Differentiating Atoms, Molecules, - Metals typically lose electrons to form

and Ions cations. ○ Na atom → Na+ ion + e-

○ Ca atom → Ca2+ ion + 2e-
Atom - Some metal can have more than one
- the basic building block of all matter charge: multivalent ions.
- the smallest piece of unit that maintains a  Cu → Cu+ + e-
unique identity and property  Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e-
- made up of subatomic particles
• protons Monoatomic Ions
• electrons - Nonmetals typically gain electrons to
• neutrons form anions.
○ Cl atom + e- → Cl- ion
Element ○ O atom + 2e- → O2- ion
- the simplest form of matter
Polyatomic Ions
- carbon atom: six protons, six electrons,
and six neutrons
- ions that contain more than one type of
atom
- all atoms in an element will always have
the same number of proton → atomic
- atoms are held together by strong
number covalent bonds

Molecules
- made from the combination of two or
more atoms bonded together by a strong
force of interaction
- made from the combination of two or
more atoms bonded together by a strong
force of interaction
- the smallest part of a substance that Ionic Compounds
retains the physical and chemical - made from the combination of cations
properties of substance and anions
- some elements exist naturally as - held together by strong electrostatic
molecules forces between oppositely charged ions
 diatomic molecules → hydrogen (H2 ),
oxygen (O2 ), nitrogen (N2 )
- electrically neutral
 sulfur (S8 ) - solid at room temperature
 phosphorus (P4) - requires high temperature to break the
- compounds exist as molecules attraction of ions and melt the compound
 combination of two or more atoms: - strong electrolytes: species that conduct
carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from gas electricity when dissolved in water as ions
emissions table salt (NaCl) table sugar are free to move in solution
(C12H22O11) - nonelectrolytes: species that do not
conduct electricity
Ions
- bond that holds these ions together in the
- chemical species with an overall electrical lattice is called the ionic bond
charge
- form when electrons move from one Ionic Bond
species to another and the overall - formed when there is an electron transfer
number of protons and electrons changes between two or more atoms
 atoms gain or lose electrons
 a proton never comes out of an atom - are stabilized by electrostatic forces of
attraction between the positively-charged
- negatively charged species cation and the negatively-charged anion
- number of electrons > number of protons
ISOTOPES
Cation
- Neutrons can be acquired more easily
- positively charged species from the surroundings mainly because
- number of electrons < number of protons the process does not change to charge
and identity of the element
- Atoms of the same element that have the
same number of protons and electrons
but different number of
Monoatomic Ions - Most isotopes are naturally occurring
 Atoms are made up of three subatomic
particles—the protons, the electrons, and the
neutrons.

Atoms in neutral state = zero charge (have

equal number of protons and electrons)

electrons
- responsible for almost all chemical
Artificial isotopes properties and reactivities of substances
- aka Radioisotopes
- Can be produced from heavier element nucleus
elements - contains the protons and the neutrons
- (Highly unstable) when they decay, their - are unchanged in chemical reactions but
release enormous amounts of change in energy-driven nuclear
radioactivity, which can be harnessed to reactions.
power up large scale processes in nuclear
reactors BERZELIUS NOTATION
- Most radio isotopes are useful in
radioactive dating, while some are useful
in the detection of tumors and disease

- mass numbers are always greater than

atomic numbers
- representation is correct if the left
superscript is greater than the left
subscript

Properties ATOMIC NUMBER (z)

- in chemical reactions, only the electrons - atomic (z), proton (p)
are involved - In a neutral atom, the number of protons
- Since isotopes have the same number of = the number of electrons.
electrons, they have similar chemical - atomic number does not change during
properties chemical reactions
- -Isotopes have slightly different physical - number of neutrons changes much easier
properties because they have different - neutrons serve as buffers between
number of neutrons protons in the nucleus
- Number of neutrons in an atom affects its
mass and affects the physical properties MASS NUMBER (a, atomic mass)
of the atom - sum of (p) and (n)
- sum of z + n
Isotone -N=A–Z
- elements that have the same number of
neutrons but different protons

Isobars
- elements have the same mass number,
but different atomic number

Atomic Number and Mass Number

CHARGE NUMBER (q)
- electrons
o tiniest and most mobile of all
subatomic particles
o can easily be removed out of an
atom
 o removed or captured = becomes o C5H12 is both the molecular
charged and is transformed to an and empirical formula of the
ion. compound.
- Charges result when there is an
imbalance between the number of Structural Formula
electrons and the number of protons. - used for more complex molecules such as
- electrons = negatively charged, the organic compounds: those containing
removal of electrons produces cation (+). carbon bonds
- Cations have more protons than - inorganic compounds: those that lack
electrons. carbon bonds
- Atoms that gain electrons become anions - hydrocarbons: organic compounds made
(-) which have more electrons than up entirely of carbons and hydrogens
protons.
- Q=p–e 1. complete structural formula
o all bonds and atoms are shown

2. condensed structural formula

o atoms connected to a specific
carbon are represented like
molecular formula

Ways of Representing Molecules

Molecular Formula 3. skeletal or line angle formula
o hydrogens attached to each carbon
- most common way to represent
will not be drawn: implicit
molecules
hydrogens
- symbols of each element are written
down with a subscript indicating how
many atoms are in the compound
- example: compound with two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen is
represented as H2O.

Empirical Formula
- gives the simplest whole-number ratio of
each element in a compound Molecular Model
- glucose for example: 1. Ball-and-Stick Model
o molecular formula: C6H12O6 - balls: atoms
o empirical formula: CH2O, - stick: bonds between atoms
wherein for every carbon atom,
there are two hydrogen atoms - shows the geometry of the molecule
and an oxygen atom. and helps us predict properties
- Subscripts: divide each amount of atoms
in the formula by the greatest common
factor
- H2C2O4 = HCO2 (divided by 2)
- In some cases, the molecular formula is
already in the lowest number ratio and
would automatically be the empirical
formula.
Space-Filling Model
- better estimate of actual molecule
shape
- bonds represented by sticks in
previous model is cut short to give
better representation

Writing and Naming Ionic

Compounds
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon