AIR

FORCE
SCHOO
L

GORAKHPUR U.P.
AISSCE SESSION 204-25
PHYSICS PROJECT
WORK

Topic: Rectifier

Submitted to:
Mr. Sandeep Singh Submitted by:
PGT Physics Shiv Kumar Dubey
Air Force School, Gorakhpur Class XII `A`
Roll No.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shiv Kumar Dubey
student of Class XII-A of AIR FORCE SCHOOL,

Gorakhpur has completed his project under my

guidance.

He has taken proper care and showed

interest & sincerity in the completion of this
project.

I certify that this project is up to my

expectations & as per the guidelines issued by
the CBSE.
 Internal Examiner External Examiner Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT

I express my deepest gratitude to Mr.

SANDEEP SINGH of

Physics project who Inspiration has helped me to

done this project

I am grateful to principle Mr. Anil Kumar

Tripathi for providing the necessary facilities for
carrying out work.

I am also Thankful to Laboratory Attendant

and my friends who help me to done this work
 Shiv Kumar Dubey
Class XII `A`
Air Force School, Gorakhpur

Index

(1) INTRODUCTION 05

(2) Rectifier Circuits: 06

(i) Half-Wave Rectification
(ii) Full-Wave Rectification

(3) Multi-phase rectifiers: 17

(i) Three-Phase, Half-Wave Circuit
(i) Three-Phase, Full-Wave Circuit

(4) Bibliography 22
 INTRODUCTION
 RECTIFIER is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC).
 The process is called rectification
 Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3-phase).
 Output can be made fixed or variable
 Applications:
 DC welder,
 DC motor drive,
 Battery charger,
 DC power supply,
 HVDC
 Submitted to:

Rectifier Circuits
 Single-phase rectifiers
o Half-wave rectification
o Full-wave rectification
 Three-phase rectifiers
o Three-phase, half-wave circuit
o Three-phase, full-wave circuit
Single-phase rectifiers are in use both as low-power stand-
alone converters (up to some kilowatts) and as output stage in
Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS). For domestic
equipment.
Multi-phase rectifiers- three phase rectifiers supplies the
direct current at very low ripple and at a very stable to the
load (e.g., magnet or klystron) for most industrial and high-
power applications, three phase rectifier circuits are the norm.
 As with single-phase rectifiers, three-phase rectifiers can take
the form of a half-wave circuit, a full-wave circuit using a
center-tapped transformer, or a full-wave bridge circuit.

Single-phase rectifiers:
Half-Wave Rectification

 The harmonic content of the rectifier's output waveform is very

large and consequently difficult to filter.

Single-phase rectifiers:
Half-Wave Rectification
  Single diode rectifier is connected across an alternating
voltage source vS
 Since the diode only conducts when the anode is positive with
respect to the cathode, current will flow only during the
positive half cycle of the input voltage.

Cont.
 During the positive half cycle of the source, the ideal diode is
forward biased and operates as a closed switch.
 The source voltage is directly connected across the load. During
the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and acts as an
open switch.
 The source voltage is disconnected from the load. As no current
flows through the load, the load voltage vo is zero.
 Both the load voltage and current are of one polarity and hence
said to be rectified.
 Single-phase rectifiers:
Half-Wave Rectification

The waveforms for source voltage vS and output voltage vo

• The output voltage varies between the peak voltage vm and zero
in each cycle. This variation is called “ripple”, and the
corresponding voltage is called the peak-to-peak ripple voltage,
vp-p.
 Single-phase rectifiers:
Half-Wave Rectification
 If a DC voltmeter is connected to measure the output voltage of
the half-wave rectifier (i.e., across the load resistance), the
reading obtained would be the average load voltage Vave, also
called the DC output voltage.
 The meter averages out the pulses and displays this average.

Output voltage and average voltage for half-wave rectifier

 Single-Phase Rectifiers:
Full-Wave Rectification

Waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher

average output voltage.
 If we need to rectify AC power to obtain the full use of both
half-cycles of the sine wave, a different rectifier circuit
configuration must be used. Such a circuit is called a full-wave
rectifier.
 One kind of full-wave rectifier, called the center tap design,
uses a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding
and two diodes, as in Figure above.
 This circuit's operation is easily understood one half cycle at a
time.
 Single-Phase Rectifiers:
Full-Wave Rectification

Half-cycle to load.
Understanding the circuit's operation one half-cycle at a time.
 Consider the first half-cycle, when the source voltage polarity
is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom.
 At this time, only the top diode is conducting; the bottom
diode is blocking current, and the load “sees” the first half of
the sine wave, positive on top and negative on bottom. Only
the top half of the transformer's secondary winding carries
current during this half-cycle as in Figure
 Single-phase Rectifiers:
Full-Wave Rectification

Positive half-cycle to the load.

Cont.
 During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity
reverses. Now, the other diode and the other
half of the transformer's secondary winding
carry current while the portions of the circuit
formerly carrying current during the last half
cycle sit idle.
 The load still “sees” half of a sine wave, of the
same polarity as before: positive on top and
negative on bottom
 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Conduction pattern
D1 – D2 D3 – D4
PIV = Vm

Single-phase Rectifiers:
 Full-Wave Rectification
 The full wave rectifier produces twice as many output pulses
as the half wave rectifier.
 average load voltage (i.e. DC output voltage) is found as

Average DC Voltage for a Full Wave Rectifier

Multi-phase rectification
 The higher the number of pulses:
 the better the utilization of the rectifier
 the lesser the ripple amplitude
 The higher the ripple frequency — this implies that filtering
the ripple is easier.
 Systems with a number of pulses higher than 12 (normally
obtained by combining two threephase bridges) are not
often used since their advantages are compensated by their
growing complexity.

Multi-phase rectifiers:
Three-phase Half Wave Rectifier
  Consists of a three phase
transformer
 A star connected secondary
three phase transformer
with three diodes
connected to the three
phases
 The neutral point ‘NTRL’ of
the secondary is considered
as the earth for the circuit
and is given as the negative terminal for the load

Cont.
 A three phase half wave rectifier, as the name implies ,
consists of a three phase transformer.
 Given below is a star connected secondary three phase
transformer with three diodes connected to the three phases.
 As shown in the figure, the neutral point ‘NTRL’ of the
secondary is considered as the earth for the circuit and is
given as the negative terminal for the load.

Multi-phase rectifiers:
Three-phase Half Wave Rectifier
Cont.
 For each one-third of the cycle, each diode conducts.
 At the instant when one diode out of three is conducting, the
other two are left inactive, at that instant their cathodes
becomes positive with respect to the anodes.
 Then the process repeats for each of the three diodes.
 The input and the output wave forms for the circuit above is
shown below. For each one-third of the cycle, each diode
conducts.
 At the instant when one diode out of three is conducting, the
other two are left inactive, at that instant their cathodes
becomes positive with respect to the anodes. This process
repeats for each of the three diodes.
 The voltage between the cathode and ‘NTRL’ (dc voltage Vdc)
will have a value between the peak value of alternating
voltages per phase Vsm and half this value . Vsm.

Multi-phase rectifiers:
Three-phase Full Wave Rectifier
  Also called as a six wave half wave rectifier
 In the figure below the
diodes D1 to D6 will
conduct only for ⅙ th
of the period, with a
period of pi/3.
 Six diodes are used

Cont.
 Six diodes are used for the making of this full wave rectifier. As
so, it may pose some problems and may also be advantageous
in some cases.
 If we need a smoother output, the use of six diodes may be
seen as an advantage. But the use of six diodes complicates
the circuit and each diode operates for a shorter cycle.
 Also, since no more than six are used, the circuit is cost
effective, as long as it is compared with the comparative
increase in the output of the rectifier.

Multi-phase rectifiers:
Three-phase Full Wave Rectifier
  The fluctuation of dc
voltage is less in a
three phase circuit
 The variation lies
between the
maximum
alternation voltage
and 86.6% of this,
with the average
value being 0.955 times the maximum value

Cont.
As shown in the output wave form, the fluctuation of dc voltage
is less in a three phase circuit. The variation lies between the
maximum alternation voltage and 86.6% of this, with the
average value being 0.955 times the maximum value.

Bibliography
In completing the project I took help of my teacher Mr. Sandeep Singh & the following
references

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
APC Physics Lab
 Manual for Class-XII