GEOGRAPHIC TERMS
1) Latitudes
Imaginary lines running parallel to the Equator that show a place’s position north or south of the Equator
(0°–90°).
2) Meridian
An imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole that shows a place’s position east or west.
The Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Greenwich, England.
3) Absolute and Relative Location
● Absolute location: Exact position using latitude and longitude.
Example: Eiffel Tower: 48.8584°N, 2.2945°E.
● Relative location: Position described in relation to other places.
Example: Eiffel Tower near the Seine River in Paris.
4) Complementarity in Tourism
When one place has what another lacks, encouraging travel between them.
Example: A city with no beaches and a nearby coastal resort.
5) Intervening Opportunity in Tourism
A closer or more attractive destination that causes tourists to change their original travel plan.
Example: Choosing the Canary Islands instead of the Caribbean.
6) Transferability in Tourism
How easy and affordable it is to travel to a destination (cost, time, transport). This ability is dependent on:
● Cost of travel: Must be reasonable.
● Time of travel: Must be acceptable.
● Accessibility: Must have adequate transportation infrastructure (roads, rail, air).
Example: A remote resort with difficult access has low transferability.
7) Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of tourists a place can support without damage or overcrowding.
Example: Limiting divers at a coral reef.
8) Ecotourism
Responsible travel to natural areas that protects the environment and benefits local people.
Its core principles are:
1. Conservation: Protecting natural and cultural heritage.
2. Education: Providing learning opportunities about the local environment and culture.
3. Community Benefit: Ensuring local people receive tangible economic benefits from tourism.
4. Minimizing Negative Impact: Travel should be low-impact and non-consumptive.
CHINA
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Population: ~1,408,671,000 (2025 est.) — most populous country in the world. (Wikipedia)
Currency: Renminbi (¥) / Chinese Yuan.
→ ≈ conversion varies (~¥1 ≈ … VNĐ) (ask if needed with current rate).
Flag: Red field with one large gold star and four smaller gold stars in a semicircle — red represents
revolution, stars stand for Communist Party leadership and unity of the people. (Wikipedia)
Official Name: People’s Republic of China (PRC) — Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo. (Encyclopedia
Britannica)
National Symbols:
● National animal: Giant panda.
● National bird: Red-crowned crane.
● Other symbols: Chinese dragon, fuzzy kiwifruit (fruit). (Wikipedia)
Area: ~9,596,961 km² (3,705,407 mi²). (Wikipedia)
Terrain: Extremely diverse — from high mountains (Himalayas/Everest) in the west to large plains and river
deltas in the east; deserts (Gobi, Taklamakan); plateaus and forests. (Wikipedia)
Bordered Countries: 14 neighbors including Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Laos, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Adjoining Oceans / Seas: Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea (all part of Pacific Ocean region).
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Weather / Temperature:
Climate varies widely: tropical monsoon in the south to subarctic in the north, desert in the northwest.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
II. TRADITIONAL FOOD AND CLOTHES
Food:
● Staple: Rice (south), wheat/noodles (north).
● Iconic dishes: Peking duck, dim sum, jiaozi (dumplings), zongzi (rice wrapped in bamboo leaves),
Sichuan spicy dishes. ([Link])
Clothes:
● Hanfu: Traditional Han clothing with long flowing robes and wide sleeves (revived in modern
culture). (Wikipedia)
● Mianfu: Ancient ceremonial clothing historically worn by emperors, now seen in cultural
reenactments. (Wikipedia)
III. POLITICAL SYSTEM
One-party communist state led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); government structure
includes the National People’s Congress, President, and Premier. (Wikipedia)
IV. ARCHITECTURES
Famous architecture:
● Great Wall of China — one of the world’s great ancient defense structures.
● Forbidden City — imperial palace in Beijing.
● Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Terracotta Army — major heritage sites reflecting
dynastic art and histories.
V. DESTINATIONS AND FESTIVALS
Destinations:
● Beijing (Forbidden City), Shanghai (modern skyline), Xi’an (Terracotta Warriors), Guilin
(limestone karsts), Chengdu (pandas).
Festivals:
● Chinese New Year (Spring Festival) — most important holiday.
● Dragon Boat Festival — zongzi and dragon boat races.
● Mid-Autumn Festival — mooncakes and family reunions.
🇯🇵 JAPAN
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Population: ~123 million (2025 est.) (Wikipedia)
Currency: Japanese Yen (¥) — ≈ … VNĐ.
Flag: White field with a central red circle (symbolizing the sun). (Wikipedia)
Official Name: Japan (Nihon/Nippon). (Wikipedia)
National Symbols:
● Animal: Green pheasant (unofficial)
● Flower: Cherry blossom (sakura)
Area: ~377,975 km². (Wikipedia)
Terrain: Mountainous islands with coastal plains. (Wikipedia)
Bordered Countries: No land borders (island nation). (Wikipedia)
Adjoining Oceans: Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, East China Sea. (Wikipedia)
Weather: Temperate; four seasons with cold winters in north and hot summers in south. (Wikipedia)
II. TRADITIONAL FOOD AND CLOTHES
Food: Sushi, ramen, tempura, sashimi, udon.
Clothes: Kimono (traditional robe).
III. POLITICAL SYSTEM
Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (Emperor + Prime Minister). (Wikipedia)
IV. ARCHITECTURES
Examples: Tokyo Tower, Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion), historic temples and castles (Himeji).
V. DESTINATIONS AND FESTIVALS
Destinations: Kyoto, Tokyo, Osaka, Mount Fuji.
Festivals: Cherry Blossom festivals; Gion Matsuri.
KOREA (South Korea)
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Population: ~52 million (2024 est.) (Wikipedia)
Currency: South Korean Won (₩) — ≈ … VNĐ.
Flag: White with a red/blue Taegeuk and four black trigrams. (Wikipedia)
Official Name: Republic of Korea. (Wikipedia)
National Symbols:
● Flower: Mugunghwa (Rose of Sharon).
● Animal: Tiger (symbolic).
Area: ~100,363 km². (Wikipedia)
Terrain: Mountainous peninsula. (Wikipedia)
Bordered Countries: North Korea. (Wikipedia)
Adjoining Oceans: Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan. (Wikipedia)
Weather: Four distinct seasons with cold winters and warm summers. (Wikipedia)
II–V. (condensed)
Food: Kimchi, bibimbap, bulgogi.
Clothes: Hanbok (traditional).
Political System: Democratic republic.
Architecture: Gyeongbokgung Palace, modern skyscrapers in Seoul.
Destinations: Seoul, Jeju Island; Festivals: Lantern Festival, Chuseok.
THAILAND
Population: ~70M (approx). Food: Pad Thai, tom yum.
Currency: Thai Baht (THB). Clothes: Traditional costumes (Chut Thai).
Flag: Red-white-blue stripes. Political System: Constitutional monarchy.
Official Name: Kingdom of Thailand. Architecture: Temples like Wat Arun.
Symbols include elephant, lotus (flower). Destinations/Festivals: Bangkok, Chiang Mai;
Borders: Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia. Songkran Festival.
Oceans: Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand.
🇻🇳 VIETNAM
Population: ~100M. Flag: Red with yellow star.
Currency: Vietnamese đồng (₫). Official Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Symbols: Lotus, yellow star. System: Socialist republic.
Borders: China, Laos, Cambodia. Architecture: Imperial City of Hué.
Oceans: South China Sea. Destinations/Festivals: Ha Long Bay, Hoi An;
Food: Pho, banh mi. Tet.
Clothes: Ao Dai.
AUSTRALIA
Population: ~26M. Oceans: Pacific, Indian.
Currency: Australian Dollar (AUD). Food: Meat pie, lamington.
Flag: Blue with Union Jack + stars. Clothes: Western.
Official Name: Commonwealth of Australia. System: Federal parliamentary monarchy.
Symbols: Kangaroo, emu, golden wattle. Architecture: Sydney Opera House.
Borders: No land borders. Festivals: Australia Day.
FRANCE
Population: ~67M. Oceans: Atlantic, Mediterranean.
Currency: Euro (€). Food: Baguette, cheese.
Flag: Blue, white, red vertical stripes. Clothes: Western fashion.
Official Name: French Republic. System: Republic.
Symbols: Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis. Architecture: Eiffel Tower, Louvre.
Borders: Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, etc. Festivals: Bastille Day.
UNITED KINGDOM
Population: ~67M. Oceans: Atlantic.
Currency: Pound sterling (£). Food: Fish & chips.
Flag: Union Jack (crosses of saints). Clothes: Western.
Official Name: United Kingdom of GB & NI. System: Constitutional monarchy.
Symbols: Lion, Tudor rose. Architecture: Big Ben, Tower of London.
Borders: Ireland. Festivals: Notting Hill Carnival.
UNITED STATES
Population: ~334M. Oceans: Atlantic, Pacific.
Currency: US Dollar ($). Food: Burgers, BBQ.
Flag: 13 stripes, 50 stars. Clothes: Western.
Official Name: United States of America. System: Federal republic.
Symbols: Bald eagle, rose. Architecture: Statue of Liberty, White House.
Borders: Canada, Mexico. Festivals: Fourth of July
MAPS
🌏 EAST ASIA
● China ● North Korea ● Mongolia
● Japan ● South Korea ● Taiwan
🌏 SOUTHEAST ASIA
● Brunei ● Malaysia ● Thailand
● Cambodia ● Myanmar ● Vietnam
● Indonesia ● Philippines ● Timor-Leste (East
● Laos ● Singapore Timor)
🌏 SOUTH PACIFIC
● Australia ● Solomon Islands ● Kiribati
● New Zealand ● Vanuatu ● Tuvalu
● Papua New Guinea ● Samoa ● Nauru
● Fiji ● Tonga
🌍 EUROPE
● Albania ● Germany ● North Macedonia
● Andorra ● Greece ● Norway
● Austria ● Hungary ● Poland
● Belarus ● Iceland ● Portugal
● Belgium ● Ireland ● Romania
● Bosnia and ● Italy ● San Marino
Herzegovina ● Latvia ● Serbia
● Bulgaria ● Liechtenstein ● Slovakia
● Croatia ● Lithuania ● Slovenia
● Cyprus ● Luxembourg ● Spain
● Czech Republic ● Malta ● Sweden
● Denmark ● Moldova ● Switzerland
● Estonia ● Monaco ● Ukraine
● Finland ● Montenegro ● United Kingdom
● France ● Netherlands ● Vatican City
🌎 NORTHERN AMERICA
● Canada ● Mexico
● United States ● Greenland
EAST ASIA
SOUTHEAST ASIA
EUROPE
NORTHERN AMERICA