&(C)

21. Example of Green manure is

(A) Neem (B) Legumes (C) Both (D) None

22. Source of protein

(A) Oat (B) Sudan (C) Soyabean (D) All

23. Wheat is
(A) Rabi crop (B) Kharif crop (C) Both (D) None

24. To prevent lodging crop should be

(A) Tall (B) Dwarf
(C) No relation in height and lodging (D) All of the above

SECTION–C
PREVIOUS YEAR’S QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Type Questions : (One Mark)
Q.1 Mention any two abiotic factors that affect crop production. [SAI-2013, 14]
Ans. Drought, salinity, water logging etc.

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 104 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.2 What is the advantage of selecting seeds of crops with wider adaptability for agriculture? [SAI-2013]
Ans. It helps in stabilising the crop production under different environmental conditions.

Q.3 Define animal husbandry. [SAI-2010, 2011, 2013, 2014]

Ans. Animal husbandry is the farming or management of animal livestock which includes various aspects such
as animal’s shelter, feeding, breeding, health and disease control.

Q.4 What are main requirements of different crops for their growth and completion of their life cycle?
[SAI-2013, l4]
Ans. Different climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods.

Short Answer Type Questions : (Two Marks)

Q.5 What are macronutrients ? Which physiological processes of plants are affected by the deficiency of
such nutrients? [SAI-2015]
Ans. The nutrients which are required in large quantities for development, growth and well beings of plants are
called macronutrients.
Deficiency of these nutrients in plants affects reproduction, growth and susceptibility to diseases.

Q.6 (i) Name one exotic and one local breed of cow.
(ii) Mention one character each of exotic and local breed of cow which are desired in the cross-breed.
[SAI-2015]
Ans. (i) Exotic : Jersey, Local : Red Sindhi.
(ii) Exotic breeds have long lactation period and the local breeds show excellent resistance to diseases.

Q.7 What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production? [SAI-2013, 14]
Ans. Pasturage: The flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen are collectively called pasturage.
The type of flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection as well as taste of honey
depends upon the quality of pasturage.

Q.8 List any two advantages of crop rotation. [SAI-2013, 14]

Ans. (i) Two or three crops can be grown in a year.
(ii) It helps to control weeds.

Q.9 What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement? [SAI-2014]
Ans. Desirable agronomic characteristics:
(i) Tallness and profuse branching are desirable characters for fodder crops.
(ii) Dwarfness is desired in cereals so that less nutrients are consumed by these crops.

Short Answer Type Questions : (Three Marks)

Q.10 Mention three practices in which cattle farming is beneficial to mankind. [SAI-2015]
Ans. Cattle farming is beneficial to mankind in the following ways :
• Provide milk.
• Drought labour for agricultural work, such as tilling, irrigation and carting.
• The excreta (cattle dung) is used to produce bio-gas or for making manure.

Q.11 Define the term organic farming. Write its four advantages. [SAI-2015]
Ans. Organic farming : Production of unpolluted plant products by pursuing a farming system with minimal
or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc., is known as organic farming.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 105

Advantages of organic farming :

(i) In organic farming there is minimal or no use of chemicals.
(ii) In this farming microorganisms present in the soil are replenished.
(iii) It maintains the soil fertility.
(iv) Food obtained by this process is nutritious and unpolluted.

Q.12 (i) Name the three varieties of pesticide used.

(ii) Write the problems related to excess use of pesticides. [SAI-2013,14]
Ans. (i) Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.
(ii) (a) Pesticides contain chemicals and its excessive use creates problem for living beings.
(b) It leads to many diseases like abdominal problems, respiratory problems etc.
(c) It causes environmental pollution.

Q.13 What is ‘green manuring’ ? List any two commonly used green manure crops and name two macronutrients
provided by green manure. [SAI-20l1, 14]
Ans. (i) Green manuring is the practice of ploughing green plants into the soil for improving the fertility. Green
manure provides organic matter and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil.
(ii) Commonly used green manure crops:
(a) Guar (b) Sunhemp.
(iii) Macronutrients : Nitrogen and phosphorus.

Q.14 List six facilities that must be provided to cattle to ensure their good health and production of clean milk.
[SAI-2010,13,14]
Ans. (i) Animals require regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair.
(ii) They should be sheltered under well ventilated roofed sheds that protect them from rain, heat and
cold.
(iii) The floor of the cattle shed needs to be sloping so as to stay dry and to facilitate cleaning.
(iv) Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients (in the form of roughage and concentrates) in
proportionate amounts.
(v) Cattle must be provided with certain feed additives containing micronutrients which promote both the
health and milk output.
(vi) Cattle suffer from a number of diseases which can reduce milk production and even cause death.
Therefore, vaccination must be given against many major viral and bacterial diseases.

Long Answer Type Questions : (Five Marks)

Q.15 (a) Mention the type of shelters which should be provided to cattles in dairy farming and for birds in
poultry farming.
(b) Mention the preventive measures taken to control diseases of dairy animals and poultry birds.
[SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) Dairy farming: The animals should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect
them from rain, heat and cold.
The floor of the cattle shed need to be sloping so as to stay dry and to facilitate cleaning.
Poultry: The shelter of poultry should be cleaned properly, good sanitation facilities should be provided
and it should be sprayed by the disinfectants at regular intervals.
• There should be adequate lightning and ventilation should be proper.
(b) The dairy farm animals and poultry can be prevented from infectious diseases by proper vaccinations
against viral and bacterial diseases.

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 106 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

Q.16 (i) What is meant by ‘sustainable agriculture’ ?

(ii) Give an example to explain the meaning of integrated farming practice.
(iii) list the three major groups of activities to be followed to increase the crop yield. [SAI-2014]
Ans. (i) Increasing food production without degrading our environment and disturbing the ecological balance
is called sustainable agriculture.
(ii) Combining agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries or bee-keeping is called integrated farming
practice.
(iii) (a) Crop variety improvement.
(b) Crop production improvement.
(c) Crop protection management.

SECTION–D
UNDERSTANDING BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is vermicompost ? [SAI-2010,12,13,14]
Ans. Compost which is prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant and
animal refuse is called vermicompost.

Q.2 Name the type of nutrient that we get from mustard seeds and linseed. [SAI-2014]
Ans. Mustard seeds and linseed provide us fats.

Q.3 Describe the types of loss caused by inappropriate conditions of moisture and temperature prevailing
during storage of grains. [SAI-2015]
Ans. In appropriate conditions of moisture and temperature prevailing during storage of grains cause degradation
in quality, loss in weight, poor germinability, discolouration of produce etc., which lead to poor marketability
of the produce.

Q.4 Why varietal improvement is done?

Ans. Varietal improvement is required for higher yield, good quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, shortening
the maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics.

Q.5 “Quality consideration of crop products vary from crop to crop”. Justify giving three examples.
[SAI-2014]
Ans. (i) Baking quality is important in wheat.
(ii) Protein quality in pulses.
(iii) Oil quality in oil seeds.
(iv) Preserving quality in fruits and vegetables.

Q.6 Explain intensive fish farming with the help of one example. Write two advantages of this process.
[SAI-2015]
Ans. When fish culture is done in combination with a rich crop itis called intensive fish farming.
• Both local and imported fish species are used in such systems.
• In such system five or six species of fish is used in a single fish pond.
• The species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them having different types of
food habits.
• This increases the fish yield from the pond.

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 107

Q.7 Fertilizers have short term benefits whereas manures have long term benefits. Do you agree with this
statement? Give three reasons in support of your answer. [SAI-2015]
Ans. Yes, in contrast to long term benefits of manures, fertilizers have short term benefits because:
(i) Continuous use of fertilizers in an area can destroy soil fertility.
(ii) They harm the microorganisms present in the soil.
(iii) They have high cost and cause water pollution.

Q.8 (i) State three ways by which pests attack plants.

(ii) Name the chemical used to control pests.
(iii) Explain why excessive use of such chemicals should be avoided. [SAI-2013]
Ans. (i) (a) Pests cut the root, stem and leaf of plants.
(b) They suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant. .
(c) They bore into stem and fruit.
(ii) Pesticides / herbicides / insecticides / fungicides. (Anyone)
(iii) They are poisonous to many plant and animal species. They cause environmental pollution.

Q.9 Explain the meanings of the following desirable factors for which crop variety improvement is done:
(i) Biotic and abiotic resistances.
(ii) Wider adaptability.
(iii) Desirable agronomic traits. [SAI-2012, 13]
Ans. (i) Biotic and abiotic resistances : Varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses can improve crop
production.
Biotic factors : Diseases, insects and nematodes.
Abiotic factors : Drought, salinity, water logging, heat, cold, etc.
(ii) Wider adaptability : Developing varieties for wider adaptability help in stabilising the crop prod
uction under different environmental conditions.
(iii) Desirable agronomic traits: Tallness and profuse branching are desirable traits for fodder crops.
Dwarfness is desired in cereals.

Q.10 What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage ? Also mention any two preventive
measures to control loss of grains during storage. [SAI-2011, 13]
Ans. Factors:
(i) Biotic factors: Insects, rodents, fungi, mites, bacteria.
(ii) Abiotic factors : Moisture content, humidity and temperature.
These factors cause degradation in quality, loss in weight, decolourisation of grains and poor germinability
of seeds.
Controlling measures:
(i) Strict cleaning of the produce before storage.
(ii) Proper drying of the produce first in sunlight and then in shade.
(iii) Fumigation to kill the pests.
(iv) Cleaning of the warehouse and checking for biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, mites and
bacteria.
(v) Taking care of abiotic factors like inappropriate moisture and temperature control in the storage.

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 108 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-A
1. Which one of the following nutrients is not available in fertilizers ?
(A) Nitrogen (B) Phosphorus (C) Iron (D) Potassium
2. Preventive and control measures adpoted for the storage of grains include
(A) Strict cleaning (B) Proper disjoining (C) Fumigation (D) All of the above
3. Iodine solution is solution of
(A) Pure iodine (B) Potassium iodide solution
(C) Iodine and Potassium iodide solution (D) Iodine and Potassium dichromate solution.
4. A student accidentally spilled a few drops of a solution over the shirt. The area became blue-black
because the solution was
(A) An acid which reacted with starched part of shirt
(B) Iodine which reacted with starched part of shirt
(C) Potassium dichromate which oxidised the piece of shirt
(D) HCl which reacted with metanil pigment of the shirt.
5. A solution was dropped over a slice of potato. It turned blue-black. The solution was
(A) Iodine solution (B) Metanil solution (C) Benedict's solution (D) HCl
6. A wash of potato slice was placed on a slide and observed under the microscope. it contains
(A) Rounded starch grains (B) Oval starch grains
(C) Cylindrical starch grains (D) Rhombic starch grains
7. Potato tuber wash and iodine solution placed together change their colour to
(A) Blue-black (B) Blue (C) Brick-red (D) Magenta
8. Iodine is used to detect
(A) Sugar (B) Honey (C) Starch (D) Cellulose
9. Students were asked to select different sources of starch. Whose choice was wrong ?
(A) Rice (B) Wheat (C) Sunflower seeds (D) Potato tuber.

10. Besides iodine which other chemical is used to test starch ?

(A) Safranin (B) Methylene blue (C) Eosine (D) HCl.
11. For testing starch in wheat grains, a student would
(i) Take a few grains (ii) Place in a test tube
(iii) Crush the grains (iv) Pour iodine solution
(v) Pour water
Arrange the events in proper order :
(A) (i)  (iii)  (iv)  (ii)  (v) (B) (i)  (iii)  (ii)  (v)  (iv)
(C) (i)  (v)  (iv)  (ii)  (iii) (D) (ii)  (i)  (iv)  (v)  (iii)
12. An adulterant of Arhar (Tuhar) dal is
(A) Brick powder (B) Metanil yellow (C) Kesari dal (D) Gram dal
13. Metanil yellow is added to arhar (Tuar) dal for providing
(A) Plain yellow colour (B) Shining yellow colour
(C) Chrome yellow colour (D) Magenta yellow colour

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 109

14. Metanil yellow is

(A) Natural dye (B) Derived from Kesari dal
(C) Synthetic dye (D) Edible colour
15. Metanil yellow causes
(A) Stomach upset (B) Diarrahoea (C) Cancer (D) Paralysis
16. Wetting arhar/tuar dal with water makes the latter yellow because of
(A) Yellow powder of dal (B) Yellow pigment from dal
(C) Adulterant metanil (D) Kesari dal
17. Presence of metanil yellow is tested with the help of
(A) Ammonia (B) HCl
(C) Potassium dischromate (D) Soda
18. After wetting a few pieces of Arhar dal, HCl is added to test metanil. HCl required for it is
(A) Dilute (B) Concentrated (C) 1 N HCl (D) 0.1 N HCl
19. After adding HCl, Arhar dal is required to be provided with
(A) Heating (B) Warming
(C) No heat (D) Alternate heating and cooking
20. Which one is the sign of purity of food item ?
(A) Agmark (B) ISI (C) NAFED (D) HAFED

SECTION-B
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 Iodine test is used to detect :
(A) Malaria (B) Typhoid (C) Carbohydrate (D) Fats

Q.2 Which of the following agency provides cartificate of reliability to food manufacturers?
(A) ISI (B) BIS (C) FPO (D) None of the above

Q.3 Commonly used adulterant of Arhar dal is :

(A) Kesari dal (B) Metanil yellow (C) None A and B (D) Both A and B

Q.4 Adulteration of Arhar dal with Metanil yellow may cause :

(A) Cancer (B) Paralysis (C) Stomach disorder (D) Damage to alimentary canal

Q.5 On a sample of dal when few drops of conc. HCl is added, the sample turns magenta colour. This
confirms adulteration of the sample with :
(A) Kesari dal (B) Metanil yellow (C) Sand (D) Seeds from wild plant

Q.6 The seal that guarantees quality of food items is :

(A) NAFED (B) BISCO (C) KRIBISCO (D) Agmark

Q.7 The cheaper materials which are added to superior food items for more profit are called :
(A) Adulterants (B) Drugs (C) Both of these (D) None of these

Q.8 While doing an experiment with a potato, a student accidently dropped a liquid on it, which made the
potato slice blue-black. The liquid that got dropped may be :
(A) Sulphuric acid (B) Hydrochloric acid (C) Benedict’s solutoin (D) Iodine solution

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 110 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

SECTION-C

 Assertion & Reason

Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true

1. Assertion: It is not good idea to rely on rainfall as source of irrigation

Reason: Timing of monsoon season is highly fluctuating,
2. Assertion: All living organisms requires food.
Reason: Plant can synthesize there own food.

SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of column-
II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Rearing honeybee (P) Pisciculture
(B) Manure (Q) Add humus
(C) Culturing fish (R) Unwanted plant
(D) Weeds (S) Apiculture

 Match the following (one to many)

Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
2. Column I Column II
(A) Poultry (P) Manure
(B) Livestock (Q) Broiler & Layer
(C) Organic (R) Produce egg & meat
(D) Biodegradable (S) Cattle

SECTION-E
 Comprehension
Apiculture is done for producing honey, wax and medicine. The varieties used for apiculture includes A.
dorsata, A. florae etc because they sting less and live longer in given beehive.
1. Rearing of bee is done for
(A) Honey (B) Wax (C) Furfural (D) Both (A) & (B)
2. Honey bee are kept in
(A) Cage (B) Cave (C) Beehive (D) All
3. Useful honey bee is/are
(A) A. Florae (B) A. dorsata (C) Both (D) None

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 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 111

ANSWER KEY
TRY YOUR SELF
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. A
8. B 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. C

SECTION-A
1. Poultry farming 2. Internal 3. Drought 4. Fumigation
5. Lactation 6. Manure 7. Photoperiodism 8. Manure
9. Aqua culture 10. Bivalve

SECTION-B
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. D
8. A 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B
15. D 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. D 21. B
22. C 23. A 24. B

SECTION-A
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A
8. C 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. C
15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. A

SECTION-B
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
8. D

SECTION-C
1. (A) 2. B
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(S), B-(Q), C-(P), D-(R) 2. (A)-(Q,R), B-(R,S), C-(P), D-(P)

SECTION-E
1. D 2. C 3. C

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 112 MODULE-9 — BIOLOGY (CLASS-IX)

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