2 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

AREA RELATED
13 TO CIRCLE
13.1 INTRODUCTION :
We already know about the perimeter and areas of some simple figures like rectangle, square,
rhombus, parallelogram etc. In this chapter, we shall learn how to find the perimeter and areas related
to circular figures and we wiIl apply this knowledge to find the areas of some special parts of a
circular region like sector, segment and combinations of plane figures.

13.2 CIRCLE AND ITS RELATED TERMS :

Circle: A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance from a fixed
point in the same plane.
Radius: A line segment joining the centre of the circle to a point on the circle is called its radius.
In Figure, there is a circle with centre O and its radius is OA. The length of the radius of a circle
is generally denoted by the letter 'r'.

Internal and Outer Part :

A closed geometric figure in the plane divides the plane into three parts namely, the inner part of the
figure, the figure and the outer part. In Figure the shaded portion is the inner part of the circle, the
boundary is the circle and the unshaded portion is the outer part of the circle.
Outer Part

Internal Part

Chord: A line segment joining any two points of a circle is called a chord. A chord passing though
the centre of circle is called its diameter. AB and CD both are chords but the chord CD passes
through the centre.
Hence CD is the diameter also.
Diameter of a circle = twice the radius of the circle.
Note: Diameter is the longest chord of a circle.
Arc: A part of a circle is called an arc.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 3

In Figure, AC is an arc and is denoted by arc ABC or ABC.

Semicircle: A diameter of a circle divides a circle into two equal arcs, each known as a semicircle.
In Figure, PQ is a diameter and arc PRQ is a semicircle and so is arc PBQ.

Sector: The region bounded by an arc of a circle and two radii at its end points is called a sector.
In the figure, the shaded portion is a sector formed by the arc PRQ and the unshaded portion is a
sector formed by the arc PTQ.

Segment: A chord divides the interior of a circle into two parts, each called a segment. The segment
in which the centre of the circle does not lie is called minor segment and the segment in which the
centre of the circle lies is called major segment. In the figure, the shaded region PAQP and the
unshaded region PBQP are both segments of the circle. PAQP is called a minor segment and PBQP
is called a major segment.

13.3 PERIMETER AND AREA OF A CIRCLE -A REVIEW

We all know that the distance covered by travelling once around the circle is called its perimeter
(or circumference).
Also, Circumference =  × Diameter
=  × 2r (Where r is the radius of the circle)
22
where  = 3.14 or
7

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 4 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Now, Perimeter or Circumference of a Circle =2r or d where

r is the radius and d is the diameter of the circle.
d 2
Now, Area of a circle = r2 or
4
where 'r' is the radius and 'd ' is the diameter.

Illustration 1
Two circles touch each other externally. The sum of their areas is 149  cm2 and the
distance between their centres is 17 cm. Find the radii of the circles.
Solution :
Let the radii of the two circles be r1 cm and r2 cm where r1 > r2.
C1C2 = 17 cm (Given)
(Distance between the centres of the circles)
 r1 + r2 = 17 .....(i)
Sum of the areas of the two circles = 149  cm2 (Given)
 r12 + r22 = 149 
 r12 + r22 = 149 .....(ii)
We have an identity
 (r1 + r2)2 + (r1 – r2)2 = 2 (r12 + r22)
 (17)2 + (r1 – r2)2 = 2 (r12 + r22)
 289 + (r1 – r2)2 = 2 × 149 [By (i) and (ii)]
 (r1 – r2)2 = 9 = 32
 r1 – r 2 = 3
Adding (i) and (iii), we get
2r1 = 17 + 3 = 20  r1 = 10
From (i), 10 + r2 = 17  r2 = 7
Hence, the radii of two circles are 10 cm and 7 cm.

13.3.1 AREAS OF SECTOR AND SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE :

We know that, the circular region enclosed by two radii and the corresponding arc is called 'a sector
of the circle' and the circular region enclosed by the chord and corresponding arc is called a segment
of the circle. There are two types of sector and segment each in a circle.

Major sector: It is the sector of a circle in which major arc is the part of its boundary. In the given
fig.(i) OAMB is the major sector.
Minor sector : It is the sector of a circle in which minor arc is the part of its boundary. In the given
fig. (i) OALB is the minor sector.
Minor segment: It is the segment of a circle in which minor arc is the part of its boundary. In the
given fig.(ii) ALB is the minor segment.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 5

Major segment: It is the segment of a circle in which major arc is the part of its boundary. In the
given fig.(ii) AMB is the major segment.
Area of a sector: Consider a circle of radius 'r'. Let AOB be a sector of the circle in which
AOB = . Here < 180°, So ALB is the minor arc. We know that, if the degree measure of the
angle at the centre is 360°, then area of the sector = r2.

r 2
So, if the degree measure of the angle at the centre is 1º, then area of the sector =
360º
r 2
 If the degree measure is  , then area of the sector = 
360º
Thus,

 Area of sector of angle , A =  r 2 , where r is the radius and  is the sector angle in
360
degrees.

Area of a segment : We can find the length of arc subtending angle  at the centre in the same way
as we find area of sector.


So, length of arc of a sector of angle , l =  2r
360º
 Area of segment ALB = Area of sector OALB – Area of OAB

=  r 2 – Area of OAB
360º
Now, from fig. (iii) and (iv), we can find .
Area of major sector OAMB = r2 – Area of minor sector OALB
and, Area of major segment AMB = r2 – Area of the minor segment ALB
 r2   
Also area of segment = r 2
– sin  or r 2 – r2 sin cos
360º 2 360º 2 2

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 6 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Illustration 1
In the given figure, there are shown sectors of two concentric circles of radii
7 cm and 3.5 cm. Find the area of the shaded region. , (Use  = 22/7)
Solution :
Let A1and A2 be the areas of sectors OAB and OCD respectively. Then, A1= Area
of a sector of angle 30º in a circle of radius 7 cm
 30º 22 2    2
 A1     7  cm2  Using : A  360º  r 
 360º 7   
77 2
 A1 = cm
6
and A2 = Area of a sector of angle 30º in a circle of radius 3.5 cm
 30º 22  B
 A2 =    (3.5) 2  cm 2 3.5cm
D
 360º 7 
O
 1 22 7 7  77
 A2 =      cm2 = cm2
12 7 2 2  24 C
7 cm A

 77 77  2
 Area of the shaded region = A1 – A2 =  –  cm
 6 24 
77 77
= × (4 – 1) cm2 = cm2 = 9.625 cm2.
24 8

Illustration 2
Find the area of the segment AYB shown in figure, if radius of the circle is
 22 
21 cm and AOB = 120º.  Use   
 7 
Solution :
Area of the segment AYB =Area of sector OAYB – Area of OAB .....(i)
Now, Area of the sector OAYB

120º 22
   21 21cm 2  462cm 2
360º 7

= 462 cm2 .....(ii)

For finding the area of OAB, draw OM  AB as shown in figure.
Note that OA = OB. Therefore, by R.H.S congruence AMO BMO.
1
So, M is the mid-point of AB and AOM = BOM = × 120º = 60º
2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 7

Let OM = x cm
OM
So, from OMA, = cos 60º
OA
x 1  1 21
or = cos 60º   or x =
21 2 2 2
21 AM 3
So, OM = cm Also, = sin 60º =
2 OA 2

21 3
So, AM = cm
2
2  21 3
Therefore, AB = 2 AM = cm = 21 3 cm
2
So, area of OAB
1 1 21
= AB × OM = × 21 3 × cm2
2 2 2
441
= 3 cm2 ........(iii)
4
 441  2
Therefore, area of the segment AYB =  462 – 3 cm [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
 4 
21
= (88 – 21 3 ) cm2
4

Illustration 3
In the given figure ABDCA represents a quadrant of a circle of radius 7 cm
 22 
with centre A. Calculate the area of the shaded portion.  Take   
 7 

Solution :
1 2
Area of quadrant ABDCA = r
4
1 22 1 22
= × × (7)2 = × ×7×7
4 7 4 7
77
= cm2 = 38.5 cm2
2

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 8 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

1
Area of BAE = × base × height
2
1
= × AB × AE
2
1
= × 7 × 2 = 7 cm2
2
Hence, area of the shaded portion = (Area of the quadrant ABDCA
– Area of BAE) = (38.5 – 7) cm2 = 31.5 cm2.

Illustration 4
The given figure shows a sector of a circle with centre O containing an
r2   
angle . Prove that area of shaded region is  tan  – .
2 180º 

Solution :

Area of sector = ( r 2 )
360º
AB is tangent to circle at A, so BAO = 90º.
AB
tan  =  AB = r tan
AO
1
So, Area of ABO = × AO × AB
2
1 r 2 tan 
= × r × r tan  =
2 2
So, Area of shaded region = area of BAO – area of sector
r 2 tan  r 2 r 2  tan  –  
= – =  
2 360º 2  180º 
Hence proved.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 9

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example : 1
3
A path of width 2 meters runs around a circular plot whose circumference is 75 metres.
7
Find (i) the area of path. (ii) the cost of gravelling the path at Rs. 7 per square meter.
Solution :
3
Here, 2r = 75
7
22 528
i.e., 2× ×r=
7 7
528 1 7
or r= × × = 12
7 2 22
i.e., the radius of the plot is 12 m.
22 22 1144
(i) Area of path =  (R2 – r2) = (142 – 122) = × 52 m2 = sq.m.
7 7 7

 1144 
(ii) Cost = Rs.   7  = Rs. 1144
 7 

Example : 2
From a circular sheet of paper with a radius 20 cm, four circles of radius 5cm each are cut
out. Find the ratio of the uncut to the cut portion is
Solution :
Area of sheet of paper with radius 20 cm =  (20)2 = 400 cm2.
Area of 4 circles of radius 5 cm = 4 × (5)2 = 100  cm2
 Area of remaining portion = 400  – 100  = 300  cm2
 Required ratio = 300  : 100  = 3 : 1.

Example : 3
A radius of circle 14 cm makes an angle of 60° at the centre of the circle. Find:
(i) area of minor sector
(ii) area of the minor segment
(iii) area of the major sector
(iv) area of the major segment
Solution :
Given : r = 14 cm,  = 60º
 60
(i) Area of minor sector OAPB = ( r 2 ) = × 3.14 × 14 × 14 = 102.57 cm2
360 360

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 10 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

r 2 r 2 14  14
(ii) Area of minor segment APB = – sin  = 102.57 – sin60º
360 2 2

3
= 102.57 – 98 × = 17.80 cm2
2

(iii) Area of major sector = Area of circle – Area of minor sector OAPB
= (14)2 – 102.57 = 615.44 – 102.57 = 512.87 cm2
(iv) Area of major segment AQB = Area of circle – Area of minor segment APB
= 615.44 – 17.80 = 597.64 cm2

Example : 4
Find the area of the shaded region. [All the circles shown in the figure are congruent].

Solution :
It is clear that any two congruent circles intersect orthogonally. In the figure, below :
O1 AO2B is a square
Since, AO1B = 90º, AO2B = 90º, O2BO1 = 90º and O2AO1 = 90º
Sides O1A = O1B = O2A = O2B = 5 unit.
In the figure O1A and O1B should be perpendicular to each other.
Also O2A and O2B should be perpendicular to each other.
Consider the area of shaded region in this figure.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 11

= Area (sector O1AB) + Area (sector of O2BA) – Area ( O1AO2B)

1 1 1
=  (5)2 +  (5)2 – (5)2 =  (5)2 – (5)2 = 25 (/2 – 1).
4 4 2
Hence, the required area = 4 times the area calculated above
= 4 × 25 (/2 – 1) = 100 (/2 – 1) = 57 [Link]

Example : 5
The sides of a rectangle incribed in a circle are 8 cm and 6 cm. Find the difference of the
area of the circle and the rectangle.
Solution :
Let ABCD be the given rectangle.
The diagonal AC is the diameter of the circle
AC2 = 82 + 62 = 64 + 36 = 100
 AC = 10 cm
 Radius of the circle = 5 cm

22 550
 Area of the circle = r2 = ×5×5= = 78.57 cm2
7 7
Area of the rectangle = 8 × 6 = 48 cm2
 Difference of the areas = 78.57 – 48 = 30.57 cm2

Example : 6
Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram below where the given triangle is isosceles
with vertices of base lying on axis of the radius perpendicular to the diameters of the two
small semicircles.

Solution :
The figure is self explanatory
Shaded area = Area of big semicircle of radius 8 unit – Area of 2 semi - circles of radius 4 unit
– Area of triangle with base 8 unit & height 4 unit

(8) 2  2( 4) 2 1 
= 2 –  2  2  8  4  = 32 – 16 – 16 = 16 ( – 1).
 

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 12 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Example : 7
In figure, there are three semicircles, A, B and C having diameter 7 cm each, and another semicircle
E having a circle D with diameter 10.5 cm are shown. Calculate :
(i) the area of the shaded region.
(ii) the cost of painting the shaded region at the rate of 25 paise per cm2, to the nearest rupee.

Solution :
Area of the shaded region = Area of semicircle with diameter 21 cm – Area of two semicircle with
diameter 7 cm – Area of circle with diameter 10.5 cm + Area of semi circle with diameter 7 cm.
2 2 2 2
1  21  1 7  21  1 7
So, area of the shaded region =    – 2 × ×    –  ×   +    .
2  2 2 2  4 2 2

1 22 21 21 22 7 7 22 21 21 1 22 7 7
= × × × – × × – × × + × × ×
2 7 2 2 7 2 2 7 4 4 2 7 2 2

22  21 21 49 21 21 49  22  21 21 2 – 21 21 49 

 – –   = – 
7 
=
7  8 4 16 8 16 8

22  21 21 49  22  21 21 – 49  2 
 –  = 
7   = 67.38 cm
= 2
7  16 8 16 
(ii) Cost of painting of shaded region = 0.25 × 67.38 = Rs. 16.84

Example : 8
Calculate the area of the shaded portion. The quadrants shown in the figure are each of
 22 
radius 7 cm.  Take   
 7 

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 13

Solution :
Draw square PQRS as shown.
Here PQ = QR = PS = 14 cm
Area of the shaded portion = Area of the square PQRS – Area of four equal quadrants

1 22
= 14 × 14 – 4 ×  × (7)2 =196 – × 7 × 7 = 196 – 154 = 42 cm2.
4 7

Example : 9
Find the area of quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.
Solution :
Let r be the radius of the circle. Then, circumference = 22 cm
22 7
 2r = 22  2 × × r = 22  r = cm
7 2

1 2  1 22  7  
2
 Area of a quadrant = r =      cm2
4  4 7  2  

 1 22 7 7  77 2
Area of a quadrant =      cm2 = cm = 9.625 cm2
4 7 2 2 8

Example : 10
If the perimeter of a semi-circular protractor is 108 cm, find the diameter of the protractor.
(Take  = 22/7)
Solution :
Let the radius of the protractor be r cm. Then, Perimeter = 108 cm
1 1
 (2r) + 2r = 108 [ Perimeter of a semi-circle = (2r)]
2 2
 r + 2r = 108
22
 × r + 2r = 108  36r = 108 × 7  r = 3 × 7 = 21 cm
7
 Diameter of the protractor = 2r = (2 × 21) cm = 42 cm

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 14 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Example : 11
A memento is made as shown in figure. Its base PBCR is silver plated from the front side
at t he r at e of Rs. 20 per cm 2. Find the total cost of silver plating. (Take  = 22/7)
Solution :
In figure, the area of right angled ABC
1
= × AB × AC
2
1
= × 10 × 10 cm2 = 50 cm2
2
( AB = 7 cm + 3 cm = 10 cm and AC = 7 cm + 3 cm = 10 cm)
In figure the area of the quadrant APR of the circle of radius 7 cm
1
= ×  × (7)2
4
1 22
= × × 49 cm2
4 7
11 7
= cm2 = 38.5 cm2
2
Then, the area of the base PBCR (shaded) which is to be silver plated
= The area of the ABC – The area of the quadrant APR
= 50 cm2 – 38.5 cm2
= 11.5 cm2
The total cost of silver plating at the rate of Rs 20 per cm2
= Rs. 20 × 11.5
= Rs. 230

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 15

[NCERT Questions]

Q.1 The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which
has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
Sol. We have, r1 = 19 cm and r2 = 9 cm
 Circumference of circle-I = 2r1 = 2 (19) cm
and Circumference of circle-II = 2r2 = 2 (9) cm
Sum of the circumference of circle-I and circle-II
= 2 (19) + 2 (9)
= 2 (19 + 9) cm = 2 (28) cm
Let R be the radius of the circle-III.
 Circumference of circle-III = 2R
According to the condition, 2R = 2(28)

2 ( 28)
 R= = 28 cm.
2
Thus, the radius of the new circle = 28 cm.

Q.2 The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having
area equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
Sol. We have,
Radius of circle-I, r1 = 8 cm
Radius of circle-II, r2 = 6 cm
 Area of circle-I = r12 =  (8)2 cm2
Area of circle-II = r22 =  (6)2 cm2
Let the area of the circle-III be R
 Area of circle-III = R2
Now, according to the condition, r12 + r22 = R2
  (8)2 +  (6)2 = R2   (82 + 62) = R2  82 + 62 = R2  64 + 36 = R2
 100 = R2  102 = R2  R = 10
Thus, the radius of the new circle = 10 cm.

Q.3 The given figure depicts an archery target marked with its WHITE
BLA CK
five scoring regions from the centre outwards as Gold, Red, L UE
B R ED
Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region
GOLD
representing Gold score is 21 cm and each of the other
bands is 10.5 cm wide. Find the area of each of the
five scoring regions.

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 16 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Sol. Diameter of the innermost region = 21 cm

21
Radius of the innermost (Gold Scoring) region = = 10.5 cm
2
 Area of Gold region =  (10.5)2 cm2
2
22  105  22 105 105
=   cm2 =   cm2
7  10  7 10 10

22  15  105
= cm2 = 346.5 cm2
100
Area of Red region =  (10.5 + 10.5)2 –  (10.5)2 =  (21)2 –  (10.5)2
22
=  [(21)2 – (10.5)2] = [(21 + 10.5) (21 – 10.5)] cm2
7
22 315 15
= × 31.5 × 10.5 cm2 = 22 ×  cm2 = 1039.5 cm2
7 10 10
Since each band is 10.5 cm wide
 Radius of Gold and Red region = 10.5 + 10.5 = 21 cm.
Area of Blue region =  [(21 + 10.5)2 – (21)2] cm2
22 22
= [(31.5)2 – (21)2] cm2 = [(31.5 + 21) (31.5 – 21)] cm2
7 7
22 75 105
= × 52.5 × 10.5 cm2 = 22 ×  cm2 = 1732.5 cm2
7 10 10
Similarly,
Area of Black region =  [(31.5 + 10.5)2 – (31.5)2] cm2
22
= [(42)2 – (31.5)2] cm2
7
22
= [(42 – 31.5) (42 + 31.5)] cm2
7
22
= × 10.5 × 73.5 cm2
7
15 735
= 22 ×  cm2 = 2425.50 cm2
10 10
Area of white region =  [(42 + 10.5)2 – (42)2] cm2
=  [(52.5)2 – (42)2] =  [(52.5 + 42) (52.5 – 42)] cm2
22
= × 94.5 × 10.5
7
945 15
= 22 ×  = 3118.5 cm2.
10 10

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 17

Q.4 The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each
wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
Sol. Diameter of a wheel = 80 cm
80
 Radius of the wheel = = 40 cm
2
22
So, circumference of the wheel = 2r = 2 × × 40 cm
7
2  22  40
 Distance covered by a wheel in one revolution = cm
7
Distance travelled by the car in 1 hour = 66 km = 66 × 1000 × 100 cm
66 1000  100
 Distance travelled in 10 minutes = × 10 cm = 11 × 100000 cm
60
[Distance travelled in 10 minutes ] 1100000
Now, Number of revolutions = [Distance travelled in one minutes ] =
 2  22  40 
 7 

1100000  7
= = 4375
2  22  40
Thus, the required number of revolutions = 4375.

Q.5 Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice : If the perimeter and the
area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is
(A) 2 units (B)  units (C) 4 units (D) 7 units
Sol. (A)
We have : [Numerical area of the circle] = [[Numerical circumference of the circle]
 r2 = 2r  r2 – 2r = 0
 r2 – 2r = 0  r (r – 2) = 0  r = 0 or r = 2
But r cannot be zero
 r = 2 units
Thus, the radius of circle is 2 units.

Q.6 Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60°.
Sol. Here r = 6cm and  = 60°

 The Area of a sector = × r2
360
O
60 22 6 cm
=  × 6 × 6 cm2 60°
360 7
A B
22 132
= × 6 cm2 = cm2.
7 7

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 18 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.7 Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.

Sol. Let radius of the circle = r
 2r = 22
2 7 1 7
 2× × r = 22  r = 22 ×  = cm
7 22 2 2
Here  = 90° O
1  90°
 Area of the quadrant  th  of the circle,
4 
2
 90 22  7  1 22 7 7 77 2
× r2 =     cm2 =    cm2 = cm .
360 360 7  2  4 7 2 2 8

Q.8 The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand
in 5 minutes.
Sol. Length of minute hand = radius of the circle  r = 14 cm
 Angle swept by the minute hand in 60 minutes = 360°
60
 Angle swept by the minute hand in 5 minutes = × 5 = 30°
60
Now, area of the sector with r = 14 cm and  = 30°
 30 22 11 14 154
= × r2 =  × 14 × 14 cm2 = cm2 = cm2
360 360 7 3 3
154
Thus, the required area swept by the minute hand by 5 minutes = cm2.
3

Q.9 A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of
the corresponding (i) minor segment (ii) major sector. [use  = 3.14]
Sol. Length of the radius (r) = 10 cm
Sector angles  = 90° O
 10 90° 10
Area of the sector = × r2
360
A B
90 314 1 57
= × 10 × 10 × cm2 = × 314 cm2 = cm2 = 78.5 cm2
360 100 4 2
Now,
(i) Area of the minor segment = [Area of the minor sector] – [Area of right AOB]
1 
= [78.5 cm2] –   10  10 cm2  = 78.5 cm2 – 50 cm2 = 28.5 cm2.
2 
(ii) Area of the major segment = [Area of the circle] – [Area of the minor segment]
= r2 – 78.5 cm2
 314 
=   10 10  78.5 cm2 = (314 – 78.5) cm2 = 235.5 cm2.
 100 

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 19

Q.10 In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find
(i) the length of the arc
(ii) area of the sector formed by the arc
(iii) area of the segment formed by the corresponding chord
Sol. Here, radius = 21 cm and  = 60°
(i) Circumference of the circle = 2r
O
22

21
cm
=2× × 21 cm = 2 × 22 × 3 cm = 132 cm

cm
7 60°

21
A B
 60 p
 Length of arc APB = × 2r = × 132 cm
360 360
1
= × 132 cm = 22 cm.
6
(ii) Area of the sector with sector angle 60°
60 60 22
= × r2 =  × 21 × 21 cm2 = 11 × 21 cm2 = 231 cm2
360 360 7
(iii) Area of the segment APB = [Area of the sector OAPB] – [Area of AOB] …….(1)
In AOB, OA = OB = 21 cm
 A = B = 60° [ O = 60°]
 AOB is an equilateral triangle  AB = 21 cm

3 3 441 3
 Area of AOB = (side)2 = × 21 × 21 cm2 = cm2 …….(2)
4 4 4
From (1) and (2), we have :

 441 3   441 3 
Area of segment = [231 cm2] –  cm 2  =  231  2
 cm .
 4   4 

Q.11 A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the areas
of the corresponding minor and major segment of the circle. [Use  = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73]
Sol. Here, radius (r) = 15 cm and Sector angle  = 60º

 Area of the sector = × r2
360º

60º 314 11775

= × × 15 × 15 cm2 = cm2 = 117.75 cm2
360º 100 100
O
Since O = 60º and OA = OB = 15 cm
cm
15

60°
cm


15

AOB is an equilateral triangle. 60° B

A M
 AB = 15 cm and A = 60° P

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 20 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Draw OM  AB, in AMO

OM 3 3 5 3
 = sin 60° =  OM = OA × = cm
OA 2 2 2

1 1 3 225 3 2
Now, ar(AOB) = × AB × OM = × 15 × 15 × cm2 = cm
2 2 2 4
225 1.73 2
= cm = 97.3125 cm2
4
Now area of the minor segment
= (Area of minor sector) – (ar AOB) = (117.75 – 97.3125) cm2 = 20.4375 cm2
Area of the major segment = [Area of the circle] – [Area of the minor segment]
 314 
= r2 – 20.4375 cm2 =   152  – 20.4375 cm2
 100 
= 706.5 – 20.4375 cm = 686.0625 cm2.
2

Q.12 A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. Find the area
of the corresponding segment of the circle. (Use  = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73)
Sol. Here  =120º and r = 12 cm

 Area of the sector = × r2 O
360º

12
cm

cm
12
120 314
=  × 12 ×12 cm2 A M B
360 100
314  4  12 2 15072 2
= cm = cm = 150.72 cm2 ……(1)
100 100
1
Now, area of  AOB = × AB × OM [ OM  AB] ……(2)
2
In OAB, O = 120°
 A + B = 180° – 120º = 60°
 OB = OA =12 cm  A = B =30°
OM 1
So, = sin 30º =
OA 2
1 1
 OM = OA ×  OM = 12 × = 6 cm
2 2

AM 3 3 3
and = cos 30º =  AM = OA = × 12 = 6 3 cm
OA 2 3 2

 AB = 2AM = 12 3 cm.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 21

Now, from (2),

1 1
Area = AOB = × AB × OM = × 12 3 × 6 cm2 = 36 3 cm2
2 2
= 36 × 1.73 cm2 = 62.28 cm2 ……(3)
From (1) and (3)
Area of the minor segment = [Area of minor sector] – [Area of AOB]
= [150.72 cm2] – [62.28 cm2] = 88.44 cm2.

Q.13 A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means
of a 5 m long rope (see figure). Find :

(i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze.
(ii) the increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use  = 3.14)
Sol. Here, Length of the rope = 5 m
 Radius of the circular region grazed by the horse = 5 m
90º
(i) Area of the circular portion grazed = × r2
360º
90º 314 1 314 2 157 2
=  × 5 × 5m2 =  cm = m = 19.625 m2
360º 100 4 4 8
(ii) When length of the rope is increased to 10 m,
 r = 10 m
 Area of the new circular portion grazed
 90º 314 1
= × r2 =  × (10)2 m2 = × 314 m2 = 78.5 m2
360º 360º 100 4
 Increase in the grazing area = (78.5 – 19.625) m2 = 58.875 m2.

Q.14 A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with
diameter 35 mm. The wire is also used in making 5 diameters
which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors as shown in the
figure.
Find:
(i) the total length of the silver wire required.
(ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.
Sol. Diameter of the circle = 35 mm
35
 Radius (r) = mm
2

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 22 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

22 35
(i) Circumference = 2r = 2 ×  mm = 22 × 5 = 110 mm
7 2
Length of 1 piece of wire used to make diameter to divide the circle into 10 equal sector = 35mm
 Length of 5 pieces = 5 × 35 = 175 mm
 Total length of the silver wire = 110 + 175 mm = 285 mm

(ii) Since the circle is divided into 10 equal sectors,

360º
 Sector angle  = = 36º
10
 36º 22 35 35 11 35 385
 Area of each sector = × r2 =    mm2 = mm2 = mm2
360º 360º 7 2 2 4 4
.
Q.15 An umbrella has 8 ribs which are equally spaced
(see figure). Assuming umbrella to be a flat circle
of radius 45 cm, find the area between the two
consecutive ribs of the umbrella.
Sol. Here, radius (r) = 45 cm

Since circle is divided in 8 equal parts,

360º
 Sector angle corresponding to each part,  = = 45º
8

 Area of a sector (part) = × r2
360
45º 22 11 45  45 2 22275 2
=  × 45 × 45 cm2 = cm = cm
360º 7 4 7 28
22275 2
 The required area between the two ribs = cm .
28

Q.16 A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping
through an angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.
Sol. Here, radius (r) = 25 cm. Sector angle () = 115°
  
 Area cleaned by each sweep of the blades =   r 2   2 [ there are 2 blades]
 360º 

 115 22 
=    25  25  2cm 2
 360 7 

23 11 25  25 2 158125
= cm = cm2 .
18  7 126

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 23

Q.17 To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector
of angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are
warned.(Use  = 3.14)
Sol. Here, Radius (r) = 16.5 km and Sector angle () = 80°
 Area of the sea surface over which the ships are warned
 80 314 165 165
= × r2 =    km2
360 360 100 10 10

157  1111 2 18997

= km = km2 = 189.97 km2 .
100 100

Q.18 A round table cover has six equal designs as

shown in the figure. If the radius of the cover is
28 cm, find the cost of making the designs at the O

m
28
28c
rate of Rs 0.35 per cm2 . (Use 3 = 1.7)

cm
M
Sol. Here, r =28 cm A B
P
Since, the circle is divided into six equal sectors.
360º
 Sector angle  = = 60º .
6

60 22
 Area of each sector =  × 28 × 28cm2
360 7

44  28 2
= cm = 410.67cm2 .....(1)
3
Now, area of 1 design
= Area of segment APB
= Area of sector ABO – Area of AOB .....(2)
In AOB, AOB = 60°, OA = OB =28 cm
 OAB = 60° and OBA = 60°
 AOB is an equilateral triangle.
 AB = AO = BO  AB =28 cm
Draw OM  AB
 In right AOM,

OM 3 3
we have = sin 60° =  OM = OA × cm
OA 2 2

3
 OM = 28 × cm  OM =14 3 cm
2

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 24 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

1 1
 Area of AOB = AB × OM = × 28 × 14 3 cm2
2 2
= 14 × 14 3 cm2
= 14 × 14 × 1.7cm2 = 333.3cm2 ...(3)
Now, from (1), (2) and (3), we have:
Area of segment APB = 410.67 cm2 – 333.2 cm2 = 77.47 cm2
 Area of 1 design = 77.47 cm2
 Area of the 6 equal designs = 6 × (77.47) cm2 = 464.82 cm
Cost of making the design at the rate of Rs. 0.35 per cm2
= Rs. 0.35 × 464.82 = Rs. 162.68.

Q.19 Tick the correct answer in the following: Area of a sector of angle p (in degrees) of a circle
with radius R is
p p p p
(A)  2R (B)  R 2 (C)  2R (D)  2R 2
180 180 360 720
Sol. (D) Here, radius (r) = R
Angle of sector () = p°
P P 2   p
Area of the sector =  r 2 =  R 2 =   r 2  =  2R 2 .
360 360 2  360  720

Q.20 Find the area of the shaded region in the given figure. PQ =24 cm,PR = 7cm and O is the
centre of the circle.

R P

Sol. Since O is the centre of the circle,

QOR is a diameter.
 RPQ = 90° [Angle in a semi-circle]
Now, in right RPQ, RQ = PQ + PR
2 2 2 [Pythagoras theorem]
 2 2 2
RQ = 24 + 7 = 576 + 49 = 625
25
 RQ = 625 = 25 cm radius of circle = cm.
2
1 1
Area of RPQ = PQ × RP = × 24 × 7cm2 =12 × 7cm2 =84cm2
2 2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 25

1 2 1 22 25 25 11 625 2
Now, Area of semi-circle = r = × × × = cm
2 2 7 2 2 7 4
6875 2
= cm = 245.54cm2
28
 Area of the shaded portion = 245.54 cm2 – 84 cm2 = 161.54 cm2.

Q.21 Find the area of the shaded region in figure, if radii of the two concentric circles with centre
O are 7 cm and 14 cm respectively and AOC = 40°.

O
B
A 40°
D
C

Sol. Radius of the outer circle = 14 cm and  = 40°

40 22
 Area of the sector AOC =  × 14 × 14cm
360 7
1 616 2
= × 22 × 2 × 14cm2 = cm
9 9
Radius of the inner circle = 7 cm and  = 40°
40 22 1 154 2
 Area of the sector BOD =  × 7 × 7cm2 = × 22 × 7cm2 = cm
360 7 9 9
Now, area of the shaded region =Area of sector AOC – Area of sector BOD
616 154 2 1 1 154 2
=  cm = (616 – 154)cm2 = × 462cm2 = cm
9 9 9 9 3

Q.22 Find the area of the shaded region in the figure, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and
APD and BPC are semi-circles.

A B

D C

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 26 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Sol. Side of the square = 14 cm

Area of the square ABCD = 14 × 14 cm2 = 196 cm2
Now, diameter of the circle = (Side of the square) = 14 cm
14
 Radius of each of the circles = = 7cm
2
1 2 1 22
 Area of the semi-circle APD = r = × × 7 × 7 = 77cm2
2 2 7
1 22
Area of the semi-circle BPC = × × 7 × 7 = 77cm2
2 7
 Area of the shaded region
= Area of the square – [Area of semi-circle APD + Area of semi-circle BPC]
= 196 – [77 + 77] cm2 = 196 – 154 cm2 = 42 cm2.

Q.23 Find the area of the shaded region in the figure, where a circular arc of radius 6 cm has been
drawn with vertex O of an equilateral triangle OAB of side 12 cm as centre.

O
6 cm

60°
C D
A B
12 cm

Sol. Area of the circle with radius 6 cm

22 792 2
= r2 = × 6 × 6cm2 = cm
7 7
Area of equilateral triangle, having side a = 12 cm, is given
3 2 3
by a = × 12 × 12cm2 = 36 3 cm2
4 4
∵ Each angle of an equilateral triangle = 60°
 AOB = 60º
 60 22 22 6 2 132 2
 Area of sector COD = × r2 = × × 6 × 6cm2 = cm = cm
360 360 7 7 7
Now, area of the shaded region,
= [Area of the circle] + [Area of the equilateral triangle] – [Area of the sector COD]
 792 132  2  660 
=   36 3   cm =   36 3  cm 2 .
 7 7   7 

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 27

Q.24 From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and
also a circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in the figure. Find the area of the remaining
portion of the square.
Sol. Side of the square = 4 cm
 Area of the square ABCD =4 × 4 cm2 =16 cm2
Each comer has a quadrant circle of radius 1 cm.
1 2 22 22 2
 Area of all the 4 quadrant squares = 4 × r = r2 = × 1 × 1cm2 = cm
4 7 7
Diameter of the middle circle = 2cm
 Radius of the middle circle = 1 cm
 Area of the middle circle = r2
22 22 2
= × 7 × 1cm2 = cm
7 7
Now, area of the shaded region
= [Area of the square ABCD] – [(Area of the 4 quadrant circles) + (Area of the middle circle)]
 22 22 2  22 2
= [16cm2] –   cm  = 16cm2 – 2 × cm
7 7  7

44 2 112  44 2 68 2
= 16cm2 – cm = cm = cm .
7 7 7

Q.25 In a circular table cover of radius 32 cm, a design is formed leaving an equilateral triangle
ABC in the middle as shown in figure. Find the area of the design.

B C

Sol. Area of the circle = r2

22 22528 2
= × 32 × 32cm2 = cm
7 7
'O' is the centre of the circle,
 AO = OB = OC = 32 cm
AOB = BOC = AOC = 120°
Now, in AOB, 1 + 2= 60°
and OA = OB  1 = 2
 1 = 30°

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 28 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

OM 1 1
If OM  AB, then = sin30° =  OM = OA ×
OA 2 2
1 A
 OM = 32 × = 16cm
2
1

3 2c
m
AM 3 M 3 2 cm
Also, = cos 30° = O C
AO 2 2 32cm

3 3 B
 AM = × AO = × 32
2 2

3
 2AM = AB = 2 × ( × 32) = 32 3 cm
2
1 1
Now area of AOB, = × OM × AB = × 16 × 32 × 3 = 256 3 cm
2 2
Since area ABC = 3 × [area of AOB] = 3 × 256 × 3 cm2 = 768 3 cm2
Now, area of the design = [Area of the circle] -[Area of the equilateral triangle]
 22528 
=   768 3  cm2.
 7 

Q.26 In figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D four circles are
drawn such that each circle touch externally two of the remaining three circles. Find the area
of the shaded region.

A B

D C

Sol. Side of the square ABCD = 14 cm

 Area of the square ABCD = 14 × 14 cm2 = 196 cm2
 Circles touch each other
14
Radius of the a circle = = 7cm
2
Now, area of a sector of radius 7 cm and sector angle  as 90°
90 22 11 7 
=  × 7 × 7cm2 =   = cm
2
360 7  2 

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 29

11 7 
Area of 4 sectors = 4 ×   = 2 × 11 × 7cm = 154cm
2 2
 2 
Area of the shaded region = [Area of the square ABCD] – [Area of the 4 sectors]
= 196 cm2 –154 cm2 = 42 cm2.

Q.27 The figure depicts a racing track whose left and right ends are semicircular.

The distance between the two inner parallel line segment is 60 m and they are each 106 m
long. If the track is 10 m wide, find:
(i) the distance around the track along its inner edge
(ii) the area of the track.
Sol. (i) Distance around the track along its inner edge A D
10m
B 106 m C
= BC + EH + BPE + CQH P 60m Q
E 106 m H
1 1 10m
= 106 m + 106 m + ( 2r) + (2r) F C
2 2

1  22  1  22   1 1 
= 212m +  2   30    2   30   r  2 BE  2  60  30m 
2 7  2 7   

1320 2804
= 212 m + m= m
7 7
(ii) Now, area of the track = Area of the shaded region
= (Area of rectangle ABCD) + (Area of rectangle EFGH)
+ 2 [(Area of semi-circle of radius 40 m) – (Area of semi-circle of radius 30 cm)]
[∵ The track is 10 m wide]

 1 22 2 1 22 2 2
Area of the track = (106 × 10 m2) + (106 × 10 m2) +2    (40)    (30)  m
2 7 2 7 

 1 22 2  2
= 1060 m2 + 1060 m2 +2    (40  30 ) m
2
2 7 

1 22
= 2120 m2 + 2 × × [(40 +30) × (40 – 30)]m2
2 7

22
= 2120 m2 + × 70 × 10m2 = 2120m2 + 2200m2 = 4320m2.
7

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 30 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.28 In the figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with centre 0) perpendicular to each other
and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the area of the shaded region.

D C
O

Sol. O is the centre of the circle, OA = 7 cm

 AB = 2 OA = 2 × 7 = 14 cm
OC = OA = 7 cm
 AB and CD are perpendicular to each other
 OC  AB
1 1
 Area ABC = × AB × OC = × 14cm × 7cm = 49cm2
2 2
Again OD = OA = 7 cm
1 1 7
 Radius of the small circle = (OD) = × 7 = cm
2 2 2
22 7 7 2 11 7 77 2
 Area of the small circle =   cm = = cm
7 2 2 2 2
14
Radius of the big circle = cm = 7 cm
2
1  22 
Area of the semi-circle OACB =   7  7  cm2 = 11 × 7 cm2 = 77 cm2
2 7 
Now, Area of the shaded region
= [Area of the small circle] + [Area of the big semi-circle OABC] – [Area of ABC]
77 2 77  154  98 2
= cm +77cm2 – 49cm2 = cm
2 2
231 98 2 133 2
= cm = cm = 66.5cm2
2 2

Q.29 The area of an equilateral triangle ABC is 17320.5 cm2. With each vertex of the triangle
as centre, a circle is drawn with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle
(see figure). Find the area of the shaded region. (Use  = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73205).

B C

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 31

Sol. Area of ABC = 17320.5 cm2

ABC is an equilateral triangle and area of an
3
equilateral  = × (side)2
4

3
 × (side)2 = 17320.5
4
1.73205
 (side)2 = 17320.5
4
1.73205 173205
 (side)2 =
400000 10
173205 400000
 (side)2 = ×
10 173205
 2
(side) = 40000
 (side)2 = (200)2
 side = 200 cm
200
 Radius of each circle = = 100 cm
2
Since each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°,
 A = B = C = 60°
 Area of a sector having angle of sector as 60° and radius 100 cm.
60 314
= × × 100 × 100 cm2
360 100
1 157 15700 2
=  × 100 × 100 cm2 = cm
3 100 3
15700 2
Area of 3 equal sectors = 3 × cm = 15700cm2
3
Now, area of the shaded region
= [Area of the equilateral triangle ABC] – [Area of 3 equal sectors]
= 17320.5 cm2 – 15700 cm2 = 1620.5 cm2.

Q.30 On a square handkerchief, nine circular designs each of radius 7 cm are made (see figure).
Find the area of the remaining portion of the handkerchief.

A B

D C

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 32 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Sol.  The circles touch each other.

 The side of the square ABCD = 3 × diameter of a circle
= 3 × (2 × radius of a circle)
= 3 × (2 × 7cm) = 42 cm
 Area of the square ABCD = 42 × 42 cm2 = 1764 cm2.
Now, Area of one circle = r2
22
= × 7 × 7 cm2 = 154cm2
7
∵ There are 9 squares
Total area of 9 circles = 154 × 9 = 1386 cm2
Area of the remaining portion of the handkerchief = 1764 – 1386 cm2 = 378 cm2.

Q.31 In the figure, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm. If OD=2 cm,
find the area of the
(i) quadrant OACB, (ii) shaded region.

C A
D

B O

Sol. (i) Here, centre of the circle is O and radius = 3.5

1 2
 Area of the quadrant OACB = r
4

1 22 35 35 2 11 7 2 77 2
=    cm = cm = cm
4 7 10 10 8 8

1 1
(ii) ar(BOD) = × OB × OD = × 3.5 × 2cm2
2 2

1 35 7
= × × 2 cm2 = cm2
2 10 2
 Area of the shaded region = (Area of the quadrant OACB) – (Area of BOD)

 77 7 
=    cm2
 8 2

77  28 2 49 2
= cm = cm .
8 8

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 33

Q.32 In the figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the area
of the shaded region (Use   = 3.14)

C B

O A P

Sol. OABC is a square such that its side OA = 20 cm.

 OB2 = OA2 + OB2
 OB2 = 202 + 202 = 400 + 400 = 800
OB = 800 = 20 2 cm.

 Radius of the circle = 20 2 cm.

1 2
Now, area of the quadrant OPBQ = r
4

1 314
= × × 800cm2 = 314 × 2 = 628cm2
4 100
Area of the square OABC = 20 × 20 cm2 = 400 cm2
 Area of the shaded region = 628 cm2 – 400 cm2 = 228 cm2.

Q.33 AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm and 7 cm and
centre O (see figure) . If AOB = 30°, find the area of the shaded region.

A B

21cm
C D
7cm
O

Sol.  Radius of bigger circle R = 21 cm and sector angle = 30°

30 22
Area of the sector OAB =  × 21 × 21cm2
360 7
11 21 2 231 2
= cm = cm
2 2
Again, radius of the smaller circle, r = 7 cm
Also, the sector angle is 30°

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 34 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

30 22 77 2
Area of the sector OCD =  × 7 × 7cm2 = cm
360 7 6
Area of the shaded region

 231 77  2 693  77 2 616 2 308 2

=    cm = cm = cm = cm .
 2 6 6 6 3

Q.34 In the figure, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semi-circle is drawn with
BC as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.

B Q
P

A C

Sol. Radius of the quadrant = 14 cm

 90º 22 
Therefore, area of the quadrant ABPC =    14  14 cm2 = 22 × 7cm2 = 154cm2
 360º 7 

1
Area of right ABC = × 14 × 14 cm2 = 98cm2
2
Area of segment BPC = 154 cm2 – 98 cm2 = 56 cm2
Now, in right ABC,
AC2 + AB2 = BC2
 (14)2 + (14)2 = BC2  196 + 196 = BC2
 BC2 = 392  BC = 14 2 cm.

14 2
 Radius of the semi-circle BQC = cm = 7 2 cm
2

 
1 2 1 22
 r = 2
Area of the semi-circle BQC = × × 7 2
2 2 7
= 11 × 7 × 2 cm2 = 154 cm2
Now, area of the shaded region
= [Area of semi-circle BQC] – [Area of segment BPC]
= 154 cm2 – 56 cm2 = 98 cm2.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 35

Q.35 Calculate the area of the designed region in the figure, common between the two quadrants
of circles of radius 8 cm each.

8 cm
90°

8 cm 8 cm

90°
8 cm

Sol. Side of the square = 8 cm

Area of the square (ABCD) = 8 × 8 cm2 = 64 cm2
Now, radius of the quadrant ADQB = 8 cm
90 22
Area of the quadrant ADQB =  × 8 × 8 cm2
360 7
1 22 22  16 2
=  × 64 cm2 = cm
4 7 7 D C

22  16 2 Q
Similarly, area of the quadrant BPDC = cm 8 cm 8 cm
7 P
 22 16  2 704 2 A B
Sum of the two quadrant = 2   cm = 7 cm
 7 
Now, area of design
= [Sum of the area of the two quadrant] – [Area of the square ABCD]
704 2 704  448 2 256 2
= cm – 64cm2 = cm = cm .
7 7 7

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 36 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

[Previous Year Questions]

Q.1 A cake of 6 cm radius is divided into 3 sectors with central angles 120°, 150° and 90° respectively.
The ratio of the areas of the three sectors is ____. (IMO)
(A) 4 : 3 : 5 (B) 5 : 3 : 4 (C) 3 : 4 : 5 (D) 4 : 5 : 3

Q.2 In the given figure, AB = CD = 2BC = 2BP = 2CQ. In the middle, a circle with radius 1 cm is drawn.
In the rest of the figure all are the semicircular arcs. The perimeter of the whole figure is __. (NSO)

(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) None of these

Q.3 The perimeter of a square and circumference of a circle are equal, the area of the square is 121 m2
then the area of the circle is (NTSE Rajasthan)
(A) 7 m 2 (B) 14 m 2 (C) 21  m 2 (D) 49  m2

Q.4 Radhika draws the figure of an aeroplane as given in the figure. Here the wings ABCD and GHIF
each forms a parallelogram. The tail DEF is an isosceles triangle, the cockpit CKI is a semicircle and
middle-part DCIF is a square. The measurements (in cms) are given in the figure. The area of the
plane figure if BP  CD and HQ  FI is ______. (IMO)

(A) 97.24 cm2 (B) 98.14 cm2 (C) 96.82 cm2 (D) 90 cm2

Q.5 The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 48 square units. The perimeter of the
triangle is _________units. (NTSE Odisa)
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 36 (D) 72

Q.6 A circle of radius 'r' has been inscribed in a triangle of area A. If the semi-perimeter of the triangle
be S, then _________ . (IMO)
S A A2
(A) S = Ar (B) r2 = (C) r  (D) r 
A S S

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 37

Q.7 A copper wire of certain length is turned into a square first and then into a circle. Which one of them
is larger in area ? (NTSE West Bengal)
(A) square (B) circle
(C) both of them are equal (D) none of the above

Q.8 Four circular cardboard pieces, each of radius 7 cm are placed in such a way that each piece touches
the two other pieces. The area of the space enclosed by the four pieces is (NTSE Delhi)
(A) 21 cm 2 (B) 42 cm 2 (C) 84 cm 2 (D) 168 cm 2

Q.9 In the given figure, AB = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm, the area of shaded portion is [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2005]

D C
3
4
A B

(A) 6.25 cm2 (B) 7.64 cm2 (C) 12 cm2 (D) 19.64 cm2

Q.10 In the following figure, if O is the centre of the circle and radius OA = 14 cm, then the area of the shaded
portion is [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2006]

A O

(A) 7  cm2 (B) 49  cm2 (C) 98  cm2 (D) 196  cm2

Q.11 The perimeters of a regular hexagon and a square are equal. The ratio of the area of the square to the
area of the hexagon is [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2006]
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3 3 (C) 1 : 3 (D) 3 : 2 3

Q.12 The area of a circle is 154 sq. m. Find the length of the side of the inscribed square (NIMO)

(A) 7 m (B) 8 2 m (C) 7 2 m (D) None of these

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 38 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.13 A square park has each side 100 m. At each corner of the part, there is a flower bed in the form
of a quadrant of radius 14m. The area of the remaining part of the park is : (NIMO)
(A) 9380 m 2 (B) 9345 m 2 (C) 9384 m 2 (D) None of these

Q.14 In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle and three circles are positioned as shown. The area of the
shaded region, rounded to the nearest cm2 is : (NSTSE-2009)

A B

D C
24 cm
(A) 41 (B) 43 (C) 45 (D) 47

Q.15 In the diagram below, ADG, BDF and CDE are 3 different quadrants with centre D. Given that AD
is 14 cm, DE = EF and DF = FG, what is the area of the unshaded portion ? ( = 22/7)
(NSTSE-2010)

D E F G
C Y
Z
B
H

5 7 3
(A) 83 cm2 (B) 70 cm 2 (C) 19 cm2 (D) 154 cm2
12 12 12

Q.16 Find the area of shaded region, where side of square ABCD is 10 cm and two arcs drawn from two
opposite vertices of the square. (NTSE(Raj.)-2018)

D C

A 10 cm B

200 400 600 100

(A) [Link] (B) [Link] (C) [Link] (D) [Link]
7 7 7 7

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 39

Q.17 Find the area of the circle whose radius is 14 cm and central angle is 60º. (IMO-11)
(A) 17.83 cm 2 (B) 15.68 cm 2 (C) 18.96 cm 2 (D) None of these

Q.18 ABCD is a circle and circles are drawn with AO, CO, DO and OB as diameters. Areas X and Y
x
are shaded then is equal to : (NSTSE-2011)
y
B
x z z x
z y y z
A C
z yO y z
x z z x

D
1 1 
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4

Q.19 Four equal sized maximum circular plates are cut off from a square paper sheet of area 784 sq. cm.
The circumference of each plate is : (NSTSE-2011)
(A) 22 cm (B) 44 cm (C) 66 cm (D) 88 cm

Q.20 Find the area of shaded region in the following figure, if radius of bigger semicircle is 14 cm and
smaller semicircle is 7 cm. (IOM-12)

(A) 462 cm2 (B) 350 cm2 (C) 528 cm2 (D) 616 cm2 (E) N.O.T.

Q.21 The figure shows nine 1 cm × 1 cm squares and a circle. The circle passes through the centres of
the squares in the four corners. Find the area of shaded region. (NSTSE-2013)

9 – 2 81 – 2
(A) 81 – 2 (B) (C) 9 – 2 (D)
4 2

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 40 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.22 ABCD is a square with side a with centres A, B, C and D four circles are drawn such that each circle
touches externally two of the remaining three circles. Let  be the area of the region in the interior
of the square and exterior of the circles. Then the maximum value of  is : [NTSE-II Stage, 2013]

4– a 2
(A) a2 (A – ) (B) a   (C) a2 ( – 1) (D)
 4  4

Q.23 An equilateral triangle has area A 3 . Three circles are drawn with their centres at the vertices of
the triangle. Diameter of each circle is equal to the length of each side of the triangle. The area of
the triangle NOT included in any of the circles is : [NSEJS, 2011-12]
   
(A) A 3 –  (B) A( – 3 ) (C) A(3 – 3 ) (D) A 3 – 
 6  2

Q.24 A circle is inscribed in an isosceles trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel to DC. If AB = 10 and
DC = 30. Find the area of the circle. [NSEJS, 2012-13]
(A) 40  (B) 50  (C) 60  (D) 75 

Q.25 A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ cm. The area (in cm2) of a square inscribed in the
circle is [Harayana NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) a2/6 (B) a2/3 (C) 3a2/4 (D) a2/12

Q.26 In figure, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn with BC as diameter.
The area of the shaded region is [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2014]
B

A C
2 2
(A) 98 cm (B) 154 cm (C) 56 cm2 (D) None of these

Q.27 In the given figure, ABC is an equilateral triangle whose side is 2 3 cm . A circle is drawn which passes
through the midpoints D, E and F of its sides. The area of the shaded region is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1_2014]
A

D F

B E C

(A)
1
4
4  3 3 cm 2 (B)
1
4
2  3 cm 2 (C)
1
4
 
  3 3 cm 2 (D)
1
4
 
3  3 cm 2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 41

Q.28 A calf is tied with a rope of length 12 m at a corner of a rectangular field of dimensions 35m × 25m. If
the length of the rope is increased to 23m, then the additional grassy area in which the calf can graze is:
22
(take   ). [NTSE Stage-1_2016]
7
(A) 280.0 m2 (B) 300.0 m2 (C) 302.5 m2 (D) 312.5 m2

Q.29 If Anish is moving along the boundary of a triangular field sides 35 m, 53 m and 66 m and you are moving
along the boundary of a circular field whose area is double the area of the triangular field, then the radius
22
of the circular field is: (take   ) [NTSE Stage-2_2016]
7
(A) 14 3 m (B) 3 14 m (C) 28 3 m (D) 7 3 m

Q.30 An elastice belt is placed round the rim of a pulley of radius 5 cm. One point on the belt is pulled directly
away from the centre O of the pulley until it is at P, 10 cm away from O as shown in the figure. Find the
length of the belt that is in contact with the rim of the pulley . Also, find the area of the shaded region.
[IMO-2016]
A

O P

 3 25 1
(A) cm, cm (3 3  ) cm 2 (B) cm, (3 3  ) cm 2
20 25 3 3

 25 20 25
(C) cm, (2 3  ) cm 2 (D) cm, (3 3  ) cm 2
3 3 3 3

Q.31 A floral design is made on the floor in which ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. The AB, BC, CD, EF and
FA are the semicircles with sides of the hexagon as diameter. If each side of the hexagon is 3 cm,
then find the area of the figure shown below. [IOM-2016]

A B

C
F

E D

(A)
27
4
 
  2 3 cm 2 (B)
27
4

6 3  3 cm 2 (C)   
3  3 cm 2  
(D) 6 3  3 cm 2

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 42 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.32 In the following figure BOD is the arc of a circle with centre C having radius 2 cm. ABCD is a square and
CEF is an isosceles right-angled triangle whose equal sides are 6 cm long. Find the area of the shaded
region. [IOM-2016]
A

O
B D

C
E F
2 2
(A) 2.02 cm (B) 7.07 cm (C) 21.14 cm2 (D) 14.04 cm2

Q.33 In the figure as mentioned below, POQ and ROS are diameters of a circle with centre O and radius

 22 
14 cm. Find the area of the shaded region.  Take    [IOM-2016]
 7 

O
P Q

S
(A) 154 cm2 (B) 112 cm2 (C) 266 cm2 (D) 308 cm2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 43

SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
77
Q.1 If the area of a sector of a circle which subtends an angle of 60º at the centre is cm2, then the
3
radius of the circle is ..............
Q.2 The area of a circle is the measurement of the region enclosed by its ..................
Q.3 If the area of a circle is 154 cm2, then its circumference is ................................
Q.4 Area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60° is ..................
Q.5 The perimeter of a semicircular protractor of diameter 14 cm is ..................
Q.6 The area of the circular ring included between two concentric circles of radii 14cm and 10.5 cm is
..................
Q.7 The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. The radius of the circle having area equal
to the sum of the areas of the two circles is ............
Q.8 The difference of the circumferences of two circles is 66 cm. If the diameter of one circle is 28 cm,
then the diameter of the other circle is .......................
Q.9 If the length of a minute hand of a wall clock is 7 cm, then the area swept by it in 30 minutes is
.......................
Q.10 The sum of the circumferences of two circles is 110 cm. If the diameter of one circle is 28 cm, then
the diameter of the other circle is .......................
SECTION-B
 True/ False
Read the following statements and write your answer as true or false.
Q.1 Area of segment of a circle = Area of the circle – Area of the corresponding sector.
Q.2 If the perimeter of a semicircular protractor is 36 cm, its diameter is 12 cm.
Q.3 The circumference of a circle exceeds its diameter by 16.8 cm. The circumference of the circle is
46.2 cm.
Q.4 If a chord of a circle of radius r subtend a right angle at the centre of the circle, then the area of the
  –1 2
corresponding segment of the circle is   r.
 2 
Q.5 A circle is inscribed in a square of sides 6 cm. The area between the square and the circle is 54 cm2.

SECTION-C
 Multiple choice questions with one correct answer
Q.1 A wheel has diameter 84 cm. To cover 792 metres, the number of complete revolutions made by
it is :
(A) 200 (B) 300 (C) 250 (D) 350

Q.2 If the circumference of two circles are in the ratio 2 : 3, then the ratio of their areas is :
(A) 4 : 9 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 9 : 4

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 44 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.3 In the given figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and APD and BPC are semicircles. The area
of the shaded region is :

(A) 42 cm2 (B) 40 cm2 (C) 43 cm2 (D) 44 cm2

Q.4 The difference between the circumference and radius of a circle is 37 cm. The area of the circle is:
(A) 111 cm2 (B) 184 cm2 (C) 154 cm2 (D) 259 cm2

Q.5 The radius of a bicycle wheel is 14 cm. The distance covered by the wheel after making 50 complete
rotations is :
(A) 88 cm (B) 2200 cm (C) 440 cm (D) 4400 cm

Q.6 A horse is placed for grazing inside a rectangular field 70 m by 52 m and is tethered to one corner
by a rope 21 m long. The area over which the horse can graze is :
(A) 346.5 cm2 (B) 347 cm2 (C) 344.5 cm2 (D) none of these.

Q.7 A steel wire, when bent in the form of a square, enclosed an area of 121 cm2 . The same wire is
bent in the form of a circle. The area of the circle is :
(A) 154 cm2 (B) 145 cm2 (C) 451 cm2 (D) 541 cm2

Q.8 The area of a square is the same as the area of a circle. The perimeters of the circle and square are
in the ratio :
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 :  (C)  : 2 (D)  :2

Q.9 The diameter of a wheel is 40 cm. The number of revolutions it will make in covering 176 m is :
(A) 140 (B) 150 (C) 160 (D) 166

Q.10 A paper is in the form of a rectangle ABCD in which AB = 18 cm and BC = 14 cm. A semicircular
portion with BC as diameter is cut off. The area of the remaining paper is :

(A) 145 cm2 (B) 165 cm2 (C) 175 cm2 (D) 195 cm2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 45

Q.11 The length of minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. The area swept by the minute hand in one minute
is :
(A) 10.26 cm2 (B) 10 cm2 (C) 11 cm2 (D) 11.25 cm2

Q.12 The circumference of a circle is 100 cm. The side of a square inscribed in the circle is
100 50 2 100 2
(A) 50 2 cm (B) cm (C) cm (D) cm
  

Q.13 The area of the incircle of an equilateral triangle is 154 cm2. The perimeter of the triangle is
(A) 22 3cm 2 (B) 231 cm2 (C) 42 3 cm2 (D) 924 cm2

Q.14 The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r is :
(A) r2 (B) 2r2 (C) r3 (D) 2r3

Q.15 If the circumference of a circle increases from 4 to 8, then its area is
(A) halved (B) doubled (C) tripled (D) quadrupled

Q.16 The figure shows a rectangle ABCD with a semi-circle and a circle inscribed inside it as shown. What
is then ratio of the area of the circle to that of the semi-circle?

2
(A) ( 2 – 1) 2 (B) 2( 2 – 1) (C) ( 2 – 1) 2 / 2 (D) ( 2 – 1) 2 / 8

Q.17 PQ is a tangent to circles with centres A and B at P and Q respectively. If AB = 10 cm and

PQ = 8 cm, and area of triangle APO is four times the area of triangle OQB, the radius of the bigger
circle is

(A) 2 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 8 cm

Q.18 Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram below where the given triangle is isosceles with
vertices of bases lying on axis of the radius perpendicular to the diameter of the two small semicircles.

(A) 8  16 2 (B) 16 – 2 (C) 16 ( – 1) (D) 16

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 46 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.19 In the adjoining figure, points A, B, C and D lie on the circle. AD = 24 and BC = 12. What is the
ratio of the area of triangle CBE and the triangle ADE ?

(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 3 (D) none of these

Q.20 Two circles touch internally and their centres are O and O' as shown. The sum of their areas is 180
sq. cm. and the distance between their centres is 6 cm. What is the diameter of the larger circle?

(A) 16 cm (B) 12 cm (C) 18 cm (D) 24 cm

Q.21 Find the area of the shaded region. [All the circles shown in the figure are congruent]

 
(A) 25  – 1 (B) 50 (C) 100 – 1 (D) 200 ( – 1)
2  2 

Q.22 A circle of a radius is divided into 6 equal sectors. An equilateral triangle is drawn on the chord of
each sectors to lie outside the circle. The area of the resulting figure is

3 3a 2
(A) 3 3a 2 (B) (C) 3a2 (D) 3 3a 2
2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 47

Q.23 If AC passes through the centre of the circle, then the area of the shaded region in the given figure is

a2 2   a2   
(A) (3 – ) (B) a  – 1 (C) 2a2 ( – 1) (D)  – 1
2 2  2 2 

Q.24 The area of the shaded portion in the given figure is

(A) 7.5  sq. units (B) 6.5  sq, units (C) 5.5  sq. units (D) 4.5  sq. units

Q.25 PQRS is a square. SR is a tangent (at point S) to the circle with centre O and TR = OS. Then, the
ratio of area of the circle to the area of the square is

(A) /3 (B) 11/7 (C) 3/ (D) 7/11

Q.26 From a circular sheet of paper with a radius 20 cm, four circles of radius 5 cm each are cut out.
What is the ratio of the uncut to the cut portion

(A) 1 : 3 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 4 : 3

Q.27 Consider a circle with unit radius. There are seven adjacent sectors, S1, S2, S3, ...... , S7 in the circle
such that their total area is 1/8 of the area of the circle. Further, the area of the jth sector is twice
that the (j -1)th sector, for j = 2, ..... . 7 What is the area sector of S1?
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
508 2040 1016 1524

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 48 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.28 A circle with radius 2 is placed against a right angle. Another smaller circle is also placed as shown
in the adjoining figure. What is the radius of the smaller circle ?

(A) 3 – 2 2 (B) 4 – 2 2 (C) 7 – 4 2 (D) 6 – 4 2

Q.29 In the given figure below, the boundary of the shaded region comprises of four semicircles and two
quarter circles. If OA = OB = OC= OD = 7 cm and the straight lines AC and BD are perpendicular
to each other, then the length of the boundary is

(A) 68 cm (B) 49 cm (C) 66 cm (D) 44 cm

Q.30 A race track is in the form of a ring whose inner and outer circumference are 437m and 503m
respectively. The area of the track is
(A) 66 sq. cm (B) 4935 sq. cm (C) 9870 sq. cm (D) None of these

Q.31 A circle of maximum possible size is cut from a square sheet of board. Subsequently, a square of
maximum possible size is cut from the resultant circle. Area of the final square will be
(A) 75% of the size of the original square (B) 50% of the size of the original square
(C) 75% of the size of the circle (D) 25% of the size of the original square

Q.32 Given XY has been divided into 5 congruent segments and semicircles have been drawn. But suppose
XY were divided into millions of congruent segments and semicircles were drawn, what would the sum
of the lengths of the arcs be?

X Y
(A) 2YX (B) 5XY (C) XY (D) None of these

Q.33 A sector is cut from a circular sheet of radius 100 cm, the angle of the sector being 240°. If another
circle of the area same as the sector is formed, then radius of the new circle is
(A) 79.5 cm (B) 81.6 cm (C) 83.4 cm (D) 88.5 cm

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 49

Q.34 If the sector of a circle of diameter 10 cm subtends an angle of 144º at the centre, then the length
of the arc of the sector is
(A) 2 cm (B) 4  cm (C) 5  cm (D) 6  cm

Q.35 The figure below shows two concentric circles with centre O, PQRS is a square inscribed in the outer
circle. It also circumscribes the inner circle, touching it at point B, C, D and A. The ratio of the
perimeter of the outer circle to that of polygon ABCD is :

 3 
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
4 2 2

Q.36 If a circular grass lawn of 35m in radius has a path 7m wide running around it on the outside, then
the area of the path is
(A) 1450 m2 (B) 1576 m2 (C) 1694 m2 (D) 3368 m2

SECTION-D
 Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answers
Q.1 If a wire of 440 metres length is moulded in the form of a circle and a square turn by turn, then which
of the following is true ?
(A) radius of circle is 7 metres
(B) side of square is 110 metres
(C) ratio of the area of circle to the area of square is 14 : 11
(D) area of circle is 49 sq. metres.

Q.2 A circular track is constructed around a circular park. It cost Rs. 4400 to construct the track at the
rate of Rs. 3.5 per sq. m, if the park area is 1386 m2. Which of the following is true?
(A) radius of circular track is 29 metres (B) width of the circular track is 8 metres
(C) area of track is 4400 m 2 (D) radius of cirular park is 22 metres

Q.3 A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm makes an angle of 90° at the centre of the circle. Which of the
following is true?
(A) area of minor segment is 28.57 cm2
(B) area of triangle formed by chord and radius of the circle is 25 cm2
(C) area of sector is 50 cm2
(D) area of major segment is 285.71 cm2

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 50 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.4 Two circles touch each other externally. The sum of their areas is 130 cm2 and the distance
between their centres is 14 cm. Which of the following is true?
(A) Radius of larger circle is 11 cm (B) Difference between their radius is 8 cm
(C) Radius of smaller circle is 3 cm (D) Difference of their area is 112 cm2

Q.5 In an equilateral triangle of side 24 cm, a circle is incribed touching its sides. Which of the following
is true?
(A) lengths of the median of triangle is 8 3 cm
(B) Circumference of the circle is 8 3  cm
(C) Area of the remaining portion of the triangle is 98.55 cm2.
(D) Area of the circle is 48 cm2.

Q.6 A boy is cycling such that the wheels of the cycle are making 140 revolutions per minute. If the
diameter of the wheel is 60 cm, which of the following is true?
(A) Distance covered in one revolution is 120 cm
(B) Distance covered in140 revolution is 264 m
(C) Speed if the boy is cycling is 64 km/hour
(D) Circumference of wheel is 60 cm

Q.7 In the given figure, two circular flower beds have been shown on two sides of a square lawn ABCD
of side 56 m. If the centre of each circular flower bed is the point of intersection of the diagonals
of the square lawn, then which of the following is true ?

(A) area of the flower bed is 2464 m2

(B) area of the square lawn is 3136 m2
(C) The difference between the area of lawn and area of two circular flower bed is 672 m2
(D) The sum of the area of the lawn and the flower bed is 4032 m2

Q.8 A park is in the form of a rectangle of 120m × 100m. At the centre of the park, there is a circular
lawn. The area of park excluding the circular lawn is 8150 m2. Which of the following is true ?
(A) Perimeter of circular lawn is 220 m. (B) Area of the park is 12000m2
(C) Radius of circular lawn is 70m (D) Area of circular lawn is 8150m2

7
Q.9 If the radius of a circle is cm, then the area of the circle is equal to :


49 2 154 2
(A) cm (B) cm (C) 154 cm2 (D) 49 cm2
 

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 51

Q.10 If the ratio of the areas of the two circles is 25 : 16, then the ratio of their circumferences is
625 4 5 500
(A) (B) (C) (D)
500 5 4 625

Q.11 If the sector of a circle of diameter 14cm subtends an angle of 30º at the centre, then its area is
49 242 121
(A) 49 (B) (C) (D)
12 3 3
Q.12 Which of the following is/are correct ?
132 2
(A) Area of a circle with radius 6 cm, if angle of sector is 60º, iscm .
14
(B) If a chord of circle of radius 14 cm makes an angle of 60° at the centre of the circle, then area
of major sector is 512.87 cm2.
(C) The ratio between the circumference and area of a circle of radius 5 cm is 2: 5.
(D) Area of a circle whose radius is 6 cm, when the length of the arc is 22 cm, is 66 cm2.

Q.13 Which of the following is/are correct.

(A) A chord divides the interior of a circle into two parts.
(B) An arc of a circle whose length is less than that of a semicircle of the same circle is a called a minor arc.
(C) Circles having the same centre but different radii are called concentric circles.
(D) A line segment joining any two points of a circle is called an arc.

SECTION-E
 Assertion & Reason
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true

Q.1 Assertion : Two circles touch externally. If their radii are 11 cm and 3 cm, the distance between
their centres is 14 cm.
Reason : When two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to difference
of their radii.

Q.2 Assertion : The diameter of a wheel is 4.2 m. It makes 75 revolutions in one minute. The speed
of the wheel is 59.4 km/hr.
Reason : Distance travelled in one minute = circumference x Number of revolutions in one minute.

Q.3 Assertion : The area enclosed between two concentric circles is 770 cm2. The radius of the outer
circle is 21 cm, then radius of the inner circle is 14 cm.
Reason : If R and r are the outer and inner radii of a ring then area of the ring is (R2 – r2).

Q.4 Assertion : If the circumference of a circle is 176 cm, then its radius is 28 cm.
Reason: Circumference = 2 × radius

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 52 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.5 Assertion : If the outer and inner diameter of a circular path is 10m and 6 m, then area of the
path is 16 m2.
Reason: If R and r be the radius of outer and inner circular path respectively then area of
path = (R2 – r2)

Q.6 Assertion : If a wire of length 22 cm is bent in the shape of a circle, then area of the circle so
formed is 40 cm2.
Reason: Circumference of the circle = length of the wire.

SECTION-F
Passage :
If a chord of a circle of radius r subtends an angle  degrees at the centre of the circle, the area of
1   
the corresponding segment of the circle is  – sin  r 2
2 180 
Q.1 Find the area of segment (sq. units), when radius = r units and  = 60º
 3 2  3 2  2 2
(A)  4 – 2  r (B)  6 – 4  r (C)  –  r (D) r2
     3 3

Q.2 When radius = r units and  = 45º

 1  2  1  2  1  2  2  2
(A)  – r (B)  – r (C)  – r (D)  – r
8 2 2 8 2 6 3 8 3

Q.3 When radius = r units and  = 30º

r 2   1 2   1 2   1 2
(A) (B)    r (C)  –  r (D)  –  r
2  6 3  12 4   12 3 

Passage :
Diameters of three concentric circles are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. The sum of the circumference of these
circles is 264 cm.
Q.4 Find the area enclosed between first and second circles.
(A) 462 cm2 (B) 642 cm2 (C) 246 cm2 (D) 624 cm2

Q.5 Find the area enclosed between second and third circles.
(A) 707 cm2 (B) 770 cm2 (C) 77 cm2 (D) 872 cm2

Q.6 Find the area enclosed between first and third circles.
(A) 3122 crn2 (B) 1223 cm2 (C) 1322 cm2 (D) 1232 cm2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 53

Passage

In the above given figure, a circular arc of radius 6 cm has been drawn with vertex O of an equilateral
triangle OAB of side 12 cm as centre.

Q.7 The area of the sector AOB is :

(A) 6 cm2 (B)  cm2 (C) 6 cm2 (D) (6 + ) cm2

Q.8 The area of the shaded region is :

(A) 156.522 cm2 (B) 156.552 cm2 (C) 165.552 cm2 (D) 561.552 cm2

SECTION-G
 Match the following (one to one)
Q.1 Two circular flower beds have becn shown on two sides of a square lawn ABCD of side 56m. If
the centre of each circular flowered bed is the point of intersection O of the diagonals of the square
lawn, then match the column.

Column–I Column–II
(A) area of OAB (p) 4032
(B) area of flower bed (q) 784
(C) area of sector OAB (r) 448
(D) Total area (s) 1232

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 54 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

SECTION-H
 Match the following (one to many)

Q.1 Column-I Column-II

(A) (p) 30 cm2

(B) (q) 115 m2

(C) (r) 35 cm2

(D) (s) 0.003 m2

(t) 30 m2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 55

ANSWER KEY

Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 B

Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 C Q.13 C Q.14 A
Q.15 B Q.16 B Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 B Q.20 A Q.21 C
Q.22 B Q.23 D Q.24 D Q.25 A Q.26 A Q.27 A Q.28 C
Q.29 A Q.30 D Q.31 A Q.32 C Q.33 C

SECTION-A
Q.1 7 cm2 Q.2 boundary Q.3 44 cm Q.4 132/7 cm2 Q.5 36 cm
Q.6 269.5 cm2 Q.7 10 cm Q.8 7 cm Q.9 77 cm2 Q.10 7 cm

SECTION-B
Q.1 F Q.2 F Q.3 F Q.4 F Q.5 F

SECTION-C
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 A Q.7 A
Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 A Q.12 C Q.13 C Q.14 A
Q.15 D Q.16 D Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 A Q.20 B Q.21 C
Q.22 D Q.23 D Q.24 D Q.25 A Q.26 C Q.27 C Q.28 D
Q.29 C Q.30 B Q.31 B Q.32 C Q.33 B Q.34 B Q.35 C
Q.36 C

SECTION-D
Q.1 B,C Q.2 A,B Q.3 A,D Q.4 A,B,C,D Q.5 C,D Q.6 B,D
Q.7 B,D Q.8 A,B Q.9 B,D Q.10 A,C Q.11 B,D Q.12 B,C,D
Q.13 A,B,C

SECTION-E
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 D

SECTION-F
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 B Q.6 D Q.7 A
Q.8 B

SECTION-G
Q.1 (A)  (q) ; (B)  (r) ; (C)  (s) ; (D)  (p)

SECTION-H
Q.1 (A)  (q) ; (B)  (p,s) ; (C)  (p,s) ; (D)  (q)

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 56 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

14 PROBABILITY

14.1 INTRODUCTION :
The chances of happening or non happening of an event when expressed quantitatively is called probability.
There are mainly two definitions of probability.
(i) Experimental (ii) Theoretical
In this chapter, we will study about these two types of probability. Experimental probability approach is
when we toss the coin one – million times or 10 million times, we observe that as the number of tosses
increases the experimental probability of a head or a tail comes close to 0.5. This is experimental approach
to probability. The basic difference between the experimental and theoretical approach to probability is
that former is based on what has actually happened but later is based on prediction of what will happen.

14.2 PROBABILITY – A THEORETICAL APPROACH

If an event A occurs m times and does not occurs n times. Then, the probability of occurence of event A,
denoted by P(A) is given by

Number of favourable outcomes m

P(A) = =
Total number of outcomes mn

 
and probability of not happening of this event is given by not P(A) i.e. P A

 
P A =
Number of unfavourable outcomes
Total number of outcomes
=
n
mn

 
[ P A is known as complement of P(A) means not happening of P(A)]
If we consider happening of an event = p
and probability of not happening = q

m n mn
 p+q= + = =1
mn mn mn

or p + q = 1 or p = 1 – q or q = 1 – p.

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 PROBABILITY 57

14.3 Sum of the Probabilities of All the Elementary Event of an Experiment

If E1 , E2 ..........., En be the n elementary events associated with a random experiment having exactly n
outcomes, then P(E1) + P(E2) + .......... + P(En) = 1.
For example, when we toss a coin, the resulting elementary events are H and T.
1 1
P(H) = and P(T) =
2 2

1 1
Then, P(H) + P(T) = + = 1.
2 2
When we toss a dice with six faces, the elementary events are E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6 where En denotes
the event of getting the number n on the top face of the dice, where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
1
We know that P(En) = for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
6

1 1 1 1 1 1
Then P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3) + P(E4) + P(E5) + P(E6) = + + + + + =1
6 6 6 6 6 6

Illustration : 1
A box contains 3 blue, 2 white and 4 red marbles. If a marble is drawn at random
from the box, what is the probability that it will be
(i) white ? (ii) blue ? (iii) Red ?
Solution :
Saying that a marble is drawn at random is a short way of saying that all the marbles are
equally likely to be drawn.
Therefore, the number of possible outcomes = 3 + 2 + 4 = 9
Let W denote the event ‘the marble is white’ , B denotes the event ‘the marble is blue’
and R denote the event ‘marble is red’.
2 3 1 4
(i) P(W) = (ii) P(B) = = (iii) P(R) =
9 9 3 9

Number of favourable outcomes

P = Total number of possible outcomes

Illustration : 2
Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) two heads (ii) at least one head (iii) no head.
Solution :
Let H denotes head and T denotes tail.
 On tossing two coins simultaneously, all possible outcomes HH, HT, TH, TT = 4.
Number of favourable outcomes
P = Total number of possible outcomes

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 58 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Event of occurence of two heads 1

(i) P(two heads) = P(H, H) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 4
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes of at least one head (HT, TH, HH) = 3
Number of favourable outcomes
P = Total number of possible outcome

Event of occurence of atleast one head 3

P(at least one head) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 4
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes of no head (T, T) = 1
Number of favourable outcomes
P = Total number of possible outcome

Event of occurence of no head 1

P(no head) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 4

Illustration : 3
17 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, ........, 17 are put in a box and mixed throughly. One
person draws a card from the box. Find the probability that the number on the
card is
(i) odd (ii) a prime (iii) divisible by 3 (iv) divisible by 3 and 2 both.
Solution :
(i) There are 9 odd numbered cards, namely 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17. Out of these
9 cards one card can be drawn in 9 ways.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 9
Total number of elementary events = 17.
9
Hence, required probability =
17

(ii) There are 7 prime numbered cards, namely. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17. Out of these 7
cards one card can be chosen in 7 ways.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 7
Total number of elementary events = 17
7
Hence, P(getting a prime number) =
17
(iii) Let A denote the event of getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3.
Clearly, event A occurs if we get a card bearing one of the number 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 5
5
Hence, P (Getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3) =
17

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 PROBABILITY 59

(iv) If a number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then it is a multiple of 6. In cards bearing

number 1, 2, 3, ........17 there are only 2 cards which bear a number divisible by 3 and
2 both i.e., by 6. These cards bear numbers 6 and 12.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 2
2
Hence, P(Getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3 and 2) = .
17

14.4 ESSENTIAL POINTS:

A die is well balanced cube with its six faces marked with numbers or dots 1 to 6. When we throw a die
we are interested in the number that occurs on the top face.
The pack or deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards, 26 of red and 26 of black colour. There are four
suits each of 13 cards namely hearts (), spades () , diamonds () and clubs (). Each suit contains
ace, king, queen , jack or knave, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2.
There are 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks, 4 tens, and so on in a pack.
Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards.
Trial: Performing an experiment once is called a trial.

14.5 ALGEBRA OF EVENTS:

Let A and B be two events related to a random experiment. We define
(i) The event “A or B” denoted by “A  B”, Which occurs when A or B or both occur. Thus
P(A  B) = Probability that at least one of the events occcur..
(ii) The event “A and B” , denoted by “A  B”, which occurs when A and B both occur. Thus
P(A  B) = Probability of simultaneous occurence of A and B
(iii) The event “Not A” denoted by A , occurs when and only when A does not occur. Thus
P( A ) = Probability of non occurence of the event A.
(iv) A  B denotes the “non occurence of both A and B”.
(v)  
P A  B = P( A  B )

For Example :
Consider a single throw of die and following two events
A = the number is even = {2, 4, 6}
B = the number is a multiple of 3 = {3, 6}
4 2 1 1
Then P(A  B) = = , P(A  B) = , P( A ) =
6 3 6 2

2 1
P( A  B ) = P( A  B ) = 1 – P(A B) = 1 – =
3 3

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 60 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

14.6 ADDITION THEOREM OF PROBABILITY:

(i) If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment, then P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
– P(A B). If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(A B) = 0.
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)

(ii) If A, B, C are three events associated with a random experiment, then

P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B  C) – P(A C) + P(A B C)

14.7 MULTIPLICATION THEOREM OF PROBABILITY (Conditional Probability):

If A and B are two events, then
P(A  B) = P(A). P(B/A), if P(A) > 0
= P(B). P(A / B), if P(B) > 0.
Here P(B/A) means probability of occurence of event B, when event A has already occured. Also P(A/
B) means probability of occurence of event A, when event B has already occured.
From this theorem we get

P(A  B) P(A  B)
P(B / A) = and P(A / B) =
P(A ) P (B)

If A and B are two independent events, then

P(A / B) = P(A) and P(B / A) = P(B)
Therefore P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B)
For Example :
Consider an experiment of throwing a pair of dice. Let A denotes the event “the sum of the point on two
dice is 8” and B denotes the event “there is an even number on first die”
Then A = {(2, 6), (6, 2),(3, 5),(5, 3),(4, 4)},
B = {(2, 1), (2, 2), .............. (2, 6), (4, 1),(4, 2), ............ (4, 6),(6, 1),(6, 2).........(6, 6)}

5 18 1 3 1
P(A) = , P(B) = = , P(A  B) = =
36 36 2 36 12

Now, P(A / B) = Prob of occurence of A when B has already occured = Prob. of getting 8 as the sum,

3 1 3
when there is an even number on the first die = = and similarly P(B / A) =
18 6 5

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 PROBABILITY 61

Illustration 1
If A, B are two independent events, then show that
(a) A, B are independent
(b) A , B are independent
(c) A , B are independent
Solution :
(a) We have,
P(A  B ) = P(A) – (A  B) = P(A) – P(A) P(B) = P(A) [ 1 – P(B)] = P(A) P( B )
Proved
(b) Solution is similar to (i)
(c) P ( A  B ) = P( A  B ) = 1 – P( A  B )
= 1 – P(A) – P(B) + P(A)P(B) = [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)] = P( A ) P( B ) Proved

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 62 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example : 1
On tossing three coins at a time, find
(a) All possible outcomes.
(b) Events of occurence of 3 heads, 2 heads, 1 head and 0 head
(c) Probability of getting 3 heads, 2 heads, 1 head and no head.
Solution :
Let H denotes head and T denotes Tail. On tossing three coins at a time
(a) All possible outcomes = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
These are 8 possible outcomes.

(b) An event of occurence of 3 heads = (HHH) = 1.

An event of occurence of 2 heads = [HHT, HTH, THH] = 3
An event of occurence of 1 head = [HTT, THT, TTH] = 3
An event of occurence of 0 heads = [TTT] = 1.
Total number of occurence of an event = total number of possible outcomes = 8

(c) Now, probability of getting 3 heads

Event of occurence of 3 heads 1
= P(HHH) = Total number of possible outcomes =
8
Similarly, probability of getting 2 heads
Event of occurence of 2 heads 3
= P(HHT or THH or HTH) = Total number of possible outcomes =
8
Probability of getting one head = P(HTT or THT or TTH)
Event of occurenceof 1 heads 3
= Total number of possible outcomes =
8
Probability of getting no head = P(TTT)
Event of occurence of no heads 1
= Total number of possible outcomes =
8

Example : 2
Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card
is drawn from this box. Find the probability that the number on the card is
(a) an even number.
(b) a number less than 14
(c) a number which is perfect square
(d) a prime number less than 20.

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 PROBABILITY 63

Solution :
Since cards are marked from 2 to 101.
Therefore, total number of Cards = 100.
Drawing cards ensure the equally likely outcomes.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 100.
Now (i) There are fifty cards marked with even numbers from 2 to 101.
Hence, the number of such favourable outcomes = 50.
 Probability that the card drawn is an even number = P(Even number)
Number of favouravle outcomes 50 1
= = =
Total number of possible outcomes 100 2
(ii) There are 12 cards on which marked numbers are less than 14.
Hence the number of such favourable outcomes = 12
 Probability that the number on card drawn is less than 14.
= P(Number less than 14)
Number of favouravle outcomes
=
Total number of possible outcomes

12 3
= =
100 25
(iii) Those numbers from 2 to 101 which are perfect square are 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
i.e., squares of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 respectively.
Total number of cards marked with such numbers = 9
Hence, the number of such favourable outcomes = 9
9
 Probability that the number marked on the card drawn is a perfect square =
100

Number of favourable outcomes

Total outcomes
(iv) The prime numbers which are less than 20 and starting from 2 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19.
Total number of cards, on which prime numbers less than 20 are marked, are 8.
Hence, the number ofsuch favourable outcomes = 8.
 Probability that the number marked on the cards is a prime number less than 20
= P(Prime number less than 20)
Number of favourable outcomes
=
Total number of possible outcomes

8 2
= =
100 25

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 64 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Example : 3
What is the probability that a leap year, selected at random will contain 53 Sundays?
Solution :
Number of days in a leap year = 366 days
Now, 366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days
The remaining two days can be
(i) Sunday and Monday
(ii) Monday and Tuesday
(iii) Tuesday and Wednesday
(iv) Wednesday and Thursday
(v) Thursday and Friday
(vi) Friday and Saturday
(vii) Saturday and Sunday
For the leap year to contain 53 Sunday, last two days are either Sunday and Monday or Saturday and
Sunday.
 Number of such favourable outcomes = 2.
Total number of possible outcomes = 7

Number of favouravle outcomes

=
Total number of possible outcomes

2
 p (a leap year contains 53 Sundays) =
7

Example : 4
Savita and Hamida are friends. What is the probability that both will have (i) different birthdays?
(ii) the same birthday? (ignoring a leap year)
Solution :
Out of the two friends, one girl, say, Savita’s birthday can be any day of the year. Now, Hamida’s
birthday can also be any day of 365 days in the year. We assume that these 365 outcomes are equally
likely.
(1) If Hamida’s birthday is different from Savita’s, the number of favourable outcomes for her birthday

364
is 365 – 1 = 364. So, P(Hamida’s birthday is different from Savita’s birthday) =
365
(2) P(Savita and Hamida have the same birthday) = 1 – P (both have different birth days).

364 1
=1– = [Using P( E ) = 1 – P(E)]
365 365

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 PROBABILITY 65

Example : 5
There are 100 transistors in a box. 20 of them are defective. At random two transistors are
taken one by one consecutively without replacement. What is the probability that (i) both of
them are good (ii) both of them are defective (iii) one of them is good and the other defective.
Solution :
80
Probability of a transistor to be good =
100

20
Probability of a transistor to be defective =
100

80 79 316
(i) Probability for the two transistors to be good =  =
100 99 495

20 19 19
(ii) Probability for the two transistors to be defective =  =
100 99 495
(iii) Probability for the first one to be good and the other to be defective
80 20 80 16
=  = =
100 99 495 99
Probability for the first one to be defective and the second one to be good
20 80 80 16
=  = =
100 99 495 99
 Probability for one to be good and the other to be defective
80 80 160 32
= + = = .
495 495 495 99

Example : 6
A bag contains 3 red and 3 white balls. Two balls are drawn one by one. Find the probability
that they are of different colours.
Solution :
Let A = event that drawn ball is red
B = event that drawn ball is white
Then AB and BA are two disjoint cases of the given event.

 B A
 P(AB + BA) = P(AB) + P(BA) = P(A)P   + P(B)P  
A  B

3 3 3 3 3
= . + . =
6 5 6 5 5

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 66 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Example :7
A speaks truth in 60% and B in 50% of the cases. Find the probability that they contradict
each other discussing the same incident.
Solution :
“A” speaks truth in 60% cases
60 3
 P(‘A’ speaks truth) = =
100 5
Similarly, ‘B’ speaks truth in 50% cases.
50 1
 P(‘B’ speaks truth) = =
100 2

 P(contradict each other) = P(A B + B A )

= P(A) P( B ) + P(B)P( A )

 3  1   1   3
=   1 –  +   1 – 
5  2  2  5

3 1 2 1 1
= . + . = .
5 2 5 2 2

Example : 8
In a class of 60 students, 30 opted for NCC, 32 Opted for NSS and 24 opted for both NCC and
NSS. If one of these student is selected at random. Find the probability that
(i) The student opted for NCC or NSS.
(ii) The student opted for neither NCC nor NSS.
(iii) The student has opted NSS but not NCC.
Solution :
In a class of 60 students 30 students opted for NCC.
30
 Probability of opting NCC =
60
Let A be the event that a student opts for NCC.
 P(A) = 0.5
If B be the event that a student opts for NSS.  n(B) = 32.
32
 P(B) =
60

24
24 students opt for NCC and NSS both, P(A  B) =
60

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 PROBABILITY 67

(i) Probability that a student opts for NSS or NCC = P(A  B)

30 32 24 30  32 – 24 38 19
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) = + – = = =
60 60 60 60 60 30
(ii) Probability that the student has opted neither NCC nor NSS.
= P(A  B) 1 – P(A  B) = 1 – 0.63 = 0.37

(iii) Probability that the student has opted NSS but not NCC = P(A  B) = P(B) – P(A  B)
32 24 8 2
= – = = .
60 60 60 15

Example : 9
In an entrance test that is graded on the basis of two examinations, the probability of a
randomly chosen student passing the first examination is 0.8 and the probability of passing the
second examination is 0.7. The probability of passing atleast one of them is 0.95. What is the
probability of passing both?
Solution :
Let A and B be the events of passing I and II examinations respectively
 P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.7
Probability of passing atleast one examintion = 1 – P(A  B) = 0.95
Now A  B = (A B) (De Morgans Law)
P(A  BPA  B) = 1 – P(A  B)
Putting this value in (i),
1 – [1 – P(A B)] = 0.95 or P(A B) = 0.95
Further, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B) = 0.8 + 0.7 – 0.95 = 1.5 – 0.95 = 0.55
Thus, probability that the student will pass in both the examinations = 0.55.

Example : 10
Find how many different +ve integers can be obtained by finding the sum of two or more from
the list 2, 5, 15, 30, 55.
Solution :
In the given list 2, 5, 15, 30, 55, we see that any member of this list cannot be expressed as the sum of
two or more of its predeccessors.
This fact suggests that all sums of two or more will give is different + ve integers,
There are 5 elements in the given list.
Sum of two elements: Out of 5 elements, we can choose 2 elements for addition in 10 ways.
Sum of three elements: Out of 5 elements, we can choose 3 elements for addition in 10 ways.
Sum of four elements: Out of 5 elements, we can choose 4 elements for addition in 5 ways
Sum of five elements: 5 out of 5 elements can be chosen for addition in only one way.
By the rule of addition, the number of different sums are 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 26.

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 68 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Complete the following statements:
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event 'not E' = __________.
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is __________. Such an event is called
__________.
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is __________. Such an event is
called __________.
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiments is
__________.
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to __________ and less than or
equal to __________.
Sol. (i) 1
(ii) 0, impossible event
(iii) 1, sure or certain event
(iv) 1
(v) 0, 1

Q.2 Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
Sol. (i) Since he may or may not start the car thus the outcomes are not equally likely.
(ii) The player may shoot or miss the shot.
 The outcomes are not equally likely.
(iii) In advance it is known that the answer is to be either right or wrong.
 The outcomes right or wrong are equally likely to occur.
(iv) In advance it is known the newly born baby has to be either a boy or a girl.
 The outcomes either a boy or a girl are equally likely to occur.

Q.3 Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at
the beginning of a football game?
Sol. Since on tossing a coin, the outcomes 'head' and 'tail' are equally likely, the result of tossing a coin is
completely upredictable and so it is a fair way.

Q.4 Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

2
(A) (B) – 1.5 (C) 15% (D) 0.7
3
Sol. (B) Since, the probability of an event cannot be negative,
 –1.5 cannot be the probability of an event.

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 PROBABILITY 69

Q.5 If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of 'not E'?

Sol.  P(E) + P(Not E) = 1
 0.05 + P(Not E) = 1  P(not E) = 0.95
P(not E) = 0.95
Thus, probability of 'not E' = 0.95.
Q.6 A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into
the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy? (ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
Sol. (i) Since there are lemon flavoured candies only in the bag.
 Taking out any orange flavoured candy is not possible.
 Probability of taking out an orange flavoured candy = 0.
(ii) Also probability of taking out a lemon flavoured candy = 1.
Q.7 It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?
Sol.  Let the probability of 2 students having same birthday = P(SB)
and t he probability of 2 students not having the same birthday = P(NSB)
 P(SB) + P(NSB) = 1
 P(SB) + 0.992 = 1  P(SB) =1 – 0.992 = 0.008.
Q.8 A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is
(i) red? (ii) not red?
Sol. Total number of balls = 3 + 5 = 8
 Number of all possible outcomes = 8
(i)  There are 3 red balls
 Number of favourable outcomes = 3
Number of favourable outcomes 3
 P(red) = Number of all possible outcomes =
8

3 83 5
(ii) Probability of the ball drawn which is not red = 1 – P(red) = 1 – = = .
8 8 8

Q.9 A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be
(i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
Sol. Total number of marbles = 5 + 8 + 4 = 17.
 Number of all possible outcome = 8
(i)  Number of red marbles = 5
 Number of favorable outcomes = 5
5
 Probability of red marbles, P(red) =
17

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 70 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

(ii)  Number of white marbles = 8

8
 Probability of white marbles, P(white) =
17
(iii)  Number of green marbles = 4
 Number of 'not green' marbles = 17 – 4 = 13
i.e., favourable outcome = 13
13
 Probability of ball 'not green' P(not green) = .
17

Q.10 A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p coins, fifty Rs. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2 coins and
ten Rs. 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned
upside down, what is the probability that the coin
(i) will be a 50 p coin? (ii) will not be Rs 5 coin?
Sol. Number of
50 p coins = 100
Rs. 1 coins = 50
Rs. 2 coins = 20
Rs. 5 coins = 10
Total number of coins = 100 + 50 + 20 + 10 = 180.
 Total possible outcomes = 180
(i) For a 50 p coin
Favourable events = 100
100 5
 P (50p) = =
180 9
(ii) For not a Rs. 5 coin :
 Number of Rs. 5 coin = 10
 Number of ‘not Rs. 5’ coin = 180 – 10 = 170
170 17
 Favourable outcomes = 170  P (not 5 Rs. coin) = 
180 18

Q.11 Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random
from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish. What is the probability that the fish taken
out is a male fish?
Sol. Number of: Male fishes = 5
Female fishes = 8
 Total number of fishes = 5 + 8 = 13
 Total number of outcomes = 13
For a male fish: Number of favourable outcomes = 5
5
 P(male fish) =
13

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 PROBABILITY 71

Q.12 A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see figure), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at
(i) 8? 8 1
(ii) an odd number? 7 2

(iii) a number greater than 2? 6 3

(iv) a number less than 9? 5 4
Sol. Total number marked = 8
 Total number of outcomes = 8
(i) When pointer points at 8 :
Number of favourable outcomes = 1
Number of favourable outcomes 1
 P(8) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 8
(ii) When pointer points at an odd number :
Number of odd numbers from 1 to 8 = 4 [ Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5 and 7]
 Number of favourable outcomes = 4
Number of favourable outcomes 4 1
 P(odd) = = =
Total number of possible outcomes 8 2
(iii) When pointer points at a number greater than 2 :
Number of numbers greater than 2 = 6 [ The numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are greater than 2]
 Number of favourable outcomes = 6
Number of favourable outcomes 6 3
 P(greater than 2)= = =
Total number of possible outcomes 8 4
(iv) When pointer points a number less than 9 :
Number of numbers less than 9 = 8 [ The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are less than 9]
 Number of favourable outcome = 8
Number of favourable outcomes 8
 P(greater than 2) = = =1
Total number of possible outcomes 8

Q.13 A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting :

(i) a prime number ;
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6 ;
(iii) an odd number.
Sol. Since, numbers on a die are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
 Number of total outcomes = 6
(i) Since 2, 3, and 5 are prime number,
 Favourable outcomes = 3
Number of favourable outcomes 3 1
P(prime) = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 6 2

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 72 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

(ii) Since the numbers between 2 and 6 are 3, 4 and 5

 Favourable outcomes = 3
Number of favourable outcomes 3 1
 Required probability = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 6 2
(iii) Since 1, 3 and 5 are odd numbers,
 Favourable outcomes = 3
Number of favourable outcomes 3 1
Required probability = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 6 2

Q.14 One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting :
(i) a king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the queen of diamonds
Sol. Number of cards in deck = 52
 Total number of possible outcomes = 52
(i)  Number of red colour kings = 2 [ King of diamond and heart are red]
 Number of favourable outcomes = 2
Number of favourable outcomes 2 1
 P(red king) = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 52 26
(ii) For a face card:
 4 kings, 4 queens and 4 jacks are face cards
 Number of face cards = 12
 Number of favourable outcomes = 12
Number of favourable outcomes 12 3
 P(face card) = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 52 13
(iii) Since, cards of diamond and heart are red
 There are [2 kings, 2 queens, 2 jacks] i.e. 6 cards are red
 Favorable outcomes = 6
Number of favourable outcomes 6 3
 P(red face card) = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 52 26
(iv) Since, there is only 1 jack of hearts.
 Number of favourable outcomes = 1
Number of favourable outcomes 1
 P(Jack of hearts) = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 52
(v)  There are 13 spades in a pack of 52 cards:
 Favourable outcomes = 13.
Number of favourable outcomes 13 1
 P(spade) = = = .
Total number of possible outcomes 52 4

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 PROBABILITY 73

(vi)  There is only one queen of diamond.

 Number of favourable outcomes = 1
Number of favourable outcomes 1
 P(queen of diamonds) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 52

Q.15 Five cards-the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace? and (b) a queen?
Sol. We have five cards.
 All possible outcomes = 5
(i)  Number of queen = 1
 Number of favourable outcomes = 1
Number of favourable outcomes 1
 P(queen) = =
Total number of possible outcomes 5
(ii) The queen is drawn and put aside,
 Only 5 – 1 = 4 cards are left,
 All possible outcomes = 4
(a)  There is only one ace
 Number favourable outcomes = 1
Number of favourable outcomes 1
 P(an ace) = =
Total possible outcomes 4

(b) Since, the only queen has already been put aside.
 Number of possible outcomes = 0
Number of favourable outcomes 0
 P(a queen) = = =0
Number of possible outcomes 4

Q.16 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a
pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine
the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Sol. We have number of good pens =132 and number of defective pens = 12
 Total number of pens = 132 + 12 = 144 = Total possible outcomes.
 There are 132 good pens
 Number of favourable outcomes = 132
Number of favourable outcomes 132 11
 P(good pens) =  
Total possible outco mes 144 12

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 74 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.17 (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is
the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
Sol. Since, there are 20 bulbs in the lot.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 20
(i)  Number defective bulbs = 4
 Favourable outcomes = 4
Number of favourable outcomes 4 1
 P(defective bulb) =  
Total number of outcomes 20 5
(ii)  The bulb drawn above is not included in the lot.
 Remaining number of bulbs = 20 – 1 = 19.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 19.
 Number of bulbs which are not defective = 19 – 4 = 15
 Favourable number of outcomes = 15
Number of favourable outcomes 15
 P(not defective bulb)   
Total number of possible o utcomes 19

Q.18 A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number, (ii) a perfect square number and (iii) a number divisible by 5.
Sol. We have total number of discs = 90
 Total number of possible outcomes = 90
(i) Since the two-digit numbers are 10, 11, 12 ..... , 90.
 Number of two-digit numbers = 90 – 9 = 81
 Number of favourable outcomes = 81
Number of favourable outcomes 81 9
 P (Two digit number) =  
Total number of possible o utcomes 90 10
(ii) Perfect square from 1 to 90 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, and 8l.
 Number of perfect numbers = 9
 Number of favourable outcomes = 9
Number of favourable outcomes 9 1
 P(Perfect number) = Total number of possible o utcomes  10  10

(iii) Numbers divisible by 5 from 1 to 90 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80
85,90
i.e. There are 18 number (1 to 90) which are divisible by 5.
 Numbers of favourable outcomes = 18
Number of favourable outcomes 18 1
 P (Divisible by 5) = Total number of possible o utcomes  90  5

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 PROBABILITY 75

Q.19 A child has a die whose six faces show that letters as given below :

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? and (ii) D?
Sol. Since there are six faces of the given die and these faces are marked with letters

 Total number of letters = 6

 Number of possible outcomes = 6
(i)  Two faces are having the letter A.
 Number of favourable outcomes = 2

Number of favourable outcomes 2 1

Now, P (letter A) = Total number of possible o utcomes  6  3

(ii)  Number of D' s =1

 Number of possible outcomes = 1

Number of favourable outcomes 1

 P(letter D) = Total number of possible o utcomes  6

Q.20 Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in figure. What is the
probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1 m?
Sol. Here, Area of the rectangle = 3 m × 2 m = 6 m2
2
1  2
And, the area of the circle = r2 =   m2 = m
 2 4

 Probability for the die to fall inside the circle


Area of favourable region Area of the circle  4   1 
= Area of the whole region = Area of the rectangle = =   .
6 4 6 24

Q.21 A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy
a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random
and gives it to her. What is the probability that
(i) She will buy it ?
(ii) She will not buy it?

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 76 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Sol. Total number of ball pens = 144

 All possible outcomes = 144
(i) Since there are 20 defective pens
 Number of good pens 144 – 20 = 124
 Number of favourable outcomes = 124

124 31
 Probability that she will buy it = 
144 36
(ii) Probability that she will not buy it
= 1 – [Probability that she will buy it]

31 36  31 5
=1–  
36 36 36

Q.22 Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write all the possible outcomes.
An event is defined as the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the dice. Complete
the following table:
Event :
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
' Sum on 2 dice'
1 5 1
Probabilit y
36 36 36
(ii) A student argues that there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

1
Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do you agree with his argument ? Justify your
11
answer.
Sol.  The two dice are thrown together.
 Following are the possible outcomes:
(1, 1); (1, 2); (1, 3); (1, 4); (1, 5); (1, 6).
(2, 1); (2, 2); (2, 3); (2, 4); (2, 5); (2, 6).
(3, 1); (3, 2); (3, 3); (3, 4); (3, 5); (3, 6).
(4, 1); (4, 2); (4, 3); (4, 4); (4, 5); (4, 6).
(5, 1); (5, 2); (5, 3); (5, 4); (5, 5); (5, 6).
(6, 1); (6, 2); (6, 3); (6, 4); (6, 5); (6, 6).
 Number of all possible outcomes is 6 × 6 = 36
(i) (a)  The sum on two dice is 3 for: (1,2) and (2, 1)
 Favourable outcomes = 2

2
 P(3) =
36

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 PROBABILITY 77

(b)  The sum on two dice is 4 for : (1, 3), (2, 2) and (3, 1).
 Number of favourable outcomes = 3
3
 P(4) =
36
(c)  The sum on two dice is 5 for : (1,4), (2, 3), (3, 2) and (4, 1)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 4
4
 P(5) =
36
(d) The sum on two dice is 6 for: (1, 5), (2,4), (3, 3), (4, 2) and (5, 1)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 5
5
 P(6) =
36
(e) The sum on two dice is 7 for : (1, 6), (2,5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2) and (6, 1)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 6
6
 P(7) =
36
(f) The sum on two dice is 9 for: (3, 6), (4,5), (5, 4) and (6, 3)
 Number of favourable outcomes =4
4
 P(9) =
36
(g) The sum on two dice is 10 for : (4, 6), (5,5), (6, 4)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 3
3
 P(10) =
36
(h) The sum on two dice is 11 for : (5, 6) and (6, 5)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 2
2
 P(11) =
36
Thus, the complete table is as under :

Event :
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
' Sum on 2 dice'
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Probabilit y
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

(ii) No. The number of all possible outcomes is 36 and not 11.
The argument is not correct.

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 78 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.23 A game consists of tossing' a' one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcomes each time. Hanif
wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses otherwise.
Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Sol. Let T denotes the tail and H denotes the head.
 All the possible outcomes are: {H H H, H H T, H T T, T T T, T T H, T H T, T T H, H T H}
 Number of all possible outcomes = 8. Let the event that Hanif will lose the game be denoted by E.
 Favourable events are : {H H T, H T H, T H H, T H T, T T H, H T T}
 Number of favourable outcomes = 6

6 3
 P(E) =  .
8 4

Q.24 A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that

(i) 5 will not come up either time ? (ii) 5 will come up at least once ?
Hint: Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment.
Sol. Since, throwing a die twice or throwing two dice simultaneously is the same.
 All possible outcomes are :
(1, 1); (1, 2); (1, 3); (1, 4); (1, 5); (1, 6)
(2, 1); (2, 2); (2, 3); (2, 4); (2, 5); (2, 6)
(3, 1) ; (3, 2); (3, 3); (3, 4); (3, 5); (3, 6)
(4, 1) ; (4, 2); (4, 3); (4, 4); (4, 5); (4, 6)
(5, 1) ; (5, 2); (5, 3); (5, 4); (5, 5); (5, 6)
(6, 1) ; (6, 2); (6, 3); (6, 4); (6, 5); (6, 6)
 All possible outcomes = 36
(i) Let E be the event that 5 does not come up either time, then
The favourable outcomes are [36 – (5 + 6)] = 25

25
 P(E) =
36

(ii) Let N be the event that 5 will come up at least once, then Number of favourable

11
outcomes = 5 + 6 = 11  P(N) = .
36

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 PROBABILITY 79

Q.25 Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons for your
answer.
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes two heads,
1
two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the probability is
3
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outcomes an odd number or an even number.
1
Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .
2
Sol. (i) Not correct. Because, the situation one of each can result in two ways HT and TH. So Total
outcomes is 4.
1
 The probability = .
4
(ii) Correct. Because the two outcomes are possible.
Total outcomes = 6 and odd numbers = 3
= favourable outcomes.
3 1
 Probability =
6 2

Q.26 Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to Saturday).
Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the probability that
both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days?
Sol. Here, the number of all the possible outcomes = 5 × 5 = 25
(i) For both customers visiting same day:
Number of favourable outcomes = 5
[ (Tue., Tue.), (Wed., Wed.), (Thu., Thu.), (Fri., Fri.), (Sat., Sat.)]
5 1
 Required probability = 
25 5
(ii) For both the customers visiting on consecutive days:
Number of outcomes are :
(Tue., Wed.), (Wed., Thu.), (Thu., Fri.), (Fri., Sat.), (Sat., Fri.), (Wed., Tue.), (Thu., Wed.),(Fri., Thu.)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 8
8
 Required probability =
25
(iii) For both the customers visiting on different days :
1
We have probability for both visiting same day =
5
 Probability for both visiting on different days
1 5 1 4
= 1 – [Probability for both visiting on the same day] = 1 –   = 
5 5 5
4
 The required probability =
5

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 80 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.27 A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two
times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few
values of the total score on the two throws :

What is the probability that the total score is

(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6?
Sol. The completed table is as under :

Number of all possible outcomes = 36

(i) For total score being even :
Favourable outcomes = 18
[ The even outcomes are: 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 4, 4, 8, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 12]

18 1
 The required probability = 
36 2
(ii) For the score being 6 :
In list of score, we have four 6's.
 Favourable outcomes = 4

4 1
 Required probability = 
36 9
(iii) For the score being at least 6 :
The favourable score are : 7, 8, 8, 6, 6, 9, 6, 6, 9, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, and 12
 Number of favourable outcomes = 15

15 5
 Required probability = 
36 12

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 PROBABILITY 81

Q.28 A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is
double that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
Sol. Let the number of blue balls in the bag be x.  Total number of balls = x + 5.
Number of possible outcomes = (x + 5).
For a blue ball favourable outcomes = x

x
 Probability of drawing a blue ball =
x5

5
Similarly, probability of drawing a red ball =
x5

x  5 
Now, we have  2 
x 5  x  5

x 10
   x = 10
x 5 x 5
Thus the required number of blue balls = 10.

Q.29 A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now double of
what it was before. Find x .
Sol.  The total number of balls in the box = 12
 Number of possible outcomes = 12
Case-I : For drawing a black ball
Number of favourable outcomes = x

x
 Probability of getting a black ball =
12
Case-II : When 6 more black balls are added
Now, the total number of balls = 12 + 6 = 12
 Number of possible outcomes = 18
Since, the number of black balls now = (x + 6).
Number of favourable outcomes = (x + 6)

x6
 Required probability =
18

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 82 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Applying the given condition :

x6 x
= 2 
18  12 
 12 (x + 6) = 36x 12x + 72 = 36x
 36x – 12x = 7224x = 72

72
 x= = 3 , Thus the required value of x is 3.
24
Thus, the required value of x is 3.

Q.30 A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random

2
from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue balls in the jar..
3
Sol.  There are 24 marbles in the jar.
 Number of possible outcomes = 24.

Let there are x blue marbles in the jar.

 Number of green marbles = 24 – x Favourable outcomes = (24 – x)

24  x
 Required probability for drawing a green marble =
24

24  x 2
Now, according to the condition, we have : = 
24 3
 3(24 – x) =2 × 24
 72 – 3x = 48
 3x = 72 – 48
 3x = 24

24
 x= =8
3
Thus, the required number of blue balls is 8.

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 PROBABILITY 83

[Previous Year Questions]

Q.1 A number is selected at random from the integers 1 to 100. What is the probability that it will be a
multiple of 4 or 6?
8 33 17 41
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 100 50 100

Q.2 Two numbers are selected at once from the set of integers 1 to 20. Find the probability that the product
of the numbers will be 24.
3 3 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
190 380 95 95

Q.3 A box contains 5 apples, 6 oranges, and ‘x’ bananas. If the probability of selecting an apple from the box
1
is , then the number of bananas in the box is
3
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5

Q.4 Two numbers are selected from a set of integers 1 to 25, what is the probability that the product of the
numbers will be 36.
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
200 100 50 75

Q.5 When two coins are tossed together, what is the probability that neither of them shows up head?
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D)
3 2 4

Q.6 When two cards are drawn from, a well – shuffled pack of cards, what is the probaility that both will be
aces?
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
221 221 13 231

Q.7 A dice is rolled twice, what is the probability that the two dice show a different number?
(A) 2 / 3 (B) 1 / 6 (C) 5 / 6 (D) 1 / 2

Q.8 A bag contains 3 red, 5 blue and 7 green coloured balls. Find the probability of selecting a blue ball from
the bag.
3 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 3 4 3

Q.9 7 coins are tossed simultaneously, what is the probability of getting atleast two heads?
(A) 3 / 18 (B) 15 / 16 (C) 1/ 16 (D) 3 / 16

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 84 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.10 The probability that the month of April has exactly 5 Mondays is
(A) 4 / 7 (B) 5 / 7 (C) 3 / 7 (D) 2 / 7

Q.11 A number x is selected from the numbers 1, 2 and 3 and then a second number y is randomly selected
from the numbers 1, 4 and 9. What is the probability that the product xy of the two numbers will be less
than 9? [IMO]
5 9 2 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 10 9 10

Q 12. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double that of
a red ball, then the number of blue balls in the bag is [NTSE Chandhigarh]
(A) 20 (B) 15 (C) 12 (D) 10

Q.13 The probability of getting a number greater than 2 by throwing a fair dice is [NTSE MP]
(A) 2 / 3 (B) 1 / 3 (C) 1 (D) 3 / 5

Q.14 Which of the following is true? [NTSE Mizoram]

(A) Probability of an event is always greater than 1.
(B) Probability of an event can be any positive number.
(C) Probability of an event cannot be negative.
(D) Probability of an event cannot be zero.

Q.15 A bag contains 20 balls out of which x are black. If 10 more black balls are put in the box, the probability
of drawing a black ball is double of what it was before. The value of x is [NTSE Delhi]
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 40

Q.16 The author of the book “ The book on games of Chance” based on probability theory is :
[NTSE-2013 Rajasthan]
(A) J. Cardon (B) R.S. Woodwards (C) P.S. Laplace (D) P.D. Pherma

Q.17 The probability that Martin will pass the examination is 0.84. What is the probability that he will not pass
the examination ? [IOM]
(A) 0.12 (B) 0.16 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.4

Q.18 What is the probability that an ordinary year will have 53 saturday ? [IOM]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 7

Q.19 There are 25 cards numbered from 1 to 25. One card is drawn at random, what is the probability that
the number on this card is not divisible by 4. [IMO]
4 21 6 19
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 25 25 25

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 PROBABILITY 85

Q.20 One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a king of red suit.
[NIMO]
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
26 27 24

Q.21 A number is chosen at random among the first 120 natural numbers. The probability of the number
chosen being a multiple of 5 is : [IMO]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 6 7 9

Q.22 A bag contains tickets marked with numbers 179, 180, 172, 127, 155, 115, 143, 122, 175, 222, 232,
162, 112, 132, 192, 182, 174, 132, 132, 131. A ticket is drawn at random. Find the probability that the
ticket drawn has an even digit at ten’s place. [IMO]
7 3 7 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19 20 20 19

Q.23 A girl calculates that the probability of her winning the first prize in a lottery is 0.08. If 6000 tickets are
sold. How many tickets has she bought ? [IMO]
(A) 40 (B) 240 (C) 480 (D) 750

Q.24 When two dice are thrown simultaneously what is the probability that there is exactly one 5 ?
[NSTSE-2010]
4 5 6 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
36 18 23 24

Q.25 One integer is chosen out of 1, 2, 3, .... 100. What is the probability that it is neither divisible by
4 nor by 6 [NTSE Stage-2_2013]
(A) 0.59 (B) 0.67 (C) 0.41 (D) 0.33

Q.26 A die is thrown twice. The probability that 5 will not come up either of the time is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2014]
35 25 1 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
36 36 36 36

Q.27 Two coins are tossed once. The probability of getting at least one tail is
[NTSE Stage-1_2016]

1 1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 4

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 86 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.28 Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a total of at least 5 of the numbers
appearing on their tops is [NTSE Stage-2_2016]
5 7 49 53
(A) (B) (C) (D)
54 54 54 54

Q.29 A child's game has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red and 10 squares of which 6 are blue
and rest are red. One piece is lost at random. Find the probability that it is a [IMO-2016]
(i) Red Triangle (ii) Blue Square
5 1 4 5 6 4 5 1
(A) (i) ; (ii) (B) (i) ; (ii) (C) (i) ; (ii) (D) (i) ; (ii)
18 9 9 9 9 9 18 3

Q.30 Match the column : [IOM-2016]

Column - I Column - II
4
(a) A and B are two events such that (p)
13
P(A) = 0.3 and P(P  B) = 0.8
If A and B are independent, then
P(B) is
2
(b) A single card is chosen at random (q)
5
from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards. What is the probability of
choosing a king or a club?
5
(c) If A and B be two mutually exclusive (r)
7
events in a sample space such that
2 1
P( A )  and P ( B)  , then
5 2
P(A  B) is
1
(d) A natural number is chosen at random (s)
2
from amongst the first 300. What is the
probability that the number, so chosen
is divisible by 3 or 5?
(A) a-p, b-q, c-r, d-s (B) a-q, b-p, c-r, d-s (C) a-r, b-p, c-s, d-q (D) a-r, b-p, c-q, d-s

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 PROBABILITY 87

SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks:
Q.1 Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = ............
Q.2 The probability of an event is greater than or equal to ............ and less than or equal to .............
Q.3 The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is .............
Q.4 The probability of an impossible event is .............
Q.5 When an unbiased coin is tossed thrice the probability of getting heads all the time is .............
Q.6 If P(E) = 0.05, the probability of ‘not E’ is .............
Q.7 A die is thrown once, the probability of getting a prime number is .............
Q.8 If A is an event of a random experiment then AC or A or A is called the .............of the event.
Q.9 If the probability of an event of a random experiment is P(E) = 0, then the event is called .............
Q.10 A set of events which have no pair in common are called .............
Q.11 A pair of dice is thrown and one die shows a four. The probability that the other die shows 5 is ..........
Q.12 The die is rolled once. The probability of getting an even number is ..........
Q.13 If E1, E2, E3 are the possible elementary events of a random experiment, then sum of their probabilities
is ...........
1
Q.14 If E1, E2, E3 are possible elementary events of a random experiment P(E1) + P(E2) = x and P(E3) = ,
3
then find x.
Q.15 In a school, it is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday is 0.881. The probability that the 2 students have the same birthday is ..........

SECTION-B
 True or False:
Q.1 It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday is
0.992. The probability that the 2 students have the same birthday is 0.008
Q.2 The probability of an event can be greater than 1.
Q.3 The range of probability of any event of a random experiment is [0, 1].
Q.4 The sum of probabilities of two students getting distinction in their final examinations is 1.
Q.5 A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box,
the probability that it bears a two – digit number is 0.9
Q.6 An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is 1.
Q.7 For any event E, P(E) + P( E ) = 1, where E stands for not E, E and E are called complementary
events.

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 88 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.8 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and
tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. The probability that the
11
pen that is taken out is a good one is .
12
Q.9 A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double that of
a red ball, the number of blue balls in the bag is 10.
Q.10 A jar contains 24 marbles. Some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random from the
2
jar, the probability that it is green is . The number of blue marbles in the jar is 9.
3
Q.11 If two coins of different denominations are tossed simultaneously, there are three possible outcomes two
1
heads, two tails or one of each. Here, the probability of getting two heads is whereas the probability
3
1
of getting one head and one tail is .
2
Q.12 If a dice is thrown once there are two possible outcomes – getting a number greater than 4 or less than
1
equal to 4. Therefore, the probability of getting a number greater than 4 is .
3
Q.13 If a card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, there are two possible outcomes getting a red
1
card or a black card. Therefore for each of these outcomes, the probability is .
2
SECTION-C
 Multiple choice questions with one correct answer
Q.1 In how many ways is it possible to choose a white square and a black square on a chess board so that
the squares must not lie in the same row or column.
(A) 56 (B) 896 (C) 60 (D) 768

Q.2 If a certain missile will hit the target one out of four times and four such missiles are fired at the same
angle, then what is the probability that the target will be hit atleast once.
(A) 1 (B) 51 / 256 (C) 175 / 256 (D) None of these

Q.3 A fair die is thrown once. The probability of getting a composite number less than 5 is
1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
3 6 3

Q.4 If a letter is chosen at random from the letter of English alphabet, then the probability that it is a letter of
the word ‘DELHI’ is
1 1 5 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 26 26 26

Q.5 The probability of raining on day 1 is 0.2 and on day 2 is 0.3. The probability of raining on both the days is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.06 (D) 0.25

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 PROBABILITY 89

Q.6 Suppose six coins are flipped. Then the probability of getting atleast one tail is
71 53 63 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
72 54 64 12

2 1 1
Q.7 If P (A  B) = ,P(A  B) = and P(A) = then
3 6 3
(A) A and B are independent events (B) A and B are disjoint events
(C) A and B are dependent events (D) none of these

Q.8 The probability that a two digit number selected at random will be a multiple of ‘3’ and not a multiple of
‘5’ is
2 4 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 90

Q.9 Out of one digit prime numbers, one number is selected at random. The probability of selecting an even
number is
1 1 4 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 9 5

Q.10 A five digit number is chosen at random. The probability that all the digits are distinct and digits at odd
places are odd and digits at even places are even is
3 1 2 8
(A) (B) (C) (D)
65 75 65 75

Q.11 A single letter is selected at random from the word “PROBABILITY”. The probability that the selected
letters is a vowel is
2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
11 11 11

Q.12 A three digit number is to be formed using the digits 3, 4, 7, 8 and 2 without repetition. The probability
that it is an odd number is
2 1 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

Q.13 If events A and B are independent and P(A) = 0.15, P (A  B) = 0.45. Then P(B) = ..........
6 6 6 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 17 19 23

Q.14 For an event E, The correct inequality is:

(A) 0 < P(E) < 1 (B) 0  P(E) < 1 (C) 0 < P(E)  1 (D) 0  P(E)  1.

Q.15 In a throw of a die, the probability of getting an odd number is:

1 2 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
6 6 2

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 90 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.16 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a doublet is:
1 1 5
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 6 6

Q.17 A number is selected from the number 1, 2, 3, 4, ............, 25. What is the probability that the number
selected is a multiple of 5?
1 1 4 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 5 5 25

Q.18 In tossing 3 coins, the probability of getting at least 2 heads is:

1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4

Q.19 One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a
face card?
3 1 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 4 13 13

Q.20 A number x is chosen at random from the numbers – 3, – 2, – 1, 0 1, 2, 3 the probability that
|x| < 2 is
5 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 7 7

x
Q.21 The probability of guessing the correct answer to a certain test question is . If the probability of not
12
2
guessing the correct answer to this question is , then x =
3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6

Q.22 A bag contains three green marbles, four blue marbles, and two orange marbles. If a marble is picked at
random, then the probability that it is not an orange marble is :
1 1 4 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 9 9

Q.23 If a number x is chosen from the numbers 1, 2, 3and a number y is selected from the numbers 1, 4, 9.
Then, P(xy < 9)
7 5 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 3 9

Q.24 A dice is thrown twice. The probability of getting 4, 5 or 6 in the first and 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the second throw
is
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 4

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 PROBABILITY 91

Q.25 Two dice are thrown together. The probability that sum of the two numbers will be a multiple of 4 is
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 8 4

Q.26 A man and a woman appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of man’s
1
selection is 1 / 4 and that of the woman’s selection is . What is the probability that none of them will
3
be selected.
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 8

SECTION-D
 Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answer
1 5
Q.1 If P(A) = and P(B) = . Which of the following statements is/are correct?
8 8
3 1 5
(A) P(A  B)  (B) P(A  B)  (C) P( A  B)  (D) None of these
4 8 8

1
Q.2 If A and B are two independent events, the probability that both A and B occur is and the probability
8
3
that neither of them occurs is . The probability of the occurence of A is
8
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 5

Q.3 Which of the following is / are true?

(A) 0  P(E)  1
(B) P( E ) = 1 + P(E)
(C) For independent events P(A  B) = P(A). P(B)
(D) P(A  B) > P (A) + P(B)

Q.4 The probability of occurence of an event A in one trial is 0.4. The probability that the event A happens at
least once in three independent trials is –
(A) 1 – 0.784 (B) 0.784 (C) 1 – 0.216 (D) 0.216

Q.5 A bag contains four tickets marked with 112, 121, 211, 222. One ticket is drawn at random from the
bag. Let Ei(i = 1, 2, 3) denote the event that ith digit on the ticket is 2. Then:
(A) E1 and E2 are independent (B) E2 and E3 are independent
(C) E3 and E1 are independent (D) E1, E2, E3 are independent

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 92 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.6 A die is thrown once.

(A) the probability of getting an odd number is 1/2
(B) the probability of getting multiple of 3 is 1/3
(C) the probability of getting a prime number is 2/3
(D) the probability of getting number greater than 5 is 1/3.

Q.7 Three unbiased coins are tossed together

(A) the probability of getting exactly 2 heads is 1/2
(B) the probability of getting atleast one head is 7/8
(C) the probability of getting atmost 2 tails is 7/8
(D) the probability of getting exactly one tail is 3/8

Q.8 One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards

(A) the probability that the card will be diamond is 1/2
(B) the probability of an ace of heart is 1/52
(C) the probability of not a heart is 3 / 4
(D) the probability of king or queen is 1/26

Q.9 A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double that of
red ball.
(A) probability of red ball is 1 / 2 (B) probability of blue ball is 2 / 3
(C) number of blue ball is 10 (D) number of blue ball is 15 .

Q.10 A number is selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ........ 35.

(A) the probability of a prime number is 2/7
(B) the probability of an even number is 17/35
(C) the probability of multiple of 7 is 1/7
(D) the probability of multiple of 3 or 5 is 16/35

Q.11 Two dice are thrown simultaneously.

(A) the probability of getting doublet is 1/6
(B) the probability of getting a total of at least 10 is 1/6
(C) the probability of getting a total as perfect square is 7/36
(D) the probability of getting the sum as a prime number is 5/12

Q.12 Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn
from this bag.
(A) the probability of an even number is 1/2
(B) the probability a number is a perfect square is 9/100
(C) the probability of a prime number less than 20 is 2/25
(D) the probability a number less than 14 is 3/25.

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 PROBABILITY 93

SECTION-E
 Assertion & Reason
Each of these questions contains an Assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and
answer the questions on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that best
describes the two statements.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(C) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
(D) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct

Q.1 Let A and B be two independent events.

2
Assertion: If P(A) = 0.3 and P(A  B ) = 0.8, then P(B) is .
7
Reason: P( E ) = 1 – P(E), where E is any event .

Q.2 Assertion: If P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.50 and P(A  B) = 0.14, then the probability that neither A nor B
occurs is 0.39.
Reason: A  B = A  B

2 3
Q.3 Assertion: If A and B are two independent events and it is given that P(A) = , P(B) = ,
5 5
6
then P(A  B) = .
25
Reason: P(A B) = P(A).P(B), where A and B are two independent events.

Q.4 Assertion: In rolling a dice, the probability of getting number 8 is zero.

Reason: Its an Impossible event.

1 2 2
Q.5 Assertion : Two events A and B are such that P (A) = and P(B) = then P(A  B) 
3 3 3
Reason: P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB) and P(AB)  1 / 3

Q.6 Assertion: Two dice are thrown Simultaneously and sum on dice is noted. There are 11 possible
1
outcomes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and each of them has a probability .
11
Reason: Probability of an event (E) is defined as

Number of outcomes favourable to E

P(E) = Total number of possible outcomes

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 94 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.7 Assertion: In tossing a fair coin twice, the event A that the first toss shows a head and event B that the
second shows a head are independent.
Reason: Two events are said to be independent if the occurence or non – occurence of one event
affects the probability of occurence of the other event.

SECTION-F
 Comprehension-1
A die has two faces each with number ‘1’ three faces each with number ‘2’ and one face with number
‘3’. Die is rolled once.
Q.1 The probability of obtaining the number 2 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 6 3

Q.2 The probability of getting the number 1 or 3 is

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
3 6 2

Q.3 The probability of not getting the number 3 is

1 5 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
6 6 2

Comprehension-2
The king , the queen, the jack and 10, all of spades are lost from a pack of 52 playing cards. A card is
drawn from remaining well shuffled pack.

Q.4 Find the probability of getting a red card.

13 11 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 2 3

Q.5 Find the probability of getting a King.

3 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 8 4

Q.6 Find the probability of getting a black card.

13 5 11 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24

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 PROBABILITY 95

Comprehension-3
A dart board is a square piece of dimension 5m  5m. The board has two concentric circles of radius
1m and 2 m respectively, drawn with the centre of the board as the centre of the circles also. Gagan
throws a dart at the dart board. The probability of Gagan missing the dart is 0.25

Q.7 What is the probability that Gagan will hit the board within the space enclosed by the inner cycle?
33 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
350 10 4

Q.8 What is the probability that Gagan will hit board in space between the boundaries of the two circle?
33 99 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
350 350 350 70

Q.9 What is the probability that Gagan will hit the board out side both the circles?
61 261 261 261
(A) (B) (C) (D)
700 350 700 1400

SECTION-G
 Match the following (one to one)
Q.1 Match the proposed probability under Column I with the appropriate written description under column II:
Column I Column II
(Probability) (Written Description)
(A) 0.95 (p) An incorrect assignment
(B) 0.02 (q) No chance of happening
(C) – 0.3 (r) As much chance of happening as not
(D) 0.5 (s) Very likely to happen
(E) 0 (t) Very little chance of happening

Q.2 Match the columns:

Column – I Column – II
(A) If P(E) = 0.35, then P(not E) is (p) 1/3
(B) Probability that a non leap year has 53 Sundays is (q) 0.65
(C) Probability of getting multiple of 3 in a single throw
of a die (r) 1/4
(D) Probability of getting head and tail alternately in three
throws of a coin (s) 1/7

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 96 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.4 Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
Column – I Column – II
(A) two heads (p) 1/2
(B) One tail (q) 3/4
(C) at most one head (r) 1/4
(D) at least one head (s) 0

SECTION-H
 Match the following (one to many)
Q.1 Column I Column II
(a) Probability of getting number 5 in throwing a dice (p) 0
6
(b) Probability of obtaining three heads in a single throw of a coin (q)
36
(c) Probability of getting the sum of the numbers as
7, when two dice are thrown (r) 1
0
1
(d) Probability of occurrence of two sure independent events (s)  
2

1
(t)
6

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 PROBABILITY 97

ANSWER KEY

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 A Q.7 C

Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 D Q.11 A Q 12. D Q.13 A Q.14 C
Q.15 B Q.16 A Q.17 B Q.18 D Q.19 D Q.20 A Q.21 A
Q.22 C Q.23 C Q.24 B Q.25 B Q.26 B Q.27 D Q.28 D
Q.29 D Q.30 D

SECTION-A
Q.1 1 Q.2 0, 1 Q.3 1 Q.4 0 Q.5 1/8 Q.6 0.95 Q.7 1/2
Q.8 complement Q.9 impossible event Q.10 mutually exclusive Q.11 1/6
Q.12 1/2 Q.13 1 Q.14 2/3 Q.15 0.119

SECTION-B
Q.1 True Q.2 False Q.3 True Q.4 False Q.5 True Q.6 True Q.7 True
Q.8 True Q.9 True Q.10 False Q.11 False Q.12 True Q.13 True

SECTION-C
Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 C Q.7 A
Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 B Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 D
Q.15 D Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 C Q.21 C
Q.22 D Q.23 B Q.24 A Q.25 D Q.26 A

SECTION-D
Q.1 A.B.C Q.2 A,C Q.3 A,C Q.4 B, C Q.5 A,B,C,D
Q.6 A,B Q.7 B,C,D Q.8 B,C Q.9 B,C Q.10 B,C,D
Q.11 A,B,C,D Q.12 A,B,C,D

SECTION-E
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 D Q.7 C

SECTION-F
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 B Q.6 C Q.7 A
Q.8 B Q.9 C
SECTION-G
Q.1 (A)  (s) ; (B)  (t) ; (C)  (p) ; (D)  (r) ; (E)  (q)
Q.2 (A)  (q) ; (B)  (s) ; (C)  (p) ; (D)  (r)
Q.3 (A)  (r) ; (B)  (p) ; (C)  (q) ; (D)  (q)

SECTION-H
Q.1 (A)  (q,t) ; (B)  (p) ; (C)  (q,t) ; (D)  (r,s)

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 98 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

15 CONSTRUCTIONS

15.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous classes, we have studided certain constructions using a ruler and a compass. There are :
bisecting an angle, drawing the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, construction of some triangle,
etc. We have also given their justifications. Here, we shall study some more constructions taking into use
the above pervious knowledge. Also, we shall give mathematical reasoning underlying these
constructions.

15.2 DIVISON OF A LINE SEGMENT :

In order to divide a line segment internally in a given ratio m : n, where both m and n are positive
integers, we follow the following steps :
Steps of construction :

(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length by using a ruler.

(ii) Draw any ray AX making a suitable acute angle with AB.
(iii) Along AX draw (m + n) arcs intersecting the rays AX at A1, A2 ............, Am, Am+1, ........., Am + n such that
AA1 = A1A2 =...............= Am+n–1 Am+n
(iv) Join B Am+n
(v) Through the point Am draw a line parallel to Am+n B by making AAm P = AAm+n B.
Suppose this line meets AB at point P.
The point P so obtained is the required point which divides AB internally in the ratio m : n.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 99

Illustration
Divide a line segment of length 12 cm internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
Solution
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 12 cm by using a ruler.
(ii) Draw a ray making a suitable acute angle BAX with AB.
(iii) Along AX, draw 5 ( = 3 + 2) arcs intersecting the rays AX at A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 such that
AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5

(iv) Join BA5.

(v) Through A3 draw a line A3P parallel to A5B by making AA3P = AA5B, intersecting AB at
point P.
The point P so obtained is the required point, which divides AB internally in the ratio 3 : 2.

15.3 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT INTER-

NALLY IN A GIVEN RATIO :
Using the following steps to divide a given line segment AB internally in a given ratio m : n, where m and
n are natural numbers.
Steps of construction :

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 100 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length

(ii) Draw a ray AX making a suitable acute angle BAX with AB.
(iii) Draw ray BY, on opposite side of AX with respect to AB, parallel to AX by making an angle ABY
equal to BAX.
(iv) Draw arcs intersecting the ray AX at A1, A2 .................., Am and ray BY at B1, B2, ......, Bn such that
AA1 = A1A2 = ............ = Am–1Am = BB1 = B1B2 = .......... = Bn–1 Bn
(v) Join AmBn. Suppose it intersects AB at P.
The point P is the required point dividing AB in the ratio m : n internally.

15.4 CONSTRUCTIONS OF A TRIANGLE SIMILAR TO A GIVEN TRIANGLE :

Scale factor :
The ratio m : n of the side of the triangle to be constructed with the corresponding sides of the given
triangle is known as their scale factor.
(I) Steps of construction when m < n :
(i) Construct the given triangle ABC by using the given data.
(ii) Take any one of the three side of the given triangle as base. Let AB
be the base of the given triangle.
(iii) At one end, say A, of the base AB below the base AB, draw a ray
AX making a suitable acute angle with AB below the base AB.
(iv) Along AX mark n point A1, A2, A3, ............, An such that
AA1 = A1A2 = ..............An–1An.

(v) Join AnB

(vi) Draw AmB parallel to AnB which meets AB at B.
(vii) From B, draw BC || BC meeting AC at C.
th
m
Triangle ABC is the required triangle each of whose sides is   of
n
the corresponding side of ABC.

Illustration 1
Construct a ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 7 cm. Now, construct a
triangle similar to ABC such that each of its sides is two-third of the corresponding
sides of ABC.
Solution :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm.
(ii) With A as centre and radius = 7 cm, draw an arc above AB.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 101

(iii) With B as centre and radius = 6 cm, draw another arc, inter
secting the arc drawn in step (ii) at C.

(iv) Join AC and BC to obtain ABC.

(v) Below AB, draw a ray AX making a suitable acute angle with
AB on opposite side of C with respect to AB.
(vi) Draw three arcs (greater of 2 and 3 in 2/3) intersecting the ray
AX at A1, A2, A3 such that
AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3
(vii) Join A3B.
(viii) Draw A2B | | A3B, meeting AB at B.
(ix) From B, draw BC | | BC, meeting AC at C.
ABC is the required triangle, each of the whose sides is two-third of the corresponding sides of
ABC.
(II) Steps of construction when m > n :
(i) Construct the given triangle by using the given data.
(ii) Take any one of the three sides of the given triangle and consider it as the base. Let AB be the
base of the given triangle.
(iii) At one end, say A, of base AB draw a ray AX making a suitable acute angle with base AB. On
the opposite side of the vertex C with respect to AB.

(iv) Draw arcs (large of m and n) intersecting the ray AX at A1, A2, A3 , ..........., Am such that AA1 =
A1A2 = ........... = Amm–1 Am.
(v) Join An to B.
(vi) Draw a line through Am parallel to AnB, intersecting the extended line segment AB at B.
(vii) Draw a line through B parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C.
(viii) ABC so obtained is the required triangle.

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 102 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Illustration 2
Draw a circle of diameter AB = 6 cm with centre O. Through A or B draw tangent to the
circle.
Solution :
Given : A circle of diameter AB with centre O.
Required : To draw tangent to the circle at B or A.
Steps of construction :
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to 3cm (6  2) draw a circle.
(ii) Draw a diameter AOB.
(iii) Draw CD  AB at B.
So, CD is the required tangent.

Illustration 3
Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Construct a tangent at the point P
without using the centre of the circle. Write the steps of construction.
Solution :
Given : A circle of radius 4.5 cm and P is a point on the circle.
Required : To draw a tangent to a circle at P.

Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm.
(ii) Draw any chord PQ through P from the given point P on the circle.
(iii) Take a point R on the circle and join PR and PQ.
(iv) A line AB through the point P, such that QPB = PRQ and on opposite side of chord PQ with
respect to point R.
(v) Thus, APB is the required tangent.

Illustration 4
Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. From a point P, 6 cm. apart from the centre of the circle,
draw two tangents to the circle.
Solution :
Given : A point P is at a distance of 6 cm. from the centre of a circle of radius 2.5 cm.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the given point P.
Steps of construction :

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 103

(i) Draw a line segment OP of length 6 cm.

(ii) With centre O and radius equal to 2.5 cm, draw a circle.
(iii) Bisect OP. Let M be mid-point of OP.
(iv) Taking M as centre and MO as radius draw a circle to intersect
the given circle in two points, say A and B.
(v) Draw rays PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P
to the given circle.

Illustration 5
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, outside the circle draw two tangents to the
circle without using the centre of the circle.
Solution
Given : P is a point outside the circle of radius 3 cm.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the point P, without the use of centre of the
circle.

Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a circle of radius 3 cm.
(ii) Take a point P outside the circle and draw a secant PAB, intersecting the circle at A and B.
(iii) Produce AP to C, such that AP = CP.
(iv) Draw a semicircle with CB as a diameter.
(v) Draw PD  CB, intersecting the semicircle drawn in step (iv) at D.
(vi) Taking PD as radius and P as centre, draw two arcs to intersect the circle at T and T.
(vii) Draw rays PT and PT, which are the required tangents.

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 104 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Illustration 6
Draw a right triangle ABC in which AC = AB = 4.5 cm and  A = 90º. Draw a triangle
similar to ABC with its sides equal to (5/4)th of the corresponding sides to ABC.
Solution :
Method 1 : Steps of Construction
m 5
Here = m>n
n 4
(i) Draw AB = 4.5 cm, A = 90º (with the help of compass) and AC = 4.5 cm.
(ii) At A, draw an acute angle BAX, below the base AB.
(iii) Along AX, mark off 5 points A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5,
Join A4B.
(iv) Start from A and reach to point A5 on AX. Draw A5B | | A4B which meets AB at B.
(v) From B draw BC | | BC meeting AC at C. Hence ABC is the required triangle, each of
th
5
whose sides is   of the corresponding sides of ABC.
4

Method 2 : Steps of Construction

(i) Construct ABC, A = 90º, AB = 4.5 cm & AC = 4.5 cm.

5
(ii) Extend base AB of B such that AB = × 4.5 = 5.6 cm.
4
(iii) Draw BC | | BC, cutting AC produced at C. Hence ABC is the required triangle similar to
5
ABC such that sides of ABC is times to the corresponding sides of ABC.
4

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 105

15.5 CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE

Construction of a Tangent to a Circle at a given point when its centre is not known :
Steps of construction :
1. Draw a circle of radius r cm.

2. Mark a point P on it. Draw any chord PQ.

3. Take a point R on the major arc QP. Join RP & RQ.

4. Construct QPT = PRQ.

5. Produce TP to T such that TPT is the required tangent at P.

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 106 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Construction of Tangent to a Circle from a Point Outside it when the Centre of the Circle is
known :
Steps of Construction :
1. Draw a circle with O as centre and radius r cm. Mark a point P outside the circle such that OP = x cm.

2. Join OP and draw its perpendicular bisector, which cut OP at M.

3. Draw a circle with M as centre and radius equal to MP to intersect the given circle at the point T and T.
Join PT and PT. PT and PT are the required tangents.

Construction of tangents to a circle from a point out side it without using the centre :
Step of Construction :
1. Draw a circle of radius r cm and a point P outside it.

2. Through P draw a secant PAB to intersect the circle at A and B.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 107

3. Produce AP to C such that AP = PC. Draw the perpendicular bisector of CB which cuts CB at O.

4. Draw a semi circle with CB as diameter, O as centre and OC as radius.

5. Draw PD  CB, intersecting the semicircle at D.

6. With P as centre PD as radius, draw arcs to intersect the circle at T and T. Join PT and PT. PT and PT
are the required tangents.

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 108 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Construction of tangents to a circle inclined to each ohter at a given angle :

Steps of Construction :
1. Draw a circle with O as centre and radius r cm and any diameter AOB of this circle.

2. Construct the given angle at O such that radius OC meets the circle at C. (Suppose given angle is 90º)

3. Draw perpendicular at A and C intersect each other at P.

Hence PA and PC are the required tangents to the given circle, inclined at a given angle.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 109

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example : 1
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, 7.5 cm. apart from the centre of the circle, draw
two tangents to the circle.
Sol. Given : A point P is at a distance of 7.5 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 3 cm.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the given point P.
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment OP of length 7.5 cm.
(ii) With centre O and radius equal to 3 cm, draw a circle.
(iii) Bisect OP. Let M be mid-point of OP.
(iv) Taking M as centre and MO as radius draw a circle to intersect
the circle in two points, say A and B.
(v) Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P.
Example : 2
7
Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle ABC with its sides equal to th of the
5
corresponding sides of triangle ABC.
Sol. Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a ray BX making a suitable acute angle with BC on
opposite side of A.
(ii) Draw seven arcs intersecting the ray BX at X1, X2, ............ X7
such that BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3 = X3X4 = X4X5 = X5X6 = X6X7
(iii) Join CX5 and draw a line X7C parallel to X5C intersects BC
producted at C.
(iv) Draw a line CA parallel to CA to intersect BA producted at
A.
Then ABC will be the required triangle.
Example : 3
Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm. Take a point P outside the circle at a distance of
9 cm from its centre. Draw two tangents to the circle from the point P.
Sol. Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
(ii) Draw a radius OA and produce it to P such that OP = 9 cm.
(iii) Bisect OP at Q.

(iv) With Q as centre and QP as radius, draw a circle to intersect

the given circle at two points T and T.
(v) Draw rays PT and PT.
Then PT and PT are the required tangents to the given circle
from the point P.

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 110 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Example : 4
Sol. Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Take a point P outside it.
(ii) Through P draw a secant PAB to meet the circle at A and B.
(iii) Produce AP to C such that PC = PA. Bisect CB at Q.
(iv) With CB as diameter, draw a semi-circle. (centre Q)
(v) Draw PD  CB, intersecting the semi-circle. (at point D)
(vi) With P as centre and PD as radius draw an arc to intersect the circle at T and T.
(vii) Draw rays PT and PT.
Then PT and PT are the required tangents to the circle from P.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 111

[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide in the ratio 5 : 8. Measure the two parts.
Sol . Steps of Construction :
I. Draw a line segment AB = 7.6 cm.
II. Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with AB.
III. Mark 13 (= 8 + 5) equal points on AX, and mark them as X1, X2, X3, ....., X13
IV. Join points X13 and B.
V. From point X5, draw X5C || X13B, which meets AB at C.
Thus, C divides AB in the ratio 5 : 8.
On measuring the two parts, we get :
AC = 2.9 cm and CB = 4.7 cm.

x
x12 13
x
x10 11
x8 x9
x7
x6
x4 x5
x3
x1 x

A C B
7.6 cm

Justification :
In ABX13 and ACX5, we have
CX5 || BX13
AC AX 5 5
   [By Thales theorem]
CB X 5X13 8
 AC : CB = 5 : 8 Ans.

Q.2 Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm and then a triangle similar to it whose sides
2
ar e of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
3
Sol. Steps of Construction :
I. Draw a ABC such that BC = 6cm, AC = 5cm and AB = 4cm
II. Draw a ray BX making an acute angle CBX.
III. Mark three points X1, X2, X3 on BX such that BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3.
IV. Join X3C.
V. Draw a line through X2 such that it is parallel to X3C and meets BC at C'.
VI. Draw a line through C' parallel to CA to intersect BA at A'.

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 112 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Thus, A'BC' is the required similar triangle.

A
cmA' 5 cm
4

C' C
B
6 cm
X1
X2
X3 X

Justification :
By construction, we have : X3C || X2C'

BX 2 BC'
 X X  C' C [Using Thales theorem]
2 3

BX 2 2
But X X  1
2 3

BC' 2 C' C 1
   
C' C 1 BC 2
Adding 1 to both sides, we get

C' C 1
+1= +1
BC' 2

C' C  BC' 1 2
 =
BC' 2

BC 3
 =
BC' 2
Now, in BC'A' and BCA we have CA || C'A'
Using AA similarity, we have :
BC'A' ~ BCA

A' B A' C' BC' 2

 = = =
AB AC BC 3

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 113

Q.3 Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then another triangle whose sides are
7
of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
5
Sol. Steps of Construction :
I. Construct a ABC such that AB = 5cm, BC = 7cm and AC = 6cm
II. Draw a ray BX such that CBX is an acute angle.
III. Mark 7 points of X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 and X7 on BX such that
BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3 = X3X4 = X4X5 = X5X6 = X6X7
IV. Join X5 to C.

Z
A'
A
5 cm 6 cm
B 7 cm C Y
C'
x1
x2
x3
x4 x
5
x6
x7
X

V. Draw a line through X7 intersecting BC(produced) at C' such that X5C || X7C'
VI. Draw a line through C' parallel to CA to intersect BA(produced) at A'
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification :
By construction, we have C'A' || CA
Using AA similarity, ABC ~ A'BC'
A' B A ' C' BC'
 
AB AC BC
Also X7C' || X5C [By construction]

BC BX 5
BX7C' ~ BX5C  = BX
BC' 7

BX 5 5 BC 5 BC' 5
 BX  7   or 
7 BC' 7 BC 7

A' B A ' C' BC' 5

   
AB AC BC 7

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 114 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.4 Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8cm and altitude 4cm and then another triangle
1
whose sides are 1 times the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.
2
Sol. Steps of Construction :
I. Draw BC = 8cm
II. Draw the perpendicular bisector of BC which intersects BC at D.
III. Mark a point A on the above perpendicular such that DA = 4cm.
IV. Join AB and AC.
Thus, ABC is the required isosceles triangle.
V. Now, draw a ray BX such that CBX is an acute angle.

A'
A

C C'
B D
X1 X
2
X3
X

VI. On BX, mark three points X1, X2 and X3 such that BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3
VII. Join X2C.
VIII. Draw a line through X3 parallel to B2C and intersecting BC(extended) to C'.
IX. Draw a line through C' parallel to CA intersecting BA(extended) at A', thus, A'BC' is the
required triangle.
Justification :
We have C'A' || CA [By construction]
 Using AA similarity, A'BC' ~ ABC
A' B A ' C' BC'
   ... (1)
AB AC BC'
Since, in BX3C', X3C' || X2C [By construction]
BC' BX 3
  [By BPT]
BC BX 2

BX3 3 BC' 3
But   
BX 2 2 BC 2

A' B A ' C' BC' 3

Thus,    (by (1))
AB AC BC 2

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 115

Q.5 Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and  ABC = 60º. Then construct a
3
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
4
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Construct a ABC such that BC = 5cm, AB = 5cm and ABC = 60º.
II. Draw a ray BX such that CBX is an acute angle.

m
A'

B 5c
60º
Y
6 cm C' C
X1
X2
X3
X4 X

III. Mark four points X1, X2, X3 and X4 on BX such that BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3 = X3X4.

IV. Join X4C and draw a line through X3 parallel to X4C to intersect BC at C'
V. Also draw another line through C' and parallel to A to intersect BA at A'.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification :
In BX4C, we have :
X4C || X3C' [By construction]
BX 3 BC'
 BX  BC [By BPT]
4

BX3 3
But BX  4 [By construction]
4

BC 3
 = ...... (1)
BC 4
Now, we also have
CA || C'A' [By construction]
BC'A' ~ BCA [using AA similarity]
A' B A ' C BC' 3
    [From (1)]
AB AC BC 4

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 116 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.6 Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7cm,  B = 45º, A = 105º. Then, construct a triangle
4
whose sides are times the corresponding sides of ABC.
3
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Construction a ABC such that BC = 7cm, B = 45º, A = 105º and C = 30º
II. Draw a ray BX making an acute angle CBX with BC.

Y
A'
A
105°

45° 30° C
B 7 cm C'
X1
X2
X3
X4
X

III. On BX, mark four points X1, X2, X3 and X4 such that
BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3 = X3X4
IV. Join X3C.
V. Draw a line through X4 parallel to X3C intersecting BC(extended) at C'.
VI. Draw a line through C' parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A'.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification :
By construction, we have :
C'A' || CA
ABC ~ A'BC' [AA similarity]
A' B A ' C' BC'
   ... (1)
AB AC BC
Also, In BX4C,
X4C' || X3C [By construction]
BX4C' ~ BX3C [AA similarity]
BC' BX 4
 BC  BX
3

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 117

BX 4 4
But BX =
3 3

BC' 4
  ... (2)
BC 3
From (1) and (2), we have
A' B A ' C' BC' 4
   .
AB AC BC 3

Q.7 Draw a right triangle in which the sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 4cm and 3cm.
5
Then construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given
3
triangle.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Construct the right triangle ABC such that B = 90º, BC = 4cm and BA = 3cm.
II. Draw a ray BX such that an acute angle CBX is formed.
III. Mark 5 points X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 or BX such that BX1 = X1X2 = X2X3 = X3X4 = X4X5.
IV. Join X3C.
A'

A
3 cm

90°
B 4 cm
X1 C C'
X2
X3
X4
X5

V. Draw a line through X5 parallel to X3C, intersecting the extended line segment BC at C'.
VI. Draw another line through C' parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A'.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification :
By construction, we have
C'A' || CA
ABC ~ A'BC' [AA similarity]
A' B A ' C' BC'
   ... (1)
AB AC BC
Also, In BX5C', X5C' || X3C [By construction]
BX5C' ~ BX3C [AA similarity]

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 118 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

BC' BX 5
 BC  BX
3

BX 5 5 BC' 5
But BX =   ... (2)
3 3 BC 3
From (1) and (2), we have
A' B A' C' BC' 5
   .
AB AC BC 3

Q.8 Draw a circle of radius 6cm. From a point 10cm away from its centre, construct the pair of
tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw a circle of radius 6cm. Let its centre be O. A
II. Take a point P such that OP = 10cm. Join OP. O
III. Bisect OP and let M be its midpoint. M
B
IV. Taking M as centre and MP or MO as radius draw a circle.
Let the new circle intersects the given circle at A and B. P
Join PA and PB.
Thus, PA and PB are the required two tangents.
By measurement, we have : PA = PB = 8cm.
Justification :
Join OA and OB
Since PO is a diameter.
OAP = 90º = OBP [Angles in a semicircle]
Also, OA and OB are radii of the same circle.
PA and PB are tangents to the circle.

Q.9 Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6cm
and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw two concentric circles with centre O and
radii 4cm and 6cm.
A
II. Take any point P on outer circle.
III. Join PO and bisect it and let the midpoint of M P
O
PO is represented by M.
IV. Taking M as centre and OM or MP as radius, B

draw a circle such that this circle intersects the circle

(of radius 4cm) at A and B.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 119

V. Join AP.
Thus, PQ is the required tangent.
By measurement, we have PA = 4.5 cm
Justification :
Join OA.
PO is diameter.
PAO = 90º [angle in a semi-circle]
PA OA
 OA is a radius of the inner circle.
 PA has to be a tangent to the inner circle.
Verification of length of PA. In right PAO, PO = 6 cm, OA = 4 cm.
 PA = 62  42 = 36  16 = 20 = 4.47 cm.
Hence both lengths are approximately equal.

Q.10 Draw a circle of radius 3cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameters each at
a distance of 7cm from its centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw a circle of radius 3cm with centre O and draw a diameter.
II. Extend its diameter both sides and cut OP = OQ = 7cm.
III. Bisect PO such that M be its mid-point.
IV. Taking M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at A and B.
V. Join PA and PB.

A C

P O Q
M N

B D

Thus, PA and PB are the two required tangents from P.

VI. Now bisect OQ such that N is its mid-point.
VII. Taking N as centre and NO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at C and D.
VIII. Join QC and QD.
Thus, QC and QD are the required tangents from Q.
Justification :
Join OA to get OAP = 90º. [Angle in a semi-circle]
PA OA PA is a tangent
Similarly, PB OA PB is a tangent.
Now, Join OC to get QCO = 90º [Angle in a semi-circle]
QC OC QC is a tangent.
Similarly, QD OC QD is a tangent.

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 120 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.11 Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of 60º.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. With centre O and radius = 5cm, draw a circle. A C
90° 60°
II. Taking a point A on the circle draw AOB = 120º 120°
III. Draw a perpendicular on OA at A. O
90°
IV. Draw another perpendicular on OB at B. B
V. Let the two perpendiculars meet at C.
Thus CA and CB are the two required tangents to the given circle which are inclined to each other at 60º.
Justification :
In a quadrilateral OACB, using angle sum property, we have
120° + 90° + 90° + ACB = 360°
 300º + ACB = 360°
 ACB = 360° – 300° = 60°.

Q.12 Draw a line segment AB of length 8cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4cm and
taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 3cm. Construct tangents to each circle from
the centre of the other circle.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw a line segment AB = 8cm
II. Draw a circle with centre A and radius 4cm, draw another circle with centre B and radius 3cm.
III. Bisect the line segment AB. Let its mid point be M.
IV. With centre as M and MA (or MB) as radius, draw a circle such that it intersects the two circles
at points P, Q, R and S.
V. Join BP and BQ.
Thus, BP and BQ are the required two tangents from B to the circle with centre A.
VI. Join RA and SA.
Thus, RA and SA are the required two tangents from A to the circle with centre B.
P
R

A M B

S
Q

Justification :
Let us join A and P.
APB = 90º [Angle in a semi-circle]
BP AP
But AP is radius of the circle with centre A.
 BP has to be tangent to the circle with centre A.
Similarly,
BQ has to be tangent to the circle with centre A.
Also AR and AS have to be tangent to the circle with centre B.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 121

Q.13 Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 6cm, BC = 8cm and B = 90º. BD is the perpendicular
from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the tangents from A to this circle.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw ABC such that AB = 6cm, BC = 8cm A
and B = 90º
II. Draw BD AC. Now bisect BC and let its D E
M
midpoint be O. So O is the centre of the circle
passing through B, C and D. B O C
III. Join AO.
IV. Bisect AO. Let M be the mid-point of AO.
V. Taking M as the centre and MA as radius, draw
a circle intersecting the given circle at B and E.
VI. Join AB and AE. Thus, AB and AE are the required two tangents to the given circle from A.
Justification :
Join OE, then AEO = 90º [Angle being in a semi circle]
AE OE.
But OE is a radius of the given circle.
AE has to be a tangent to the circle. Similarly,
AB is also a tangent to the given circle.
Q.14 Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle. Construct the pair of
tangents from this point to the circle.
Sol. Steps of construction :
I. Draw the given circle using a bangle.
II. Take two non parallel chords PQ and RS of this circle. S B
III. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of PQ and
RS such that they intersect at O. Therefore, O Q
R P
is the centre of the given circle. Q M
IV. Take a point P outside this circle. P
A
V. Join OP and bisect it. Let M be the mid-point
of OP.
VI. Taking M as centre and OM as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at A
and B.
VII. Join PA and PB. Thus, PA and PB are the required two tangents.
Justification :
Join OA and OB.
Since OAP = 90º [Angle in a semi circle]
PA OA
Also OA is a radius.
PA has to be a tangent to the given circle.
Similarly, PB is also a tangent to the given circle.

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 122 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

[Previous Year Questions]

Section : A
Fill in the blanks : Complete the following statement with an appropriate word / term to be filled in the
blank space(s).

Q.1 A unique triangle can be constructed when its three ................. are known (sides, angles)

Q.2 If the radius of a circle is 4.5 cm, then the distance between two parallel tangents to the circle is ...........

Q.3 A triangle can be constructed when its two sides and ............ angle is known. (included, any one)

Q.4 A triangle can be constructed when the sum of lengths of any two sides is ......... than the length of the
third side.

Q.5 A line segment of 7 cm length has been divided externally in the ratio 5 : 3. Its steps of construction is
given below :

There are some blank spaces in the steps of constructions. Fill them, so that steps of construction will be
completed.

(i) Draw line segment AB = 7 cm

(ii) ......................................................................
(iii) Draw five arcs intersecting the rays AX at A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 such that AA1 = A1A2 = ........... =
A4A5
(iv) .........................................................................
(v) Through A5, draw a line A5P || A2B, intersecting AB produced at P.

Section-B
True / False : Read the following statements and write your answer as true or false.
Q.1 By geometrical construction, it is possible to divide a line segment in the ratio 2  3 : 2 – 3

1
Q.2 By geometrical construction, it is possible to divide a line segment in the ratio 3 : .
3

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 123

Q.3 A pair of tangents can be constructed from a point P to a circle of radius 3.5 cm at a distance of 3m from
the centre.

Q.4 In the figure, if AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3B, then mark the given statements as true or false.

(i) A1 divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2.

(ii) A2 divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3.
(iii) A3 divides AB in the ratio 3 : 1.

Section-C
Very Short Answer Questions: Give answer in one word or one sentence.

Q.1 Divide a line segment of length 10 cm in the ratio 3 : 5 internally.

Q.2 Divide a line segment of 7 cm length externally in the ratio of 3 : 5

Q.3 Take a point P at a distance of 8 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 3 cm and from P draw two
tangents PA and PB to the circle. Measure the lengths of each tangent.

Q.4 Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 2.8 cm, which are inclined to each other at 60º.

Q.5 Draw a circle with centre O and radius 2.2 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the
point P.

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 124 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Section-D
Short Answer Questions : Given answer in 2-3 sentences.

Q.1 Construct a ABC in which BC = 6.5 cm, AB = 4.5 cm and ABC = 60º. Construct a triangle similar
3
to this triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
4

Q.2 Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of 30º.

Q.3 Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its both sides extended diameter each
at a distance of 7 cm from the centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q.

Section-E
Long Answer Questions : Give answer in four to five sentences.
Q.1 Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm and taking B
as centre, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the centre of the
other circle.

Q.2 Construct a ABC in which AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm. Now construct a triangle similar
to ABC such that each of its sides is two-third of the corresponding sides of ABC.

Q.3 Construct an isoscles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then another triangle whose
sides are 3/2 of the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.

Q.4 Construct two tangents to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm and
measure its length. Also verify the measurment by actual calculation.

Q.5 Given a triangle ABC in which AB = 2.8 cm, BC = 4.3 cm and B = 90º. BD is the perpendicular from
B to AC. A circle is passing through points B, C and D. Construct the tangents from A to the circle.

Q.6 Draw right triangle in which the sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 3 cm and 4 cm then the
5
construct another similar triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given triangle.
3

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 125

Q.1 Draw a line segment of length 8.4 cm and divide it in the ratio 4 : 7 and measure the two parts.

Q.2 Construct a triangle ABC, in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA = 8 cm and also construct a triangle
3
whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
4

Q.3 Draw triangle ABC with sides AB = 7 cm, BC = 5 cm and ABC = 50º. And also construct a triangle
5
whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
3

Q.4 Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. From a point 8 cm away from its centre, construct a pair of tangents of the
circle.

Q.5 Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 2 cm from a point on t he concentric circle of radius 5 cm and
measure its length and verify with the actual calculation.

Q.6 Draw a circle of radius 5 cm and chord of length 8 cm in it. Extend the chord on either side of it equally
to the points P and Q such that PQ = 12 cm.. Construct the pair tangents to the circle from both the
points P and Q.

Q.7 In the figure given below, PA is 8 cm in length, AB is 12 cm in length is a chord of the circle with centre
O and PQ is the tangent. Find the length of the tangent.

2
Q.8 Construct a triangle similar to the given triangle ABC with its sides equal to of the corresponding of
3
ABC.

Q.9 Construct a triangle ABC similar to a given equilateral triangle PQR with each side equal to 6 cm, such
th
5
that each of its side is   of the corresponding sides to the PQR.
3

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 126 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

Q.10 Draw a line-segment AB of given length 10 cm and divide it in the ratio 3 : 4 internally.

Q.11 Construct an isosceles triangle with base 5 cm and one of the equal sides 4 cm and draw its
circum-circle.

Q.12 Draw a line segment of length 10 cm. Divide it in the ratio of :

(i) 8 : 5 (ii) 5 : 8

Q.13 Construct a triangle similar to a given isosceles triangle ABC with BC = 6 cm, AC = AB = 8 cm, such
th
7
that each of its side is   of the corresponding sides of the ABC.
3

Q.14 Draw a line segment 8 cm long. Divide it internally in the ratio 3 : 4. Measure each part. Also write the
steps of construction.

Q.15 From a point P on the circle of radius 2.5 cm, draw a tangent to the circle without using the centre. Also,
write steps of construction.

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 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE 127

ANSWER KEY

Section-A
Q.1 sides Q.2 9 cm Q.3 included Q.4 greater
Q.5 (ii) Draw a ray AX making an actue BAX.
(iv) Join A2 to B
Section-B
Q.1 False Q.2 True Q.3 False Q.4 (i) True (ii) False (iii) True

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 128 MODULE-7 — MATHEMATICS (CLASS-X)

NOTES

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