ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
PAPER I
UNIT I
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:-
When current flows through resistance in closed path from one terminal of voltage source to
the other terminal of voltage source, it is called electric circuit. Electric circuit always contains three
electrical quantities. Voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R).
OHM’S LAW:-
Ohm’s law states that, current flowing through closed circuit (I) is directly proportional to
applied voltage (V), provided resistance in the circuit is constant.
Mathematically, we can write,
IαV
Or
VαI
V = IR
Where R is constant. This constant is called as resistance (R) of the circuit.
We can make three equations of Ohm’s law.
a) Voltage = current x resistance (V=IR)
b) Current = voltage/resistance (I=V/R)
c) Resistance = voltage / current (R=V/I)
VOLTAGE: -
It is an electrical quantity. It is also known as electric pressure, potential difference and
emf. But all these quantities are measured in volt. Therefore it is commonly known as voltage.
It is measured in volt. Millivolt, microvolt etc are the smaller units to measure electric
voltage whereas kilo and megavolt are the larger units to measure voltage. V or E or v or e is the
letters or symbols used to represent voltage.
DEFINITION OF VOLTAGE:-
It is a force due to which current is set up in the circuit.
There are two types of voltage.
a) A.C voltage
b) D.C. voltage
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
CURRENT: -
The flow of electron through conductor is called electric current or electric charge in motion
is called current or it is the rate of flow of charge. It is measured in ampere (A). Milliampere (mA)
and microampere (µA) are the smaller units to measure current. I or i are the letter symbol used to
represent current.
RESISTANCE:-
It is also an electrical quantity. Resistance is the property of the material by which it
opposes to the flow of current. It is denoted by ‘R’ and measured in Ω. Kilo ohm and mega ohm
are larger units to measure the resistance.
TO CONVERT SMALLER UNIT INTO LARGER UNIT:-
We can convert the electrical quantity from one unit to another unit. The smaller or larger
units can be converted into standard unit by using following table.
UNIT MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
Kilo 103
Mega 106
Giga 109
Terra 1012
Milli 10-3
Micro 10-6
Nano 10-9
Pico 10-12
SOURSES OF ELECTRICITY:-
Basic purpose of source is to supply power to the load and therefore source is connected
across the load. As shown in fig, there are two types of sources.
a) A.C source
b) D.C source
AC SOURCE: -
A source which is alternate in nature that is its magnitude is changing in positive and
negative direction with time is called A.C source.
E.g. Alternator, Oscillator, Signal generator, inverter and UPS
DC SOURCE: -
A source which is steady unchanging and unidirectional is known as DC source. E.g.
Battery, DC generator, rectifier, solar cell.
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
ELECTRIC POWER: -
It is the rate of doing electric work. It is defined as the product of voltage (V) and current (I).
P=VxI
As V=IR
P=I2R
As I=V/R
P=V2/R
UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER:-
The basic unit of electric power is watt. Kilo watt and mega watt are the larger unit to
measure electrical power.
1kw=1000w and 1mw=1000kw
Sometimes electric power is given in hour’s power.
1h.p=746w
1WATT:-When current of one ampere flows due to one volt potential difference then it is said that
one watt power is consume.
RESISTANCE IN SERIES:-
When resistance R1,R2andR3 are connected in series then total resistance is the sum of all
the resistance in series.
RT=R1+R2+ R3
RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL:-
The total or equivalent resistance in case of parallel circuit is the sum of reciprocal of all the
resistance.
1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
VOLTAGE DIVIDER FORMULA:-
Voltage drop across any resistance can be calculated without calculating current is known
as voltage divider formula.
Voltage across any resistance = (Resistance x Applied voltage)/Total resistance.
To calculate voltage across R1, following formula is used.
VR1 = (R1/R1+R2)xV
To calculate voltage across R2, following formula is used.
VR2 = (R2/R1+R2)xV
CURRENT DIVIDER FORMULA:-
When resistance R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. I1 is the current flowing R1 and I2 is
the current flowing through R2.
I1 can be calculated as-
I1 = (R2/R1+R2) x I
And I2 can be calculated as-
I2 = (R1/R1+R2) x I
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
PAPER II
UNIT I
ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS :-
There are two main types of electronic component namely active components and passive
components.
ACTIVE COMPONENT:-
The components which are used for amplification, rectification or to change energy from
one from to another are known as active component. They include semiconductor devices like
diode, transistor, IC, electronics tubes or vacuum tubes, LED (light emitting diode) and liquid
crystal display (LCD).
PASSIVE COMPONENT:-
The components which are not used for amplification or rectification are known as passive
components. They are used along with active components. Resister capacitor and inductor are
passive components.
1) RESISTOR:-
The opposition to the current is called as resistance. It is used in circuit to reduce the
current to a specific value. Resistor is specified in term of resistance R and power ratings in watt.
Resistors having higher value have less current, so they have smaller wattage ratings. The actual
physical size of resister indicates the power ratings. As a size increases, power rating also
increases.
TYPES OF RESISTOR:-
The resistor may be fixed resister or a variable resister. The resister which provides a fix
value of resistance is known as a fixed resistor. The resister whose value can be set at the value
between 0 to maximum value of resistance is known as variable resistor. Wire wound resister,
carbon composite resister and film type resister are of fixed resister type. Where as rheostats,
potentiometer, preset etc are of variable type.
FIXED RESISTER:-
1) WIRE WOUND RESISTER:-
They are fixed type resister and they are used where accurate and stable resistance values are
required.
In this type of resister the resistance wire of manganese or tungsten is wound around on
insulating case. The resistance depends on the length of wire. The range of wire wound resistor is
from 1Ω to several kΩ and there power rating is from 5w to100w. Their values are printed on it.
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
2) CARBON COMPOSITE RESISTOR:-
The resistance values are from 1Ω to 20MΩ. The power rating is generally 1/10, 1/8, 1/6,
¼, ½, 1, 2w. It is constructed by using carbon granules.
This resister element is enclosed in a plastic core for insulating and mechanical strength.
These resisters are of small size and hence instead of writing the value of resistance on it. It is
written in the form of color codes.
COLOR CODE OF CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTERS:-
The value of resister is printed in the form of four color band on resisters. Reading from left
to right, the first band gives the first digit and second band gives the second digit in value of R.
The third band is the decimal multiplier which gives the numbers of zero after two digits. The fourth
band indicates the tolerance. The amount by which the actual value of resistance can be different
from the color coded value is known as tolerance.
COLOR CODE CHART:-
COLOR CODE
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Tolerance (4th band)
COLOR TOLERENCE
Silver ±10%
Gold ±5%
No color ±20%
FILM TYPE FIXED RESISTER:-
They are most accurate type of resisters. They are again classified into two types.
1) CARBON FILM TYPE RESISTORS
2) METAL FILM TYPE RESISTORS
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
In carbon film type resister, the carbon is coated around the insulator where as in metal film
type resistor, metal is coated on the ceramic substance generally nickel is used for this purpose.
VARIABLE RESISTOR:-
The variable resistor can be set to any value between zero and its maximum resistance.
There are following types:-
1) Rheostat
2) Potentiometer
3) Preset
RHEOSTAT:-It has two terminals. It is used to change the value of current. It is connected in
series with a load. It may be wire wound type or carbon composite type. It is high wattage resistor.
Resistance variation is done with a slider.
POTENTIOMETER:-It is generally called as potentiometer. It is a low wattage rheostat. It has
three terminals. Resistance variation is done with a plastic shaft.
PRESET:-These are potentiometer used for adjusting resistance value to correct required value
they are also known as trimmers they are available in Varity of sizes and power rating. They are
cheaper than potentiometer. Resistance variation is done with a screw driver.
2) CAPACITORS:-
Many times capacitors are known as condensers. They are used to store electrical energy
(by charging) and to deliver this stored energy (by discharging). Capacitor has a specific capacity
of storing charge across it.
A capacitor is formed by two parallel conducting plates separated by an insulating material
(dielectric).
When a battery is connected across the capacitor, the current flows through the circuit.
Before connecting the battery, both plates of capacitor are at equal potential. When current starts
flowing through the circuit, it reaches to one plate of capacitor, since the current can not flow
through the dielectric, the charges are stored on first plate. The second plate is connected to the
ground. So if negative charges are developed on first plate, positive charges are developed on
second plate. Thus charges are stored in capacitor. This process is known as charging. There
exists a potential difference between two plates of capacitor.
Now if the resistor is connected between two terminals of capacitor, the current starts
flowing from one terminal to other. This process is known as discharging of capacitor.
The capacity of capacitor is measured in farad.
TYPES OF CAPACITOR:-
Capacitors can be classified according to the dielectric material used. Polar, non-polar and
fixed/variable.
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
FIXED CAPACITOR:-
Their capacity to store charges is fixed. Fixed capacitors are again classified into following types.
1. Paper capacitor (Non polar)
2. Mica capacitor (Non polar)
3. Polyester capacitor (Non polar)
4. Ceramic capacitor (Non polar)
5. Aluminum electrolytic capacitor (Polar)
6. Tantalum electrolytic capacitor (Polar)
Some of them are explained below.
PAPER CAPACITOR:-
It is a non polar type fixed capacitor. In this, two conducting surfaces are separated by dielectric
material. It is manufactured by rolling two thin metal foils separated by a paper roll. The typical
range of this type of capacitor is 500 pF to 1 micro F.
MICA CAPACITOR:-
This capacitor is similar to paper capacitor. Only the difference is, in this type, mica sheet is used
in place of paper.
The typical range of this type of capacitor is 5pF to 10000 pF.
CERAMIC CAPACITOR:-
It is constructed by depositing silver plates on each side of a very thin disc of ceramic
material. It is available in various shapes like disk, tubular and button. This type of capacitors are
available in the range of 3pF to 2 micro F.
ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:-
It is a polar type of capacitor. It has positive and negative terminal. It is available in the
range of 1 micro F to 3000 micro F.
TANTALUM CAPACITOR:-
It is also a polar type of capacitor. In this type, tantalum is used instead of aluminum.
VARIABLE CAPACITORS:-
They are having a changeable range of capacity of capacitor. They are of following types.
1) Air gang capacitor
2) Trimmers and padders
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
AIR GANG CAPACITORS:-
In this type, air is used as an electrolyte. It consists of two sets of parallel plates. One of the
set is fixed called as stator and another set is variable called as rotor. This rotor set of parallel
plates is fitted on a movable shaft. When the shaft is rotated, the area covered by each plate of
rotor and stator is varied and thus total capacitance is varied. The range of this capacitor is 1 pF to
500 pF.
TRIMMERS and PADDERS:-
They are used for fine tuning. They are constructed on the gang condenser itself they are
called as trimmers and padders. Basically these are small variable capacitors using air, mica,
ceramic as a dielectric.
A screwdriver can be used to adjust the capacitance value.
3) INDUCTOR: -
Inductor is an important passive component widely used in AC circuit than DC. Inductor is a
simple coil of copper wound on a core material. Inductance is the ability of a conductor to produce
an induced voltage, when current through it varies. The unit of inductance is “Henry”.
TYPES OF INDUCTORS:-
Inductor can be classified into two groups as
1) Fixed inductor
2) Variable inductor.
But they are classified according to the material used for the core.
1) Air core inductors.
2) Iron core inductors.
3) Ferrite core inductors.
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
AIR CORE INDUCTOR:-
In this type a length of conductor, copper wire is wound on a hollow tube. Here air acts as a
core, hence the name air core inductor. The specialty of this type is that there is maximum loss of
magnetic flux and thus is linked with the coil. It results in small value of inductance.
IRON CORE INDUCTOR: -
Here iron is used as a core hence known as iron core inductors. Iron is a magnetic material,
so when alternating current flows through a coil the lines of flux are produced. These lines of flux
pass through the iron core without any external leakage. When current passes through the iron
core, Iron becomes magnetized. Therefore, this iron also adds its own flux lines produced by
current. So the lines of flux increases that is the inductance of the coil increases in iron core
inductance than in air core conductor. The iron core is commonly called as a choke.
FERRITE CORE INDUCTOR:-
Here faro-magnetic core is used as a core hence known as ferrite core inductors. It has
high magnetic power and high resistivity to lines of flux. Ferrite core inductors are used for audio
frequencies and radio frequencies.
4) TRANSFORMER:-
1) A transformer consists of two inductors.
2) A transformer works on the principal of mutual inductance. Hence, it is a device, which
transfers high AC voltage to low AC voltage and vice versa.
3) Transformer is an important device in which voltage is transformed from one voltage level
to other required level.
4) The transformer which increases the voltage level is known as step up transformer and the
transformer which decreases the voltage level is known as step down transformer.
5) The construction of transformer is as shown in following figure,
A transformer consists of two windings (coils). The winding which is normally connected to the
mains is called as primary winding and other winding across which output is obtain is called as
secondary winding.
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR
ELECTRONICS NOTES FOR XI
WORKING OF TRANSFORMER:-
When an alternating current voltage is applied across its primary winding, alternating
current flows through it, therefore changing magnetic flux. According to faraday’s law, voltage is
induced in the secondary winding. The amount of induced voltage depends on the number of
primary and secondary turns and that can be calculated by the ratio called as turn’s ratio.
NP/ NS = VP/ VS = Is/ Ip ………………………. turns ratio
Where NP = number of turns in primary
NS = number of turns in secondary.
VP = primary voltage
VS= secondary voltage
IP = primary Current
VS= secondary Current
BY: S. G. AKOTKAR SIR