Basic Math

1
The credit for introducing geometrical concepts goes to the distinguished Greek mathematician 'Euclid'
who is known as the "Father of Geometry" and the word 'geometry' comes from the Greek words 'geo' which
means 'Earth' and 'metreon' which means 'measure'.

(i) A point is that which has no part.

(ii) A line is breadth-less length.
(iii) The ends of a line segment are points.
(iv) A straight line is that which has length only.
(v) A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
(vi) The edges of a surface are lines.
(vii) A plane surface is that which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.

There are three basic concepts in geometry, namely, 'point', 'line' and 'plane'. It is not possible to define these
three concepts precisely. We can, however, have a good idea of these concept by considering examples given below
A point is represented by a fine dot made by sharp pencil on a sheet of paper. A Point is denoted by
capital letter A, B, P, Q, R etc.
If we fold a piece of paper, the crease in the paper represents a geometrical straight line. The edge of
ruler, the edge of the top of a table, the meeting place of two walls of a room are close examples of a
geometrical straight line.
The surface of a smooth wall, the surface of a sheet of paper, or the surface of a smooth black board are
close examples of a plane.

The basic facts that are taken for granted, without proof, are called axioms. e.g. Halves of equal are equal.
A sentence that can be judged to be true or false is called a sentence. e.g. The sum of the angles of
a triangle is 180°, is a true statement.
A statement that requires a proof is called a theorem. Establishing the truth of a theorem is known
as proving the theorem. e.g. The sum of all angles around a point is 360°.
A statement whose truth can easily be decided from a theorem is called its corollary.
In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or proposition based on incomplete information, for
which no proof has been found. e.g. Goldbach Conjecture states that every even integer greater than two is the
sum of two prime numbers.
 A point is an exact location. A fine dot represents a point. Point is denoted by capital letter A, B, P, Q, R etc.
A line is a set of infinite points. It has no end points. It is infinite in length. The figure below shows a line
l that extends to infinity on either side. If A and B are any two points on line l, then we also denote the line l as
AB , read as line AB.

A line segment is a part of a line. The line segment has two end points and it has a finite length.

In the above figure, AB is a line segment, and it is a part of line l, consisting of the points A, B, and all
the points of l between A and B. Line segment AB is also denoted as AB . A and B are the end points of AB .
A ray has one end point and it extends infinitely on the other side.

A point R is called an interior point of a line segment PQ if R lies between P

and Q but R is neither P nor Q.

Two-line segments AB and CD are congruent if trace copy of one can be

superposed on the other so as to cover it completely and exactly in this case we write AB  CD. In other words,
we can say two lines are congruent if their lengths are same.
The distance between two points P and Q is the length of line segment PQ.
Two rays AB and AC are said to be opposite rays if they are collinear and point A is the only
common point of the two rays.

Three or more points are said to be collinear if there is a line which contains all of them.

Three or more lines are said to be concurrent if there is a point which lies on all of them.

Two lines are intersecting if they have a common point. The common point is called the
'point of intersection'.

GEOMETRY 2
 Two lines l and m in a plane are said to be parallel lines if they do not have a common point.

A plane is a surface such that every point of the line joining any two points on it lies on it.

(i) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
(ii) If equal are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
(iii) If equal are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
(iv) The things that coincide with one another are equal to one another.
(v) The whole is greater than the part.
(vi) The things that are double of the same thing are equal to one another.
(vii) The thing that are halves of the same thing are equal to one another.

(i) A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.
(ii) A terminated line or a line segment can be produced infinitely.

(iii) A circle can be drawn with any centre and of any radius.
(iv) All right angles are equal to one another.
(v) If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken
together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines if produced infinitely meet on that
side on which the sum of angles are less than two right angles.

(i) A line is the collection of infinite number of points.

(ii) Through a given point, an infinite line can be drawn.

(iii) Given two distinct points, there is one and only one line that contains both the points.

If P is a point outside a line ℓ, then one and only one line can be drawn through P that is parallel to ℓ.

The above axioms may also be re-stated as follows: "Two intersecting lines cannot both be parallel to the
same line".

GEOMETRY 3
(i) Some more results
(a) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.

(b) Two lines that are both parallel to the same line, are parallel to each other.
i.e., l || n, m || n  l || m

If l, m, n are lines in the same plane such that l intersects m and n || m, then l intersects n also.
Three lines l, m, n in the same plane s.t. l intersects m and n || m.
Lines l and n are intersecting lines.

Let l and n be non-intersecting lines. Then, l || n. But, n || m [Given]

 l || n and n || m  l || m
l and m are non-intersecting lines.
This is a contradiction to the hypothesis that l and m are intersecting lines.
Two rays which meet at a point are said to form an angle at their meeting point.

In the figure above, OQ and OP are two rays which have O as their meeting point and an angle with a
certain measure is formed. The point O is called the vertex of the angle and OQ and OP are called the sides
or arms of the angle. We denote the angle as QOP or POQ (or sometimes simply as O). We see that
QOP = POQ. (These are two ways of representing the same angle.) A common unit of measurement of
angles is degree. This unit is denoted by a small circle placed above and to the right of the number. For
example, we write QOP = 40° and read it as 40 degrees.
The angle formed by two opposite rays is called a straight angle. We define the unit of degree such that
the measure of a straight angle is 180°.

GEOMETRY 4
 Let the measure of an angle be x°.
1. If 0° < x < 90°, then it is called an acute angle.

In the figure above, AOB is acute.

2. If x = 90°, then it is called a right angle.

In the figure above, AOC is a right angle.

3. If 90° < x < 180°, then it is called an obtuse angle.

In the figure above, AOD is an obtuse angle.

4. If x = 180°, it is the angle of a straight line or a straight angle.

In the figure above, AOE = 180° is a straight angle, such that AE is a straight line and O is a point
on the line AE.
Two intersecting lines making an angle of 90° with each other are called perpendicular
lines.

In the figure above, l1 and l2 are perpendicular lines. We write l1 ⊥ l2 and read this as l1 is perpendicular
to l2.

GEOMETRY 5
 When the sum of two angles is 90°, the two angles are called complementary angles.
For example, if x + y = 90°, then x° and y° are called complementary angles.
When the sum of two angles is 180°, the two angles are called supplementary angles.
If two angles have a common vertex and a common ray and the other two sides lie on
opposite sides of the common ray, then they are said to be adjacent angles.

In the diagram above, AOD and DOC are adjacent angles. DOC and COB are also adjacent angles.
If a pair of angles are adjacent and the non-common rays are opposite to each other, then the
angles are said to form a linear pair.
For example, if O is a point between A and B, and P is a point not on AB, then AOP and POB form a linear
pair. The angles of a linear pair are supplementary.

When two lines intersect each other, four angles are formed.

In the figure above, AB and PQ intersect at O. AOP and BOQ are vertically opposite angles.
Similarly, POB and QOA are vertically opposite angles. Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Two or more lines in a plane passing through a same point are concurrent lines.
Two coplanar lines that do not meet are called parallel lines.

In the figure above, l1 and l2 are parallel lines. Symbolically we write l1 || l2 and read as l1 is parallel to l2.

1. For two given parallel lines, the perpendicular distance between the lines is the same everywhere.
2. If two lines lie in the same plane and are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel to each other.
3. If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each other.
4. One and only one parallel line can be drawn to a given line through a given point which is not on the
given line.

GEOMETRY 6
 A straight line intersecting a pair of lines in two distinct points is a transversal for the two given lines.
Let l1 and l2 be a pair of lines and t be a transversal.
As shown in the figure, totally eight angles are formed.

1. 1, 2, 7, and 8 are exterior angles and 3, 4, 5, and 6 are interior angles.
2. (1 and 5), (2 and 6), (3 and 7), and (4 and 8) are pairs of corresponding angles.
3. (1 and 3), (2 and 4), (5 and 7), and (6 and 8) are pairs of vertically opposite angles.
4. (4 and 6) and (3 and 5) are pairs of alternate interior angles.
5. (1 and 7) and (2 and 8 ) are pairs of alternate exterior angles.
If l1 and l2 are parallel, then
1. Corresponding angles are equal, i.e., 1 = 5, 2 = 6, 3 = 7, and 4 = 8.
2. Alternate interior angles are equal, i.e., 4 = 6 and 3 = 5.
3. Alternative exterior angles are equal, i.e., 1 = 7 and 2 = 8.
4. Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, i.e., 1 + 8 = 180° and 2
+ 7 = 180°.
5. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, i.e., 4 + 5 = 180° and 3
+ 6 = 180°.

1.

In the figure above, PQ and RS are parallel. AC is a transversal of PQ and RS . If ACP = 5x –

70° and BDR = 4x + 70°, then find the value of x.

GEOMETRY 7
Sol: Given that, PQ / / RS and AB is a transversal.
Also given, ACP = 5x – 70° and BDR = 4x + 70°.
ACP + BDR = 180° ( Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal.)
 5x – 70° + 4x + 70° = 180°
 9x = 180°  x = 20°
1
2. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove that AC = AB . Explain by
2
drawing the figure.
Sol: According to the given statement, the figure will be as shown alongside in which the point C lies
between two points A and B such that AC = BC.
Clearly, AC + BC = AB
 AC + AC = AB [ AC = BC]
 2AC = AB

1
and, AC = AB
2
3. Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be defined first?
What are they, and how might you define them?
(i) Parallel lines (ii) Perpendicular lines
(iii) Line segment (iv) Radius
Sol: (i) Parallel lines: Lines that do not intersect anywhere are called parallel lines.
(ii) Perpendicular lines: Two lines that are at a right angle to each other are called perpendicular lines.
(iii) Line segment: It is a terminated line.
(iv) Radius: The length of the line segment joining the centre of a circle to any point on its
circumference is called its radius.

A plane figure bounded by three lines in a plane is called a triangle. Every triangle have three sides and
three angles. If ABC is any triangle then AB, BC, and CA are three sides and A, B, and C are three angles.

GEOMETRY 8
 A triangle in which no two sides are equal is a scalene triangle.

In the above triangle, AB ≠ BC, BC ≠ CA, and CA ≠ AB. This is a scalene triangle.
A triangle in which any two sides are equal is an isosceles triangle.

In the triangle above, PQ = PR. Hence, PQR is an isosceles triangle.

A triangle in which all the three sides are equal is an equilateral triangle.

In the above ΔXYZ, XY = YZ = ZX.

 XYZ is an equilateral triangle.

A triangle in which all the angles are acute is an acute-angled triangle. In such
a triangle, square of the longest side is less than the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

In the triangle above, each of the angles A, B, and C is less than 90°. Hence, ABC is an acute-angled triangle.
A triangle which has a right angle is a right-angled triangle. In such triangle,
square of the longest side, the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
In the right triangle, ABC = 90°. Hence, ABC is a right-angled triangle.

In the right triangle ABC, if AC is the longest side, then AC2 = AB2 + BC2.

GEOMETRY 9
 A triangle in which one angle is greater than 90° is an obtuse-angled triangle.
In such a triangle, the square of the longest side is greater than the sum of the squares of the other two
sides.

In the triangle above, ABC > 90°.

Hence, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.
In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, if AC is the longest side, then AC2 > AB2 + BC2.
4. Isosceles right-angled triangle: A triangle in which two sides are equal and one angle is 90° is an
isosceles right-angled triangle.

In the triangle PQR, PQ = QR and PQR = 90°.

 PQR is an isosceles right triangle.
In such a triangle, the ratio of sides PQ, QR, and RP is 1:1: 2 .

Note (1) A scalene triangle can be acute, right, or obtuse angled.

(2) An isosceles triangle can be acute, right, or obtuse angled.
(3) An equilateral triangle has to be acute. It cannot contain a right angle or an obtuse angle.
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.

ABC is a triangle.
A + B + C = 180°
Draw a line XY through A and parallel to BC .
XAB + BAC + CAY = 180° ( straight line) …(1)

XY and BC are parallel and AB is a transversal.

 XAB = ABC ( alternate angles) …(2)
XY and BC are parallel and AC is a transversal.

GEOMETRY 10
 YAC = ACB ( alternate angles) …(3)
From Eqs (1), (2), and (3), we have
ABC + BAC + ACB = 180°
Hence proved.
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior angles opposite to it.
ABC is a triangle; BC is produced to the point X.

ACX = A + B
A + B + BCA = 180° ( Angles of ΔABC)
BCA + ACX = 180° ( linear pair)
 A + B + BCA = BCA + ACX
 ACX = A + B
Hence proved.

1. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
In ΔPQR, PQ + QR > PR, QR + RP > PQ, and RP + PQ > QR.
2. Difference between any two sides is less than the third side.
PQ – QR < PR, QR – RP < PQ, and RP – PQ < QR
3. Angles opposite to equal sides are equal and vice versa.
If P = Q, then QR = PR.

If QR = PR, then P = Q.

4. If the angles are in increasing or decreasing order, then the sides opposite to them also will be in the
same order. If P > Q > R, then QR > PR > PQ.

4. The sides of a ΔABC measure 7 cm, 24 cm, and 25 cm. What type of a triangle is ABC?
Sol: Since no two sides are equal, ABC is a scalene triangle.
Further, 72 + 242 = 252
Since the square of the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, ABC is a
right-angled triangle.

GEOMETRY 11
5. In ΔPQR, P = 50° and Q = 60°. Find R.
Sol: In a triangle, the sum of the angles is equal to 180°.
P + Q + R = 180°
50° + 60° + R = 180°  R = 70°
6. In ΔABC, AB = 5 cm and BC = 4 cm. Find the range of values that CA can take.
Sol: In a triangle, the sum of two sides is greater than the third side and the difference of two sides is less than
the third side.
CA < AB + BC and CA > AB – BC
 CA < 9 cm and CA > 1 cm  1 cm < CA < 9 cm
1
7. If the bisectors of ABC and ACB of a triangle meet at a point I. then prove that BIC = 90 + A .
2
Sol: Given: In ΔABC, BI, CI bisects B and C

1
To Prove: BIC = 90 + A
2
Proof: In ΔABC, A + B + C = 180°
 A + 2x + 2y = 180°
1
 x + y = 90 − A …(1)
2
In ΔIBC, I + x + y = 180°
1
 I + 90 − A = 180 (From Eq. (1))
2
1
 I = 90 + A
2
8. The sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC are produced to P and Q respectively. If the bisectors of PBC
1
and QCB intersects at Ia then prove that BI a C = 90 − A
2

GEOMETRY 12
Sol:

BIa bisects PBC and CIa bisects QCB

Let IaBP = IaBC = x and IaCB = IaCQ = y
ABC = 180° – 2x and ACB = 180° – 2y
In ΔABC, A + B + C = 180°
 A + 180° – 2x + 180° – 2y = 180°
1
 x + y = 90 + A
2
1
In ΔBIaC, x + y + Ia = 180°  90 + A + I a = 180 (From Eq. (1))
2
1 1
 I a = 180 − 90 − A  BI a C = 90 − A.
2 2
1
9. PS is the bisector of QPR and PT ⊥ QR show that TPS = (Q – R) where Q < R.
2
Sol: Let QPS = SPR = a and TPS = x

 QPT = a – x
In ΔPTR, by using exterior angle property
QTP = 90° = a + x + R …(1)
In ΔPTQ, by using exterior angle property
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)
a + x + R = a – x + Q
1
 2x = Q – R  x = (Q − R).
2

GEOMETRY 13
 1
Note: If R > Q, then x = (R − Q)
2
10. In above question if PM is the circum-diameter of ΔPQR then prove that PS bisects TPM.
Sol: Construction: Join QM, RM

Proof: Since POM is a diameter, PRM = 90°

 QRM = 90° – R
 QPM = QRM = 90° – R (Angle in same segment)
 TPM = QPM – QPT = (90° – R) – (90° – Q)
 TPM = Q – R
1
Since TPS = (Q − R) (From Previous problem)
2
1
 SPM = (Q − R)
2
 PS bisects TPM.
11. Prove that the angle between internal bisector of one base angle and the external bisector of the other
base angle of a triangle is equal to one half of the vertical angle.
Sol: Given: BT bisects ABC and CT bisects ACD

1
To prove: BTC = A
2
Proof: In ΔABC, by using exterior angle property of a triangle
ACD = ABC + A
 2y = 2x + A
1
 y = x + A …(1)
2
In ΔTBC, by using exterior angle property
y = x + T …(2)

GEOMETRY 14
 1 1
 From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, x + T = x + A  T = A
2 2
12. In the figure bisectors of B and D of quadrilateral ABCD meets CD and AB produced at P and Q
1
respectively. Prove that P + Q = (ABC + ADC ) .
2
1 1
Sol: Let ABP = PBC = y = B and ADQ = QDC = x = D
2 2

 PDQ = 180° – x and PBQ = 180° – y …(1)

In quadrilateral PDQB, P + PDQ + Q + QBP = 360°
 P + 180° – x + Q + 180° – y = 360° (From Eq. (1))
1
P + Q = x + y = (B + D)
2

Two geometrical figures are congruent if they have the same shape and the same size.
1. Line segments which have the same length are congruent.
2. Circles which have equal radii are congruent.

The three angles of a triangle determine its shape and its three sides determine its size. If the three angles
and the three sides of a triangle are, respectively, equal to the corresponding angles and sides of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. However, to conclude that the triangles are congruent, it is not
necessary that all the six corresponding elements of the two triangles are given to be congruent.
Based on the study and experiments, the following results can be used to establish the congruence of two
triangles.

(i) SAS Congruence Criterion:

GEOMETRY 15
 Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one are equal to the corresponding
sides and the included angle of the other triangle.
(ii) ASA Congruence Criterion:

Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of the other triangle.
(iii) AAS Congruence Criterion:

If any two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
(iv) SSS Congruence Criterion:

Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of
the other triangle.
(v) RHS Congruence Criterion:

GEOMETRY 16
 Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are, respectively, equal
to the hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle.

13. In figure, TQ and TR are the bisectors of Q and R, respectively. If QPR = 80° and PRT = 30°,
determine TQR and QTR.
Sol: Since the bisectors of Q and R meet at T.
1
 QTR = 90 + QPR
2
1
 QTR = 90 + (80)
2
 QTR = 90° + 40° = 130°
In ΔQTR, we have
TQR + QTR + TRQ = 180°
 TQR + 130° + 30° = 180° [ TRQ = PRT = 30°]
 TQR = 20°
Thus, TQR = 20° and QTR = 130°
14. In figure, line m is the bisector of an angle A and O is any point on m. OQ and OP are perpendiculars
from O to the arms of A. Prove that:
(i) ΔAOQ  ΔAOP (ii) OQ = OP

Sol: (i) In ΔAOQ and ΔAOP,

OAQ = OAP [ line m is the bisector of A]
AQO = APO = 90° [Given]
and AO = AO [Common]
By AAS congruency
 ΔAOQ  ΔAOP
(ii) OQ = OP [C.P.C.T.]

GEOMETRY 17
15. In the adjacent diagram it is given that AB = CF, EF = BD and AFE = CBD. Prove that ΔAFE 
ΔCBD.
Sol: We have, AB = CF

 AB + BF = CF + BF
 AF = CB …(1)
In ΔAFE and ΔCBD
AF = CB (From Eq. (1))
AFE = CBD (Given)
FE = BD (Given)
So by SAS congruence, we have
ΔAFE  ΔCBD
16. In the figure AC = AE, AB = AD and BAD = EAC, prove that BC = DE.
Sol: Construction: Join DE

Proof: In ΔABC and ΔADE

AB = 0 (Given) …(1)
Also 1 = 2
 1 + 3 = 2 + 3
 BAC = DAE …(2)
Also AC = AE (Given)
Using Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) and applying SAS congruences
ΔABC  ΔADE
 BC = DE (CPCT)
17. If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects the opposite side, then prove that triangle is an
isosceles.
Sol: Given: In ΔABC, AD ⊥ BC and BD = DC

GEOMETRY 18
 To prove: AB = AC
Proof: In ΔADB and ΔADC
AD = AD
ADB = ADC = 90° (Common)
DB = DC (Given)
 By SAS congruences, ΔADB  ΔADC
 AB = AC (CPCT)
18. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base of the triangle, then prove that the
triangle is isosceles.
Sol: Given: AD bisects BAC of ΔABC and BD = DC

To prove: AB = AC
Construction: Draw DM ⊥ AB, DN ⊥ AC
Proof: In ΔAMD and ΔAND
AMD = AND = 90°
1 = 2 (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
 By AAS congruence
ΔAMD  ΔAND
 DM = DN (CPCT)
In ΔMDB and ΔNDC
DMB = DNC = 90°
DM = DN (Proved above)
DB = DC (Given)
 By RHS congruence, ΔMDB  ΔNDC
 MBD = NCD
Aliter:
Construction: Produce AD to E such that AD = DE join EC

GEOMETRY 19
 Proof: In ΔADB and ΔEDC
AD = ED (Construction)
ADB = EDC (VOA)
DB = DC (Given)
 2 = 3
 AC = CE
But CE = AB
 AC = AB
Hence proved.
19. Line 'l' is the bisector of A and B is any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to the arms of
A. Prove that BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of A.
Sol: In ΔAPB and ΔAQB, we have

APB = AQB = 90°

1 = 2 (Given l is the angle bisector)
AB = AB [Common]
 By AAS congruences, ΔAPB  ΔAQB
 PB = QB
Note: Each point on the angle bisector is equidistant from the arms of an angle.
20. In the figure AD is a median and BL, CM are perpendiculars drawn from B and C respectively on AD and
AD produced. Prove that BL = CM.

GEOMETRY 20
Sol: Proof: In ΔBDL and ΔCDM
BLD = CMD = 90°
BDL = CDM
BD = CD (Given)
 By AAS congruences
ΔBDL  ΔCDM
 BL = CM (CPCT)
Note: In this figure BLCM will be a parallelogram.
21. In a right angled triangle, if one acute angle is double of another: Prove that the hypotenuse is double the
smallest side.
Sol: Given: In ΔABC, B = 90° and ACB = 2CAB
To prove: AC = 2BC
Construction: Produce CB to D such that CB = BD. Join AD.

Proof: In ΔABD and ΔABC

AB = AB (Common)
ABD = ABC = 90°
BD = BC (Construction)
 By SAS congruences, ΔABD  ΔABC
 ADB = ACB = 2x (CPCT)
And BAD = BAC = x
DAC = ACD = CDA
 ΔADC is an equilateral triangle

 AC = DC = DB + BC = BC + BC
 AC = 2BC
Note: In 30° – 60° – 90° triangle, sides are a, 3 a, 2a respectively.
22. ABC is a triangle in which B = 2C. D is a point on BC such that AD bisects BAC and AB = CD.
Prove that BAC = 72°.

GEOMETRY 21
Sol:

Given: In ΔABC, B = 2C

AD bisects BAC
AB = CD
To prove: BAC = 72°
Construction: Draw BE the angle bisector of ABC which meets AC at E. Join DE.
Proof: Let C = x then B = 2x and BAD = CAD = y
Since BE bisects ABC
 ABE = EBC = x
Then in ΔBEC,
EBC = ECB = x
 BE = CE
In ΔABE and ΔDCE,
AB = DC
ABE = DCE = x
BE = CE
 By SAS congruence
ΔABE  ΔDCE
 AE = DE
BAE = CDE = 2y
Since AE = DE
 EAD = EDA = y
In ABD, 3y = 2x + y
 2y = 2x
y=x
In ΔABC, by ASP (Angle Sum Property) of a triangle
A + B + C = 180°
 2y + 2x + x = 180°
 5y = 180° (As x = y)
 y = 36°
 BAC = 2y = 72°
Hence proved.
23. Prove that in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an
equilateral triangle.

GEOMETRY 22
Sol: Given: AP, AR trisects angle A; BP, BQ trisects angle B; CQ, CR trisects angle C;
To Prove: ΔPQR is an equilateral triangle.
Proof: In ΔABC, 3a + 3b + 3c = 180°
 a + b + c = 60° …(1)
In ΔABE, AP, BP are the angle bisectors
 P is the incentre of ΔAEB
 PE bisects AEB  PEA = PEB = x (say)
Similarly Q is the incentre of ΔBFC and R is the incentre of ΔADC.
QF bisects BFC  BFQ = CFQ = y (say)
RD bisects ADC  RDA = RDC = z (say)
Also in ΔAEB, 2a + 2b + 2x = 180°
 a + b + x = 90°
 60° – c + x = 90° …(From Eq. (1))
 x = 30° + c …(2)
Similarly, y = 30° + a
and z = 30° + b
In ΔAPB, APB = 180° – (a + b) = 180° – (60° – c) …(From Eq. (1))
 APB = 120° + c
 BPS = APF = 180° – APB = 60° – c
In ΔBPS, PSQ = 60° – c + b (Exterior angle property)
In ΔPSE, SPE + (60° – c + b) + x = 180°
 SPE + 60° + b – c + 30° + c = 180° …(From Eq. (2))
 SPE = 90° – b …(3)
In ΔPDI, 90° – b + z + PID = 180°
 90° – b + 30° + b + PID = 180°
 PID = 60°
Similarly DIQ = 60°

GEOMETRY 23
 So PIQ = 120°
Similarly QIR = 120°
PIR = 120°
In ΔPID and ΔQID
PID = QID = 60°
IPD = IQD = 90° – b …(From Eq. (3))
ID = ID
 By AAS congruency
ΔPID  ΔQID
 PI = QI and PD = QD (CPCT)
DI is the ⊥ bisector of PQ
As DIR is a straight line, DR is the ⊥ bisector of PQ
 PR = QR …(4)
Similarly PE is the ⊥ bisector of QR
 PQ = PR …(5)
From Eqs. (4) and (5)
PQ = QR = PR
Note: The above problem, is known as Morley's trisector theorem, was discovered in 1899 by Anglo-
American mathematician Frank Morley. It has various generalizations; in particular, if all of the
trisectors are intersected, one obtains four other equilateral triangles.
24. Hari wishes to determine the distance between two objects A and B, but there is an obstacle between these
two objects which prevent him from making a direct measurement. He devises an ingenious way to
overcome this difficulty. First he fixes a pole at a convenient point O so that from O, both A and B are
visible. Then he fixes another pole at the point D on the line AO (produced) such that AO = DO. In a similar
way he fixes a third pole at the point C on the line BO (produced) such that BO = CO. Then he measures
CD which is equal to 170 cm. Prove that the distance between the objects A and B is also 170 cm.

Sol: In ΔAOB and ΔCOD

OA = OD (given)
AOB = COD (vertically opposite angles)
OB = OC (given)
 ΔAOB  ΔCOD
 AB = CD (c.p.c.t.)
 AB = 170 cm [ CD = 170 cm]

GEOMETRY 24
 Hence proved.

1. If two angles of a triangle are equal, then sides opposite to them are also equal.
2. If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects the opposite side, then the triangle is isosceles.
3. In an isosceles triangle, altitude from the vertex bisects the base.
4. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base of the triangle, then the triangle is isosceles.

25. The altitudes of ΔABC, AD, BE and CF are equal. Prove that ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.

Sol: In right angled triangles BCE and BCF

BC = BC (common)
BE = CF (given)
 ΔBCE  ΔBCF [By RHS rule]
 B = C [c.p.c.t]
 AC = AB …(i)
[ side opposite to equal angles are equal]
Similarly, ΔABD  ΔABE
 B = A
 AC = BC …(ii)
[ side opposite to equal angles are equal]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
AB = BC = AC
 ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.
26. ΔABC is isosceles with AB = AC. Prove that altitudes BD and CE of triangle are equal.

Sol: In ΔABC
ABC = ACB [ AB = AC]
i.e., CBE = BCD

GEOMETRY 25
 In Δs BCE and ΔBCD
CBE = BCD [from Eq. (i)]
CEB = CDB (90° each)
BCE = CBD
[ BCE = 90° – B; CBD = 90° – C, B = C]
BC = BC (common)
 ΔBCD  ΔBCE [By AAS rule]
 BD = CE [c.p.c.t.]

1. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the longer side has greater angle opposite to it.
2. In a triangle, the greater angle has longer side opposite to it.
3. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
4. Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a point not lying on it the perpendicular
line segment is the shortest.

27. In figure PQ > PR. QS and RS are the bisectors of Q and R respectively. Prove that SQ > SR.

Sol: In ΔPQR
PQ > PR (given)
 PRQ > PQR [Angle opposite to greater side of a triangle is greater]
1 1
 PRQ  PQR
2 2
 SRQ > SQR [ RS and QS are bisectors of PRQ and PQR respectively]
 SQ > SR (Side opposite to greater angle is greater)
28. In figure PQ and PR are produced and SQR < TRQ.

Prove that PR > PQ.

GEOMETRY 26
 PQR + SQR = 180 
Sol:  linear pair
PRQ + TRQ = 180 
 PQR + SQR = PRQ + TRQ
But SQR < TRQ
 PQR < PRQ
 PR > PQ [Side opposite to greater angle is greater]
29. Q is a point on side RS of ΔPSR such that PQ = PR. Show that PS > PQ

Sol: In ΔPQR, PQ = PR
 PRQ = PQR [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal] …(i)
In ΔPSQ, SQ is produced to R
ext. PQR > PSQ …(ii)
[exterior angle of a triangle > each of interior opposite angles]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
PRQ = ext. PQR > PSQ
i.e., PRQ > PSQ
i.e., PRS > PSR [ PRQ = PRS and PSQ = PSR]
In ΔPSR, PRS > PSR
 PS > PR [ side opposite to greater angle is greater]
PR = PQ
 PS > PQ
30. AD is the bisector of A of ΔABC, D lies on BC. Show that AB > BD and AC > CD.

Sol: In ΔABC, AD is bisector of A

 1 = 2 …(1)
But in ΔABD
ext. ADC > 1 [exterior  of a triangle is greater than each of interior opposite angles]
i.e., 3 > 1
 3 > 2 [from Eq. (i)]

GEOMETRY 27
  from ΔADC
AC > AD [ Side opposite to greater angle is greater]
Also 4 > 2 [In ΔADC, 4 is exterior angle]
4 > 1
AB > BD [ Side opposite to greater angle is greater]
31. In ΔABC, If AD, BE, CF are the medians than prove that
3
(AB + BC + CA) < AD + BE + CF < AB + BC + CA
4
Sol: Since by previous question

AB + AC > 2AD …(1)

Similarly AB + BC > 2BE …(2)
AC + BC > 2CF
AC + BC > 2CF …(3)
Adding Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get
2(AB + BC + CA) > 2(AD + BE + CF)
 AB + BC + CA > AD + BE + CF
or AD + BE + CF < AB + BC + CA
Also in ΔGBC,
GB + GC > BC …(4)
Similarly, GC + GA > AC …(5)
And GA + GB > AB …(6)
Adding Eqs. (4), (5) and (6), we get
2(GA + GB + GC) > AB + BC + CA
2 2 2 
 2  AD + BE + CF  > AB + BC + CA
3 3 3 
(As G being centroid of the triangle divides median in 2 : 1 ratio, See proof of it on pp. 8.27 – 8.28)
3
 AD + BE + CF > ( AB + BC + CA)
4
3
Thus (a + b + c)  ma + mb + mc  a + b + c.
4
32. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. Let E be the mid-point of the segment AD, which is drawn through A
to meet the side BC at D. Show that AE < CE.

GEOMETRY 28
Sol:

Given: ΔABC is equilateral, A = B = C = 60°; AE = ED

To prove: AE < CE or AE = ED < EC or ED < EC
Proof: B ≤ θ < π – C  60° ≤ θ < 180° – 60° = 120°

– B < ϕ < C  30° ≤ ϕ ≤ 60°  ϕ < θ  ED < EC
2
 AE < EC (As ED = AE)
Hence proved.

If D is any point on the side BC of a triangle ABC then [ABD] : [ADC] = BD : DC.

Here [XYZ] denotes area of ΔXYZ.

Construction: Draw AE ⊥ BC
1
 BD  AE
[ ABD] 2
Proof: =
[ ADC ] 1  DC  AE
2
[ ABD] BD
 =
[ ABC ] DC
Corollary: Let ΔABC be a triangle, D  BC (internally or externally) and P  AD.

DP [ BCP]
Then =
DA [ BCA]

GEOMETRY 29
 In other words, common base of two triangles, divides the line joining their third vertex, in the ratio of
their areas.

33. ABCD is any quadrilateral. Diagonals AC and BD intersects at m. Prove that [AMD] × [BMC] = [DMC] ×
[AMB].
Sol: By Ratio proportion theorem

[ AMD] DM
= …(1)
[ AMB] MB
[ DMC ] DM
Also, = …(2)
[ AMC ] MB
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2)
[ AMD] [ DMC ]
=
[ AMB] [ BMC ]
 [AMD] × [BMC] = [AMB] × [DMC]
34. D, E, F are points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively of ΔABC, such that AD, BE, CF are concurrent
at P, show that
PD PE PF
(i) + + =1
AD BE CF
AP BP CP
(ii) + + =2
AD BE CF
AP AF AE
(iii) = +
PD FB EC
Sol: (i) Let [BPC] = Δ1, [APC] = Δ2, [APB] = Δ3 and [ABC] = Δ

PD [ BPD] PD [ PDC ]
In ABD, = also =
AD [ BAD] AD [CAD]

GEOMETRY 30
 PD [ BPD] [ PDC ] [ BPD] + [ PDC ] [ BPC ]
 = = = =
AD [ BAD] [CAD] [ BAD] + [CAD] [ ABC ]
PD 1
 =
AD 
PE  2 PF 3
Similarly = and =
BE  CF 
PD PE PF 1  2 3 1 +  2 + 3 
 + + = + + = = =1
AD BE CF     
PD PE PF
 + + =1
AD BE CF
AP [ APB] [ APC ] [ APB] + [ APC ]
(ii) Now, = = =
AD [ ADB] [ ADC ] [ ADB] + [ ADC ]
AP [ APB] + [ APC ] 3 +  2
 = =
AD [ ABC ] 
BP 1 + 3 CP 1 +  2
Similarly = and =
BE  CF 
AP BP CP 3 +  2 1 + 3  2 + 1 2 ( 1 +  2 + 3 ) 
 + + = + + = =2 =2
AD BE CF     
AP BP CP
 + + =2
AD BE CF
AP [ APB] [ APC ] [ APB] + [ APC ]
(iii) Since = = =
PD [ BPD] [ PDC ] [ BPD] + [ PDC ]
AP [ APB] + [ APC ] [ APB] [ APC ]
= = +
PD [ BPC ] [ BPC ] [ BPC ]
AP  3  2
 = + …(1)
PD 1 1
AE [ ABE ] [ APE ] [ ABE ] − [ APE ] [ APB] 3
Also = = = = =
EC [CBE ] [CPE ] [CBE ] − [CPE ] [CBP] 1
AF [ AFC ] [ AFP] [ AFC ] − [ AFP] [ APC ] 2
Similarly = = = = =
FB [ BFC ] [ BFP] [ BFC ] − [ BFP] [ BPC] 1
3  2 AE AF
 + = + …(2)
1 1 EC FB
AP AE AF
 = + (From Eqs. (1) and (2))
PD EC FB
Note: Result (iii) is known as van Aubel's theorem.

GEOMETRY 31
 The line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is
equal to half of it.
Given: In ΔABC, D, E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively
1
To prove: DE || BC and DE = BC
2
Construction: Produce DE to F such that DE = EF Join CF.

Proof: In ΔAED and ΔCEF,

AE = CE (Given)
1 = 2 (VOA)
ED = EF (Construction)
 By SAS congruence ΔAED  ΔCEF
 AD = CF
but AD = BD
 BD = CF
Also 3 = 4 (CPCT)
 AB || CF
In quadrilateral BDFC,
BD = CF and BD || CF
Since in a quadrilateral if one pair of opposite side is equal and parallel then it is a parallelogram.
 BCFD is a parallelogram
 DF = BC and DF || BC
 DE + EF = BC and DE || BC
 2DE = BC
1
 DE = BC, DE || BC.
2

The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side, bisects the third side.
Given: In ΔABC, D is mid-point of AB. DE || BC
To prove: AE = EC
Construction: Draw CF || BA
Which cuts DE produced at F.

GEOMETRY 32
Proof: Since DF || BC and BD || CF
 BDFC is a parallelogram
BD = CF
But BD = AD
 AD = CF
In ΔEAD and ΔECF
1 = 2 (VOA)
3 = 4 (Alternate interior angles)
AD = CF
 By AAS congruence ΔEAD  ΔECF
AE = CE (CPCT)
Hence proved.
Also DE = FE (CPCT)
As DF = BC
 DE + EF = BC
 2DE = BC
1
 DE = BC
2

35. Prove that in a triangle all the medians are concurrent and their point of intersection, i.e., centroid divides
the median in the ratio 2 : 1.
Sol: Given: In ΔABC

Let BE, CF are the medians and let they intersect at G. Join AG and produce it to cut BC at D.
To prove:
AG 2 BG CG
(i) BD = DC (ii) = = =
GD 1 GE GF
Construction: Produce AD to K such that AG = GK.
Proof: In ΔABK,

GEOMETRY 33
 F, G are the mid-points of AB and AK respectively.
 By mid-point theorem,
1
FG || BK and FG = BK …(1)
2
 GC || BK
In ΔAKC,
G, E are the mid-points of AK and AC respectively.
 By mid-point theorem,
1
GE || KC, GE = KC …(2)
2
 BG || KC
Since in a quadrilateral BGCK
BG || K C and G C || B K
 BGCK is a parallelogram.
And in a parallelogram diagonals bisects each other
 BD = DC and hence AD is a median
Also GD = DK = x
 AG = GK = GD + DK = 2x
AG 2 x 2
 = =
GD x 1
1 1
Also GE = KC = BG
2 2
BG 2
 =
GE 1
1 1
And GF = KB = CG
2 2
CG 2
 = .
GF 1
Note: In ABC, the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB are D, E and F respectively. The lines AD, BE and
CF are called medians of the triangle ABC, the points of concurrency of three medians is called centroid
and usually denoted by G.
2 2 2
AG = AD; BG = BE ; CG = CF median of a triangle divides the triangle into two parts of equal
3 3 3
areas In adjacent diagram, area of all six triangles are equal, i.e.,
1
[BGD] = [CGD] = [CGE] = [AGE] = [AFG] = [BFG] = [ABC]
6

GEOMETRY 34
36. Prove that the mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equidistant from all its vertices.
Sol: Given: In ABC, B = 90°, AD = DC
1
To prove: BD = AC
2
Construction: Draw D E || C B

Proof: In ABC, D is a mid-point of AC and DE || CB

 By converse of mid-point theorem E is a mid-point of AB, i.e., AE = EB
also E = 90°  DE ⊥ AB
In AED and BED
AE = BE (Proved above)
AED = BED = 90°
ED = ED (Common)
 By SAS congruence AED  BED
 AD = BD
But AD = CD
1
 BD = AD = CD = AC
2
37. Prove that the line segment joining the mid-points of the diagonals of a trapezium is parallel to each of
the parallel sides and is equal to half the difference of these sides.
Sol: Given In trapezium ABCD, AB || CD, P and Q are the mid-points of diagonal AC and BD respectively
1
To prove: PQ || AB || DC and PQ = ( AB − DC )
2
Construction: Join DP and produce it to cut AB at R.

Proof: In CPD and APR

GEOMETRY 35
 1 = 2 (Alternate interior angles)
CP = AP (As P is the mid-point of AC)
3 = 4 (VOA)
 By ASA congruence CPD  APR
 CD = AR and DP = RP
In DRB
P and Q are the mid-points of DR and DB respectively
1
PQ || RB and PQ = RB
2
 PQ || AB || DC
1
and PQ = (AB – AR) (As RB = AB – AR)
2
1
 PQ = (AB – CD) (As AR = CD)
2
38. In the figure BE ⊥ AC. AD is any line from A to BC intersecting BE in H. P, Q and R are respectively the
mid-points of AH, AB and BC. Prove that PQR = 90°.

Sol: Given: In ABC, BE ⊥ AC. Q, R are the mid-points of AB, BC respectively AD is any line which cuts BE
at H. P is a mid-point of AH.
To prove: PQR = 90°
Construction: Join QR which cuts BE at K
Proof: Since In ABC, Q, R are the mid-points of AB, BC respectively.
 By mid-point theorem QR || AC,
also, BEC = 90°
 BKR = 90° = HKR
In ABH, Q and P are the mid-points of AB and AH respectively
 By mid-point theorem
QP || BH
 PQR = HKR = 90° (Corresponding angles)
PQ ⊥ QR

GEOMETRY 36
 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, at distinct points, then
it divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
Given: In ABC, DE || BC
AD AE
To prove: =
DB EC

Construction: Draw EF ⊥ AD, and DG ⊥ AE. Join BE and CD

[ ADE ] AD
Proof: = …(1)
[ BDE ] DB
[ AED] AE
Also = …(2)
[CED] EC
Since DE || BC
 Triangles having same base and between the same parallel are equal in area
 [BDE] = [CED]
[ ADE ] [ ADE ]
 = …(3)
[ BDE ] [CDE ]
AD AE
 From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) we get = .
DB EC
Corollary: If in a triangle ABC, DE || BC intersects AB in D and AC in E, then
AB AC AB AC
(i) = (ii) =
AD AE DB EC
AD AE
(i) Since = (by BPT)
DB EC
DB EC DB EC
 =  1+ = 1+
AD AE AD AE
AD + DB AE + EC AB AC
 =  =
AD AE AD AE
AD AE
(ii) Again using =
DB EC
Adding 1 to both sides

GEOMETRY 37
 AD AE
+1 = +1
DB EC
AD + DB AE + EC
 =
DB EC
AB AC
=
DB EC
Note: In ABC, if DE || BC, we have
AD AE DB EC AB AC AD AE
(i) = (ii) = (iii) = (iv) =
DB EC AD AE AD AE AB AC
AB AC DB EC
(v) = (vi) =
DB EC AB AC

If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then the line must be parallel to the third side.
Given: In ABC
AD AE
= …(1)
DB EC
To prove: DE || BC

Proof: Let if possible

DE || BC
Let DF || BC
Then by BPT in ABC
AD AF
=
DB FC
 From Eqs. (1) and (2)
AE AF
=
EC FC
Adding 1 to both sides
AE AF
+1 = +1
EC FC

GEOMETRY 38
 AE + EC AF + FC
=
EC FC
AC AC 1 1
=  =  EC = FC
EC FC EC FC
This is possible only if E and F coincides and thus DE || BC.

BD
39. In a triangle ABC, points D and E respectively divide the sides BC and CA in the ratio = m , and
DC
AE AX
= n . The segments AD and BE intersect in a point X. Find the ratio .
EC XD
BD m AE n
Sol: Given: In ABC, = ; = and AD, BE intersect at X.
DC 1 EC 1
AX
To find: .
XD
Construction: Draw DF || BE.

Proof: Since DF || BE.

In CEB
EF BD m EF m
 By BPT, = =  =
FC DC 1 EC m + 1
In ADF, EX || FD
 By BPT
AX AE AE EC n (m + 1)
= =  = 
XD EF EC EF 1 m
AX n(m + 1)
 =
XD m
AE
AX AE BC EC
Note: =  or .
XD EC BD BD
BC

GEOMETRY 39
 BD CE AF 2
40. On the sides BC, CA, AB of ABC, points D, E, F are taken in such a way that = = = .
DC EA FB 1
1
Show that the area of the triangle determined by the lines AD, BE, CF is th of area of ABC.
7
Sol: Given: In ABC,
BD CE AF 2
= = =
DC EA FB 1

1
To prove: [XYZ] = [ ABC ]
7
By previous question
AE 1
AX EC 1 3 3
= = 2=  =
XD BD 2 2 2 4
BC 3
AX 3
 =
AD 7
[ ABD] BD 2
Also, = =
[ ABC ] BC 3
2
 [ABD] = [ ABC ]
3
[ ABX ] AX 3
Now = =
[ ABD] AD 7
3 3 2
[ ABX ] = [ ABD] =  [ ABC ]
7 7 3
2
 [ABX] = [ ABC ]
7
2
Similarly [BCZ] = [ ABC ]
7
2
[ ACY ] = [ ABC ]
7
Thus [XYZ] = [ABC] – ([ABX] + [BCZ] + [ACY])

GEOMETRY 40
   2 2 2  1
= 1 −  + +   [ ABC ] = [ ABC ]
  7 7 7  7
41. In ABC, BM and CN are perpendiculars from B and C respectively on any line passing through A. If L
is the mid-point of BC prove that ML = NL.
Sol: Given: ABC, XAY is any line passes through A. BM ⊥ XY and CN ⊥ XY. And BL = CL, L is mid-point
of BC.
To prove: LM = LN
Construction: Draw LK ⊥ XAY

Proof: Since perpendiculars drawn on the same line are parallel to each other
 BM || LK || CN
Also by proportional intercept property
BL MK
=
LC KN
MK
1= [ BL = LC]
KN
 MK = KN
In MKL and NKL
MK = NK
MKL = NKL = 90°
KL = KL (Common)
 By SAS congruence, MKL  NKL
 LM = LN (CPCT)
42. L is a point on the side QR of PQR. LM, LN are drawn parallel to PR and QP meeting QP, PR at m and
n respectively. MN produced meets QR produced in T. Prove that LT is the geometric mean between RT
and QT.
Sol: In MLT, NR || ML

GEOMETRY 41
 TR TN
 = (BPT) …(1)
TL TM
In TQM,
TL TN
= (BPT) …(2)
TQ TM
TR TL
By equating Eqs. (1) and (2) we get, =  TL2 = TR  TQ
TL TQ
That is, TL is the geometric mean between TR and TQ.
43. ABCD is a rectangle, E is the mid-point of AD. F is the mid-point of EC. [ABCD] = 120 cm2; find [BDF].
Sol: Construction: Draw perpendicular from F to CD and BC to meet them at G and H respectively.

Let the sides of the rectangle have lengths 2a and b. Now [ABCD] = 120
That is, (2a) · (b) = 120  ab = 60 …(1)
Because of Thales theorem, FG || ED in CED and F being the midpoint of CE, G will be the midpoint
b
of DC; also CG = GD =
2
Now [BDF] = [BDC] – [DFC] – [FBC]
1 a 1 b
= 60 −   b   −   2a  
2 2 2 2
1 1 60 60
 [ BDF ] = 60 − ab − ab = 60 − − = 15 cm2
4 2 4 2

The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle
Given: In ABC, AD bisects BAC
AB BD
To prove: =
AC DC
Construction: Draw CE || DA which cuts BA produced at E.

GEOMETRY 42
Proof: Since AD || EC
 1 = 4 (Corresponding angles)
2 = 3 (Alternate interior angles)
But 1 = 2 (Given)
 3 = 4  AC = AE
In BCE, AD || EC,
 By BPT
AB BD
=
AC DC
AB BD
 = (As AE = AC)
AC DC
Aliter:
Construction: Draw BM ⊥ AD

CN ⊥ AD (AD produced)
In AMB and ANC
1 = 2 (Given)
AMB = ANC = 90°
 By AA similarity
AMB ~ ANC
AB BM
 = (1)
AC CN

GEOMETRY 43
 In MDB and NDC
3 = 4 (VOA)
DMB = DNC = 90°
 By AA similarity
MDB ~ NDC
BM BD
 = (2)
CN CD
 From Eqs. (1) and (2)
AB BD
=
AC DC
[ ABD] AB
Note: In ABC, if AD is the bisector of A, then = .
[ ACD] AC

If a line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite sides in the ratio of other two sides, then the
line bisects the angle at the vertex.
AB BD
Given: In ABC, =
AC DC
To prove: AD bisects A
Construction: Produce BA to E such that AE = AC. Join EC.

Proof: Since AE = AC
 3 = 4
AB BD AB BD
Since =  = (As AC = AE)
AC DC AE DC
 By converse of BPT, In BCE, we have AD || EC
 1 = 4 (Corresponding angles)
2 = 3 (Alternate interior angles)
But 3 = 4  1 = 2.
Hence AD bisects the angle A.

GEOMETRY 44
 The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
Given: In ABC, in which AD is the bisector of the exterior angle A and intersects BC produced in D.
BD AB
To prove: =
CD AC
Construction: Draw CE || DA, meeting AB in E.

Proof: Since AD bisects CAX

 1 = 2
also, AD || EC
3 = 1 (Alternate interior angles)
4 = 2 (Corresponding angles)
Since 1 = 2  3 = 4
AC = AE
In BAD, CE || DA
 By BPT
AB DB AB BD
=  = . (As AE = AC)
AE DC AC DC
Note: This result is not true for isosceles triangle because in that case exterior angle bisector is parallel to the base.

44. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD. The bisector of BAC and CAD intersect the sides BC and
CD at the points E and F respectively. Prove that EF || BD.
Sol: Given: In quadrilateral ABCD, AB = AD, AE bisects BAC, AF bisects CAD
To prove: EF || BD
Construction: Join BD and EF

GEOMETRY 45
 Proof: In ABC, since AE bisects BAC
So by internal angle bisector theorem
BE AB
=
EC AC
In ADC, AF bisects CAD
 By internal angle bisector theorem
DF AD DF AB
=  = (As AD = AB)
FC AC FC AC
 From Eqs. (1) and (2)
BE DF
=
EC FC
 By converse of BPT in BCD
BD || EF
45. In a quadrilateral ABCD, if bisector of the ABC and ADC meet on the diagonal AC, prove that the
bisector of BAD and BCD will meet on the diagonal BD.
Sol: Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the bisectors of ABC, ADC meet on the diagonal AC at P.
Construction: Let the bisector of BAD meet on the diagonal BD at Q. Join CQ.

To prove: Bisectors BAD and BCD meet on the diagonal BD. Which is equivalent to prove that CQ
bisects BCD.
Proof: Since in ABC, BP bisects ABC
AB AP
 By internal angle bisector theorem, = …(1)
BC PC
AD AP
Similarly in ADC, = …(2)
DC PC

GEOMETRY 46
 AB AD
 From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get =
BC DC
AB BC
 = …(3)
AD DC
In ABD, AQ bisects BAD
AB BQ
 By internal angle bisector theorem = …(4)
AD QD
BQ BC
From Eqs. (3) and (4), we get =
QD CD
 By converse of internal angle bisector theorem, CQ bisects BCD.

Two triangles ABC and DEF are said to be similar if their

(a) Corresponding angles are equal.

i.e., A = D, B = E, C = F

(b) Corresponding sides are proportional.
AB BC AC
i.e., = =
DE EF DF

If in two triangles the sides of one triangle are proportional to those of the other then the corresponding
AB BC AC
angles of the two triangles are equal, i.e., in the figure on (Similar Triangles) if = = then A =
PQ QR PR
P; B = Q and C = R.

If in two triangle the angles of one triangle are equal to those of the other, then sides opposite to those
angles are proportional. In the figure on (Similar Triangles) if A = P; B = Q; C = R
AB BC AC
Then = = .
PQ QR PR
AA similarity also sufficient for the triangle to be similar

If in two triangles, one angle of one triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
containing these angle are proportional, then two triangles are similar.

GEOMETRY 47
 AB AC
In the the figure on Similar Triangles if A = P and = , then ABC ~ PQR.
PQ PR

(a) If two triangles are equiangular, then the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same as the ratio of the
corresponding medians.
(b) If two triangles are equiangular, then the ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the ratio of the
corresponding angle bisector segments.
(c) If two triangles are equiangular, then the ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the ratio of the
corresponding altitudes.
(d) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the bisectors of these equal angles
divide the opposite side in the same ratio, then the triangles are similar.
(e) If two sides and a median bisecting one of these sides of a triangle are, respectively, proportional to the
two sides and the corresponding median of another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
(f) If two sides and a median bisecting the third side of a triangle are, respectively, proportional to the
corresponding sides and the median of another triangle, then two triangles are similar.
1 1 1
Note: If the ratio of sides of triangle is a : b : c, then ratio of their altitudes is : : .
a b c

Theorem: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Given: Two triangles ABC and PQR, such that ABC ~ PQR [Shown in the figure]
2 2
ar ( ABC )  AB   BC   CA 
2

To prove: =  =  =  .
ar ( PQR)  PQ   QR   RP 
Construction: Draw altitudes AM and PN of the triangle ABC and PQR.

1 1
Proof: ar(ABC) = BC × AM and ar ( PQR) = QR  PN
2 2
1
BC  AM
ar ( ABC ) 2 BC  AM
So, = = …(i)
ar ( PQR) 1 QR  PN QR  PN
2
Now, in ABM and PQN,
and B = Q [As ABC ~ PQR]
M = N [90° each]
So, ABM ~ PQN [AA similarity criterion]

GEOMETRY 48
 AM AB
Therefore, = …(ii)
PN PQ
Also, ABC ~ PQR [Given]
AB BC CA
So, = = …(iii)
PQ QR RP
ar ( ABC ) BC AB
Therefore, =  [From (i) and (ii)]
ar ( PQR) QR PQ
2
AB AB =  AB 
=    [From (iii)]
PQ PQ  PQ 
Now using (iii), we get
2 2
ar ( ABC )  AB   BC   CA 
2

=  =  = 
ar ( PQR)  PQ   QR   RP 

1. The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of their corresponding sides.
Area of ABC AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
If ABC ~ DEF, then = = =
Area of DEF DE 2 EF 2 DF 2

2. The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of their corresponding altitude.
Area of ABC AL2
If ABC ~ DEF, AL ⊥ BC and DM ⊥ EF, then =
Area of DEF DM 2

3. The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of their corresponding medians.
Area of ABC AP 2
If ABC ~ DEF and AP, DQ are their medians, then =
Area of DEF DQ 2

GEOMETRY 49
4. The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of their corresponding angle bisector
segments.
If ABC ~ DEF and AX. DY are their bisectors of A and D, respectively, then
Area of ABC AX 2
=
Area of DEF DY 2

5. If D, E, and F are, respectively, the mid-points of sides BC, CA, and AB of an equilateral triangle ABC
then DEF is also an equilateral triangle.

46. If a perpendicular AD is drawn from the right angled vertex A of a right angled triangle ABC to the
hypotenuse BC then prove that triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole
triangle and to each other. Also prove that BA2 = BD · BC, CA2 = CD · CB and DA2 = DB · DC
Given: In ABC, A = 90° and AD ⊥ BC
To prove: (i) BDA ~ BAC, (ii) CDA ~ CAB and (iii) BDA ~ ADC

Proof: (i) In BDA and BAC

DBA = ABC (Common)

GEOMETRY 50
 BDA = BAC = 90°
 By AA similarity
BDA ~ BAC
BD BA
=  BA2 = BD · BC
BA BC
(ii) In CDA and CAB
DCA = ACB (Common)
CDA = CAB = 90°
 By AA similarly
CDA ~ CAB
CD CA
=
CA CB
 CA2 = CD · CB
Area ( ABD ) AB
47. In ABC, if AD is the bisector of A, prove that = .
Area ( ACD ) AC
Sol: In ABC, AD is the bisector of A.

AB BD
 = …(i)
AC DC
[By internal bisector theorem]
From A draw AL ⊥ BC
1
BD  AL
Area ( ABD) 2 BD AB
 = = = [From (i)]
Area ( ACD ) 1 DC  AL DC AC
2
Hence proved.
48. In a ABC, D and E are points on the sides AB and AC, respectively, such that DE || BC. If AD = 4x – 3,
AE = 8x – 7, BD = 3x – 1 and CE = 5x – 3, find the value of x.
Sol: In ABC, we have DE || BC

GEOMETRY 51
 AD AE
 = [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]
DB EC
4x − 3 8x − 7
 =
3x − 1 5 x − 3
 20x2 – 15x – 12x + 9 = 24x2 – 21x – 8x + 7
 20x2 – 27x + 9 = 24x2 – 29x + 7
 4x2 – 2x – 2 = 0
 2x2 – x – 1 = 0
 (2x + 1)(x – 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x = −
2
1
So, the required value of x is 1 [x = − is neglected as length can not be negative].
2
49. Show that there is a unique triangle, whose side lengths are consecutive integers and one of whose angles
is twice the other.
Sol: Let B = 2α

ab bc
The bisector of B intersects AC at B′, so that, CB′ = and AB′ =
a+c a+c
Now ABC ~ BB′C
BC AC
 =  BC 2 = AC  BC
BC BC
That is, a 2 = (b) 
ab  ab2
 or a 2
=
 a+c a+c
2
i.e., a(a + c) = b
According to our assumption of the angles, b > a holds.
 Either b = (a + 1) or b = (a + 2) (as a, b, c are consecutive)
In the first case, i.e., b = a + 1  b2 = a (a + c)
 (a + 1)2 = a (a + c), i.e., a2 + 2a + 1 = a2 + ac
 2a + 1 = ac  a | 1  a = 1  c = 3 and b = 2
Which is impossible, thus b ≠ a + 1.
Then, let b = a + 2 then c = a + 1, now (a + 2)2 = a(a + a + 1) = 2a2 + a
 a2 – 3a – 4 = 0
 a = –1 or 4, but a ≠ –1 (reject)

GEOMETRY 52
  a = 4; thus b = 6 and c = 5.
 There is only one triangle satisfying the conditions of the problem, i.e., the triangle whose measures
are 4, 5, and 6 .
50. In triangle ABC, BAC = 90°, AD is its bisector. If DE ⊥ AC, prove that DE × (AB + AC) = AB × AC.
Sol: It is given that AD is the bisector of A of ABC.
AB BD
 =
AC DC

AB BD
 +1 = +1 [Adding 1 on both sides]
AC DC
AB + AC BD + DC AB + AC BC
 =  = …(i)
AC DC AC DC
In 's CDE and CBA, we have
DCE = BCA [Common]
DEC = BAC [Each equal to 90°]
So, by AA-criterion of similarity
CDE ~ CBA
CD DE AB BC
 =  = …(ii)
CB BA DE DC
From (i) and (ii), we have
AB + AC AB
 =  DE × (AB + AC) = AB × AC
AC DE

A quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices or corners. They may be concave
or convex. In our present discussion we are taking convex only. There are following important convex
quadrilaterals:

(i) A quadrilateral in which the measure of each interior angle is less than 180° is called a convex
quadrilateral.
In figure, PQRS is convex quadrilateral.

GEOMETRY 53
(ii) A quadrilateral in which the measure of one of the interior angles is more than 180° is called a concave
quadrilateral. In figure, ABCD is concave quadrilateral.

In a quadrilateral if both the pairs of opposite sides are parallel then it is called a parallelogram.

1. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.

2. In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
3. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
5. In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two consecutive angles intersects at right angle.
6. The angle bisectors of a parallelogram from a rectangle.
7. In a parallelogram sum of any two consecutive angles is 180°.
8. In a quadrilateral, if both opposite sides are equal then it is a parallelogram.
9. In a quadrilateral, if both opposite angles are equal then it is a parallelogram.
10. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisects each other then it is a parallelogram.
11. If one pair of opposite side of a quadrilateral is equal and parallel then it is a parallelogram.
A rectangle is a parallelogram, in which each of its angle is a right angle. If ABCD is a rectangle,
then A = B = C = D = 90°, AB = CD, BC = AD, and diagonals AC = BD.

A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all its sides are equal in length. If ABCD is a rhombus, then
AB = BC = CD = DA.

GEOMETRY 54
 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
A square is a parallelogram having all sides equal and each angle equal to right angle. If ABCD is a
square, then AB = BC = CD = DA, diagonal AC = BD, and A = B = C = D = 90°.

The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to each other.

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with only one pair of opposite sides parallel. In figure, ABCD is a
trapezium with AB || DC.

A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. If ABCD is a kite then AB = AD
and BC = CD.

A trapezium is said to be an isosceles trapezium, if its non-parallel sides are equal. Thus,
a quadrilateral ABCD is an isosceles trapezium, if AB || DC and AD = BC.

In isosceles trapezium A = B and C = D.

Theorem 1: The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

Theorem 2: A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
Theorem 3: In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
Theorem 4: The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Theorem 5: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

GEOMETRY 55
OLYMPIAD BOOKLET

Theorem 6: Each of the four angles of a rectangle is a right angle.

Theorem 7: Each of the four sides of a rhombus is of the same length.
Theorem 8: Each of the angles of a square is a right angle and each of the four sides is of the same length.
Theorem 9: The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length.
Theorem 10: The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
Theorem 11: The diagonals of a square are equal and perpendicular to each other.
A quadrilateral become a parallelogram when:
(i) Opposite angles are equal.
(ii) Both the pair of opposite sides are equal
(iii) A pair of opposite side is equal as well as parallel
(iv) Diagonals of quadrilateral bisect each other.
Note: (i) Square, rectangle, and rhombus are all parallelograms.
(ii) Kite and trapezium are not parallelograms.
(iii) A square is a rectangle.
(iv) A square is a rhombus.
(v) A parallelogram is a trapezium.

51. In a parallelogram, show that angle bisector of two adjacent angles intersect at right angles

Sol: In a parallelogram ABCD A and B are adjacent angles. B sectors of A and B meet at the point P.
Now
A + B = 90° [sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram]
1 1
 A + B = 90
2 2
 PAB + PBA = 90°
But APB + PBA + PAB = 180° [sum of angles of a triangle]
 90° + APB = 180°
APB = 90°
52. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Let AP, CQ be the perpendicular from A and C on its diagonal BD. Prove
that AP = CQ

GEOMETRY 56
Sol: From APD and BQC
AD = BC ( ABCD is a parallelogram  AD = BC)
ADP = CBQ [ AD || BC and BD is transversal]
APD = CQB [each 90°]
APD  BQC [By AAS rule]
 AP = CQ
53. AB || PQ, AB = PQ, AC || PR, AC = PR. Prove that BC || QR and BC = QR.

Sol: ∵ AB || PQ, AB = PQ
 ABQP is a parallelogram
 BQ = AP and BQ || AP …(i)
∵ AC || PR, AB = PR
 ACRP is parallelogram
 CR = AP and CR || AP …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
BQ = CR and BQ || CR
 BQRC is a parallelogram
 BC || QR and BC = QR
54. Prove that the angle bisector of a parallelogram forms a rectangle.
Sol: Let ABCD is a parallelogram in which angle bisectors from a quadrilateral PQRS.

∵ AP is bisector of A and BR is bisector of B meeting at each other at point S.

1 1 1
 BAS + ABS = A + B = 180 [∵ AD || BC and AB intersects them]
2 2 2
BAS + ABS = 90°
But BAS + ABC + ASB = 180°
ASB = 90°
55. ABCD is a parallelogram. Through C a straight line RQ is drawn outside the parallelogram and AP, BQ,
DR are drawn perpendiculars to RQ. Show that DR + BQ = AP

GEOMETRY 57
Sol: Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. DR, AP, BQ are perpendiculars on any line passes through C and out
side the parallelogram.
To prove: DR + BQ = AP
Construction: Draw DT ⊥ AP

Proof: In quadrilateral DRPT, R = P = T = 90°

 DRPT is a rectangle
 DR = TP …(1)
In DAT and CBQ
DA = CB
DAT = CBQ (Angle between two parallel lines) AO || BC and AT || BQ
DTA = CQB = 90°
 By AAS congruence
DAT  CBQ
 AT = BQ …(2)
(1) + (2)
 DR + BQ = AT + TP
 DR + BQ = AP
56. L and M are the mid-points of the diagonals BD and AC respectively of the quadrilateral ABCD. Through
D draw DE equal and parallel to AB. Show that EC is parallel to LM and is double of it.
Sol: Given quadrilateral ABCD, L and M are the mid-points of diagonals BD and AC respectively.
1
To prove: LM || EC and LM = EC
2

Proof: Since DE = AB, DE || AB and in a quadrilateral if one pair of opposite side is equal and parallel
then it is a parallelogram
 ABED is a parallelogram
Its diagonals bisects each other so L is also the midpoint of AE
In AEC, L and M are the midpoint of AE and AC respectively
 By midpoint theorem LM || EC

GEOMETRY 58
 1
 LM = EC (Proved)
2
57. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 2BC · AD is produced both ways so that AM = AD = DN. Show that BN
is perpendicular to CM
Sol: Given: ABCD is a parallelogram with AB = 2BC, AM = AD = DN
To proof: MC ⊥ BN

Proof: In PMA and PCB

1 = 2 (VOA)
3 = 4 (Alternate interior angles)
 AM = BC (As AM = AD = BC)
 By AAS congruence
PMA  PCB
AP = BP  P is the midpoint of AB
 BC = AP = PB = AM (As AB = 2BC)
 1 = 3 = 2 = 4
Also in ΔABN, AB = 2BC,
AN = 2AD = 2BC
∴ AB = AN
∴ 5 = 6
PAN = 1 + 3 = 2 + 2 = 22 = BAN (Exterior angle property, in ΔAPM)
In ΔABN, BAN + BNA + ABN = 180°
 22 + 5 + 6 = 180°
 22 + 25 = 180°
 2 + 5 = 90°
In ΔPOB, 2 + 5 + 7 = 180°
 90° + 7 = 180°
 7 = 90°
 CM ⊥ BN
58. Prove that the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of a parallelogram onto its diagonals are
the vertices of another parallelogram.

GEOMETRY 59
Sol: Let the diagonals of the given parallelogram ABCD intersects at O and P, Q, R, S are the feet of the
perpendiculars from the vertices on the diagonals. In triangles OSD and OQB, we have OSD = OQB
= 90°.

SOD = QOB (VOA)

OD = OB (Diagonals bisects each other)
By AAS congruence
OSD  OQB
 OS = OQ (CPCT)
Similarly ORA  OPC
 OR = OP (CPCT)
Thus in quadrilateral PQRS, diagonals bisects each other and consequently PQRS is a parallelogram.
59. In the figure ABCD is a square. E is the mid-point of CB. AF is drawn perpendicular to DE. If side of the
square is 2017 cm find the length of FB in cm.
Sol: Construction: Produce D E to cut A B produce at m.

Proof: In  E C D and  E B M
1 = 2 (VOA)
EC = EB (Given)
ECD = EBM = 90°
 By ASA congruences
ECD  EBM
 CD = BM
But CD = AB
 AB = BM
i.e., In right angled triangle AFM, B is the mid-point of the hypotenuse AMBF = BA = 2017 cm.
60. ABCD is a rhombus. P, Q, R, S are mid points of AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. Prove that PQR is a
rectangle.
Sol: Join AC
In ABC, P and Q are mid points of AB and BC respectively

GEOMETRY 60
 1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC …(i)
2
In ADC, R and S are mid points of CD and AD respectively
1
 SR || AC and SR = AC …(ii)
2
from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
PQ || SR and PQ = SR
 PQRS is a parallelogram.
Again ABCD is a rhombus.
 AB = BC [∵All sides of a rhombus are equal]
1 1
 AB = BC  PB = BQ …(iii)
2 2
[∵ P and Q are mid points of AB, BC respectively]
In PBQ, PB = PQ
 1 = 2 …(iv)
[∵ Angle opposite to equal sides are equal]
∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
 AB = BC = CD = AD
 AB = BC, CD = AD
1 1 1 1
 AB = BC; CD = AD
2 2 2 2
 AD = CQ, CR = AS
In APS and CQR
AP = CQ [By Eqs. (iii)]
AS = CR [By Eqs. (iv)]
PS = QR [∵ PQRS is parallelogram]
APS  CQR [By SSS rule]
3 = 4 [c.p.c.t.] …(v)
Now, 3 + SPQ + 2 = 180°
and 1 + PQR + 4 = 180°
 3 + SPQ + 2 = 1 + PQR + 4
 SPQ = PQR …(vi)
Now transversal PQ cuts parallel lines SP and RQ at P, Q respectively.

GEOMETRY 61
  SPQ + PQR = 180°
 SPQ + SPQ = 180°
2SPQ = 180°
SPQ = 90°
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram such that its one angle SPQ = 90°.
Hence PQRS is rectangle.

Theorem (Ceva) If points D, E, F are taken on the sides BC, CA, AB of ABC so that the lines AD, BE, CF are
concurrent at a point O, then
BD CE AF
  =1 …(1)
DC EA FB

Proof: There are two possible cases depending on whether O lies inside or outside ABC. First note that in
BD
figure (i) all the ratios etc. are positive, while in figure (ii) exactly two are negative and so the
DC
product in (1) is positive in all cases. Hence we now ignore the signs of the segments and prove that
numerical value of the product in (1) is 1.
In figure (i) and (ii), since the triangle ABD, ADC have the same altitude and also the triangle OBD,
ODC have the same altitude, we get
BD ABD OBD ABD − OBD ABO
= = = =
DC ADC ODC ADC − ODC CAO
CE BCO AF CAO
Similarly, = , =
EA ABO FB BCO
Multiplying these three equations, we get (1).
Theorem (Converse of Ceva's theorem) If three points D, E, F taken on the sides BC, CA, AB of ABC are
such that equation (1) holds, then AD, BE, CF are concurrent.
Proof: Suppose AD and BE meet in O and meets AB in ' F '. Then since AD, BE, CF ' are concurrent, we get by
Ceva's Theorem,
BD CE AF 
  =1
DC EA F  B

GEOMETRY 62
 AF AF 
Hence by (1) we get =
FB F B
AF AF  AF AF 
Hence = or =
AF + FB AF  + F B AB AB
Thus AF = AF′ and so the points F and F ′ coincide. Hence CF also passes through O
Trigonometric form of Ceva's Theorem: Let points D, E, F be taken on the sides BC, CA, AB of ABC. Then
the lines AD, BE, CF are concurrent if and only if
sin BAD sin CBE sin ACF
  =1
sin DAC sin EBA sin FCB
Corollary 1. The medians of a triangle are concurrent.
[For in this case, figure (i), BD/DC = 1 etc. and so (1) holds.]
Corollary 2. The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

[For acute-angled triangle ABC, figure (iii) BE ⊥ CA and CF ⊥ AB and so AEB ~ AFC as A is
AE AB BF BC CD CA
common to them. Hence = Similarly, if AD ⊥ BC, then = and = so
AF AC BD BA CE CB
BD CE AF AB BC CA
  =   = 1 . And so (1) holds. A similar proof holds for obtuse angled triangles]
DC EA FB BC CA AB
Corollary 3. The internal bisectors of the angle of a triangle are concurrent.

BD AB
In ABC, the internal bisector AD of A divides the opposite side BC internally in the ratio = ;
DC AC
BX AB
the external bisector AX of A divides BC externally in the ratio =− . (see figure iv)
XC AC
BD AB c
[For in this case, figure = = , etc., where a, b, c, respectively, denotes the lengths of the sides
DC AC b
BD CE AF c a b
BC, CA, AB of ABC. Hence   =   = 1 and so (1) holds]
DC EA FB b c a

GEOMETRY 63
Proof: There are two cases depending on whether the transversal cuts one side externally or all three sides
externally. Note that only one ratio (as in Figure (v)) or else all the three ratios (as in figure (vi)) in (2)
are negative. Thus, the product in (2) is always negative. Hence, we now ignore the signs of the
segments and prove that the numerical value of the product in (2) is 1.

Corollary 4. The external bisectors of any two angles of a triangle and the internal bisector of the third angles
are concurrent.
BD c CE −a AF −b
[For in this case, (Figure iv) = , = , = and so (1) holds.]
DC b EA c FB a
Corollary 5. If the incircle of ABC touches BC, CA, AB at X, Y, Z, respectively, then AX, BY, CZ are
concurrent (the point of concurrence is called the Gergonne point of ABC)
BX CY AZ BX CY AZ
[For in this case, (figure) BX = BZ, etc. and so   =   = 1, and so (1) holds]
XC YA ZB CY AZ BX
Theorem (Menelaus): If a transversal cut the sides BC, CA, AB (Suitably extended) of ABC in point D, E, F,
respectively, then
BD CE AF
  = −1 …(2)
DC EA FB
With the notation of figure (v) draw AP parallel to DB meeting DF in P. Then, since APF ~ BDF,
AF PA DC CE
= and since CDE – APE, = .
FB BD AP EA
BD CE AF BD DC PA
Hence   = , , = 1, numerically.
DC EA FB DC AP BD
Theorem 17 (Converse of Menelaus' Theorem): If points D, E, F are taken on the sides of ABC such that
equation (2) holds, then D, E, F are collinear.
Proof: Let DE meet AB in F ′. Then by Menelaus' theorem, we get
BD CE AF 
  = −1
DC EA F  B

GEOMETRY 64
 AF AF 
Hence, by (2) we get = and so F = F′
FB F B
Hence F lies on D E, as required.

ub2 + vc 2
(i) If u, v are the actual length of BD, DC respectively then t 2 = − uv
u+v
(ii) If BD : DC = u : v then, ub2 + vc2 = (u + v)t2 + u · DC2 + v · BD2
Note: Apollonius thoerem is special case of Stewart theorem.

61. Proved that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.

Sol: If D, E, F are the mid-points of BC, CA, AB respectively then BD = DC; CE = EA; AF = AB

BD CE AF
 = 1; = 1; =1
DC EA FB
BD CE AF
   =1
DC EA FB
Thus the Cevians AD, BE, CF are concurrent.
For aliter please refer example 31 on page 8.27.
62. Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol: For acute angle triangle ABC

BE ⊥ CA, CF ⊥ AB
 In AEB and AFC
A = A (Common)

GEOMETRY 65
 AEB = AFC = 90°
 By AA similarity, AEB ~ AFC
AF AC
 =
AE AB
Similarly AD ⊥ BC then BFC ~ BDA
BD BA
 =
BF BC
CE CB
Also CEB ~ CDA  =
CD CA
BD CE AF  BD   CE   AF  BA BC CA
   =    =   =1
DC EA FB  BF   CD   EA  BC CA AB
Aliter 1:
BD
cot B =  BD = AD cot B
AD
DC
cot C =  DC = AD cot C
AD
BD cot B
 =
DC cot C
CE cot C AF cot A
Similarly, = and =
EA cot A FB cot B
BD CE AF cot B cot C cot A
   =   = +1
DC EA FB cot C cot A cot B
Hence AD, BE, CF are concurrent
Aliter 2: (Without Ceva's theorem)

Let BE ⊥ AC, CF ⊥ AB
Let BE, CF intersect at H.
Join AH and produce it to cut BC at D.
Now we have to prove AD ⊥ BC.
Since BFC = BEC = 90°
 B, F, E, C are concyclic
 BFE + BCE = 180°
90° + CFE + BCE = 180°

GEOMETRY 66
  CFE + BCE = 90° or CFE + DCA = 90° …(1)
Also HFA + HEA = 90° + 90° = 180°
 H, F, A, E are concyclic
 HFE = HAE
 CFE = HAE = DAC …(2)
 From Eqs. (1) and (2)
DAC + DCA = 90°
 By ASP of a triangle
In ADC
ADC = 180° – (DAC + DCA) = 180° – 90° = 90°
 AD ⊥ BC
63. Prove that internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol: If AX, BY, CZ are the angle bisector then by internal angle bisector theorem we have following:
BX AB CY BC AZ AC
= ; = and =
XC AC YA BA ZB BC
BX CY AZ AB BC AC
   =   = +1
XC YA ZB AC AB BC

Aliter: Let BI, CI, are the internal angle bisectors of B and C of BAC. Join AI.
Now we have to prove that AI bisects A.
Construction: Draw IL ⊥ BC, IM ⊥ AB and IN ⊥ AC
Proof: In IMB and ILM

IBM = ILM = 90°

1 = 2 (Given)
IB = IB
 By AAS Congruences
IMB  ILB

GEOMETRY 67
  IM = IL (CPCT) …(1)
In INC and ILC
INC = ILC = 90°
3 = 4 (Given)
IC = IC (Common)
 By AAS congruences
INC  ILC
 IN = IL (CPCT) …(2)
 From Eqs. (1) and (2)
IL = IM = IN
Now in IMA and INA
IMA = INA = 90°
IM = IN (Proved above)
IA = IA (Common)
 By RHS congruences
IMA  INA
 IAM = IAN, i.e., 5 = 6.
Thus AI bisects A and thus in a triangle all the angle bisectors are concurrent.
64. The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersect in O. A line through O meets AB in X and the opposite
1
side CD in Y. Show that ar (quadrilateral AXYD) = ar (parallelogram ABCD).
2
Sol: ∵ AC is a diagonal of the parallelogram ABCD.

1
ar (ACD) = ar (|| gm ABCD) …(i)
2
Now, in s AOX and COY,
AO = CO [∵ Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
AOX = COY [Vertically opposite s]
OAX = OCY [Alternate interior s]
[∵ AB || DC and transversal AC intersects them]
 AOX  COY [By ASA congruency]

GEOMETRY 68
OLYMPIAD BOOKLET

 ar (AOX) = ar (COY) …(ii)

Adding ar(quad. AOYD) to both sides of (ii), we get
ar (quad. AOYD) + ar (AOX) = ar (quad. AOYD) + ar (COY)
1
 ar (quad. AXYD) = ar (ACD) = ar (|| gm ABCD)
2
Hence proved.
65. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 8 cm. The altitudes corresponding to sides AB and AD are, respectively,
4 cm and 5 cm. Find AD.
Sol: Area of a ||gm = Base × corresponding altitude

 Area of parallelogram ABCD = AD × BN = AB × DM

8 4
 AD  5 = 8  4  AD = = 6.4 cm
5
66. In figure, E is any point on median AD of a ABC. Show that ar (ABE) = ar (ACE).

Sol: Construction: From A, draw AG ⊥ BC and from E draw EF ⊥ BC.

BD  AG DC  AG
Proof: ar (ABD) = and ar (ADC) =
2 2
But, BD = DC [∵ D is the mid-point of BC, AD being the median]
ar (ABD) = ar (ADC) …(i)
BD  EF DC  EF
Again, ar (EBD) = and ar (EDC) =
2 2
But, BD = DC
 ar (EBD) = ar (EDC)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
ar (ABD) –ar (EBD) = ar (ADC) –ar (EDC)
 ar (ABE) = ar (ACE)
Hence proved.
67. Triangles ABC and DBC are on the same base BC; with A, D on opposite sides of the line BC, such that
ar (ABC) = ar (DBC). Show that BC bisects AD.
Sol: Construction: Draw AL ⊥ BC and DM ⊥ BC.

GEOMETRY 69
 Proof: ar (ABC) = ar (DBC) [Given]

BC  AL BC  DM
 =
2 2
 AL = DM …(i)
Now in s OAL and OMD
AL = DM [From (i)]
 ALO = DMO [Each = 90°]
 AOL = MOD [Vertically opposite s]
 OLA  OMD [By AAS congruency]
 OA = OD [By CPCT]
i.e., BC bisects AD.
Hence proved.
68. As shown in the figure, triangle ABC is divided into six smaller triangles by lines drawn from the
vertices through a common interior point. The areas of four of these triangles are as indicated. Find the
area of triangle ABC.

Sol:

[CAP] CP [CBP]
= = yields
[ FAP] FP [ FBP]
84 + y x + 35
= , …(1)
40 30
[CAP] AP [ BAP]
and = = yields
[CDP] DP [ BDP]
84 + y 70
= =2 …(2)
x 35

GEOMETRY 70
 (2) x x + 35
But , it follows that = ,
(1) 40 60
 3x = 2x + 70, i.e., x = 70
Then by (2), y = 140 – 84 = 56
Thus, [ABC] = 84 + 56 + 40 + 30 + 35 + 70 = 315
DB CE AF
69. On the sides BC, CA, and AB of ABC point D, E, F area takes in such a way that = = =2.
DC EA FB
1
If the area of  determined by the line AD, BE, CF in times of area ABC find K.
K
Sol: In ADB, CF in cevian.

AR DC BF
   =1
RD CB AF
AR 6
=
RD 1
area ABC = a
a
area ADC =
3
6a 2
area ARC =   = a
73 7
2a
Similarly, area BQC = area ABP =
7
2a 2a 2a 6a
Adding area ARC + area BQC + area ABP = + + =
7 7 7 7
6a a
 area PQR = a − =
7 7
 K=7

1. A circle with diameter PQ of length 10 is

internally tangent at P to a circle of radius

GEOMETRY 71
 20. Square ABCD is constructed with A and n are relatively prime positive integers and
B on the larger circle, CD tangent at Q to mn 10n + m .
. Find
6. In trapezoid ABCD with BC ‖ AD , let
the smaller circle, and the smaller circle
outside ABCD . The length of AB can be BC = 1000 and AD = 2008 . Let
A = 37 , D = 53 , and M and N be the
written in the form m + n , where m and n
midpoints of BC and AD , respectively.
are integers. Find m + n .
Find the length MN .
2. One hundred concentric circles with radii
1, 2,3, , 100 are drawn in a plane. The 7. Equilateral triangle T is inscribed in circle A
interior of the circle of radius 1 is colored red, , which has radius 10. Circle B with radius 3
and each region bounded by consecutive is internally tangent to circle A at one vertex
circles is colored either red or green, with no of T . Circles C andD , both with radius 2,
two adjacent regions the same color. The ratio are internally tangent to circle A at the other
of the total area of the green regions to the
two vertices of T . Circles B, C , and D are
area of the circle of radius 100 can be
expressed as m / n where m and n are all externally tangent to circle E , which has
relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n. radius
m
, where m and n are relatively
n
3. In convex hexagon ABCDEF , all six sides
prime positive integers. Find m+n.
are congruent, A and D are right angles,
and B, C , E and F are congruent.
The area of the hexagonal region is
2116 ( )
2 + 1 . Find AB .
4. Circles of radius 3 and 6 are externally tangent
to each other and are internally tangent to a
circle of radius 9. The circle of radius 9 has a
chord that is a common external tangent of the
other two circles. Find the square of the length
8. Trapezoid ABCD has sides AB = 92, BC = 50 ,
of this chord. CD = 19 , and AD = 70 , with AB parallel to
CD . A circle with center P on AB is drawn
tangent to BC and AD . Given that
m
AP = , where m and n are relatively
5. Square ABCD is inscribed in a circle. Square n
EFGH has vertices E and F on CD and prime positive integers, find m+n.
9. Triangle ABC has AB = 21, AC = 22 and
vertices G and H on the circle. If the area
of square ABCD is 1, then the area of square BC = 20 . Points D and E are located on
m AB and AC , respectively, such that DE is
EFGH can be expressed as where m and
n parallel to BC and contains the center of the

GEOMETRY 72
 inscribed circle of triangle ABC . Then DE = 13. In the adjoining figure, two circles with radii 8
m / n , where and 6 are drawn with their centers 12 units
m and n are relatively prime
positive integers. Find m+n. apart. At P , one of the points of intersection,
10. Let ΔPQR be a right triangle with PQ = 90 , a line is drawn in such a way that the chords

PR = 120 , and QR = 150 . Let C1 be the QP and PR have equal length. Find the
square of the length of QP .
inscribed circle. Construct ST with S on PR
and T on QR , such that ST is perpendicular
to PR and tangent to C1 . Construct UV
with U on PQ and V on QR such that

UV is perpendicular to PQ and tangent to

C1. Let C2 be the inscribed circle of ΔRST and
C3 the inscribed circle of ΔQUV. The distance 14. In right triangle ABC with right angle C, CA =
between the centers of C2 and C3 can be 30 and CB = 16. Its legs CA and CB are
written as 10n . What is n? extended beyond A and B. Points O1 and O2 lie
11. Diameter AB of a circle has length a 2 -digit in the exterior of the triangle and are the centers
integer (base ten). Reversing the digits gives of two circles with equal radii. The circle with
the length of the perpendicular chord CD . center O1 is tangent to the hypotenuse and to
The distance from their intersection point H the extension of leg CA, the circle with center
O2 is tangent to the hypotenuse and to the
to the center O is a positive rational number.
extension of leg CB, and length of the radius
Determine the length of AB . eithery tangent to each other. tively prime
positive integers. Find p + q.
15. A hexagon that is inscribed in a circle has side
lengths 22, 22, 20, 22, 22, and 20 in that order.
The radius of the circle can be written as
p + q , where p and q are positive integers.
Find p + q.
16. Circle C with radius 2 has diameter AB .
12. Twelve congruent disks are placed on a circle Circle D is internally tangent to circle C at A.
C of radius 1 in such a way that the twelve Circle E is internally tangent to circle C,
disks cover C, no two of the disks overlap, and externally tangent to circle D, and tangent to
so that each of the twelve disks is tangent to AB . The radius of circle D is three times the
its two neighbors. The resulting arrangement radius of circle E, and can be written in the
of disks is shown in the figure below. The sum form m − n , where m and n are positive
of the areas of the twelve disks can be written
integers. Find m + n .
in the form  (a − b c ) , where a , b , care
17. Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon. Let G, H,
positive integers and c is not divisible by the I, J, K and L be the midpoints of sides
square of any prime. Find a + b + c . AB, BC , CD, DE , EF , and AF , respectively.

GEOMETRY 73
 The segments AH , BI , CJ , DK , EL , and and let D be the point on CA such that BD
FG bound a smaller regular hexagon. Let bisects angle ABC . Let F be the point on
the ratio of the area of the smaller hexagon to BC such that DF ⊥ BD Suppose that DF
the area of ABCDEF be expressed as a E . The ratio DE : EF
meets BM at can be
m
fraction where m and n are relatively written in the form m / n where m and n are
n
relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n .
prime positive integers. Find m + n .
23. Rectangle ABCD and a semicircle with
18. A hexagon is inscribed in a circle. Five of the diameter AB are coplanar and have
sides have length 81 and the sixth, denoted by nonoverlapping interiors. Let R denote the
AB , has length 31. Find the sum of the lengths region enclosed by the semicircle and the
of the three diagonals that can be drawn from
rectangle. Line meets the semicircle,
A.
segment AB, and segment CD at distinct
19. Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid, whose
points N , U , and T, respectively. Line
dimensions are AB = 6, BC = 5 = DA and
divides region R into two regions with areas
CD = 4 . Draw circles of radius 3 centered at
in the ratio 1: 2 . Suppose that AU = 84 ,
A B and circles of radius 2 centered at
and
AN = 126 , and UB = 168 . Then DA can be
C and D . A circle contained within the
trapezoid is tangent to all four of these circles. represented as m n , where m and n are
positive integers and n is not divisible by the
Its radius is −k + m n where k , m, n and p m+n.
p square of any prime. Find
are positive integers, n is not divisible by the 24. Point B is in the exterior of the regular n -
square of any prime, and k and p are relatively sided polygon A1 A2  An , and A1 A2 B , is an
prime. Find k + m + n + p . equilateral triangle. What is the largest value
20. Let CH be an altitude of ABC . Let R and of n for which, A1 , An and B are
S be the points where the circles inscribed in the consecutive vertices of a regular polygon?
triangles ACH and BCH are tangent to CH . If
AB = 1995, AC = 1994, and BC = 1993, then RS 1. A ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius 4
can be expressed as m/mn where m and n are cm. Suppose that A = 60 , AC − AB = 4 cm
relatively prime integers. Find m + n.
, and the area of ABC is x cm2 . Find the
21. In triangle ABC the medians AD and CE 2
value of  
have lengths 18 and 27, respectively, and x
 
AB = 24 . Extend CE to intersect the
2
2. A ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius 1,
circumcircle of ABC at F . The area of
with BAC = 60 . Altitudes AD and BE of
triangle AFB is m n , where m and n are
positive integers and n is not divisible by the
ABC intersect at H. Find the smallest
possible value of the length of the segment AH.
square of any prime. Find m + n .
ABC , AB = 360, BC = 507 3. Four points in the order A, B, C , D lie on a
22. In and
CA = 780 . Let M be the midpoint of CA circle with the extension of AB meeting the

GEOMETRY 74
 DC at E and the extension of
extension of with center A. Suppose the shaded areas BDE
AD meeting the extension of BC at F . BDE and CEF are equal and AD = x .

Let EP and FQ be tangents to this circle
What is the value of x?
with points of tangency P and Q,
respectively. Suppose EP = 60 and FQ = 63 .
Determine the length of EF .
4. ABC is a right-angled triangle with
ABC = 90 . A circle C1 is drawn with AB
as diameter, and another circle C2 is drawn
8. Let O be the centre of the circumcircle of
with BC as diameter. The circles C1 and
ΔABC, P and Q the midpoints of AO and BC,
C2 meet at the points B and P. If respectively. Suppose CBA = 4OPQ and
AB = 5 cm, BC = 12 cm and BP = x cm , ACB = 6OPQ . Find the size of OPQ in
120 degrees.
find the value of .
x 9. In the triangle ABC, AC = 2BC, C = 90
and D is the foot of the altitude from C onto
AB. A circle with diameter AD intersects the
segment AC at E. Find AE : EC .
10. Line segment AB is a diameter of a circle with
5. A ABC has its vertices lying on a circle C of AB = 24. Point C, not equal to A or B, lies on
radius 1, with BAC = 60 . A circle with I is the circle. As point C moves around the circle,
inscribed in ABC . The line AI meets circle C the centroid (center of mass) of ABC traces
again at D. Find the length of the segment ID. out a closed curve missing two points. To the
6. In the triangle ABC, A = 20 , C = 90 , O is nearest positive integer, what is the area of the
AB D region bounded by this curve?
a point on and is the midpoint of OB .
11. In the following figure, AB = BC , AC = CD ,
Suppose the circle centered at O with radius
and ACD = 90 . If the radius of the circle is
OD touches the side AC at T . Determine
"r" units, then find the length of the chord BC.
the size of BCD in degrees.

(a) r 2 −1 (b) r 3 −1
7. In the following right-angled triangle ABC,
AC = BC = 1, and DEF is an arc of a circle (c) r 2− 2 (d) r 2− 3

GEOMETRY 75
12. A circle with diameter AC is intersected by a 15. n dots are drawn on the circumference of a
secant at point B and D. The secant and the circle. By joining all the dots to one another
by straight lines, the maximum number of
diameter intersect at point P outside the circle.
regions that can be formed in the circle is
Perpendiculars AE and CF are drawn from counted. For example, when n = 4 the
the extremities of the diameter to the secant. If maximum number of regions is 8.
EB = 2 , and BD = 6 , find DF .

What is the maximum number of regions that

can be formed when n=7 ?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5 16. ABC is a triangle such that C = 90 .
13. InABC , in which AB = 12, BC = 18 , and Suppose AC = 156 cm, AB = 169 cm , and
AC = 25 , a semi-circle is drawn so that the perpendicular distance from C to AB is
x cm . Find the value of x .
diameter lies on AC , and so that it is tangent
17. In the figure below, semi-circles with centers
to AB and BC . If O is the center of the
at A and B and with radii 2 and 1,
circle, find the measure of AO .
respectively, are drawn in the interior of, and
sharing bases with, a semi-circle with
diameter JK . The two smaller semi-circles are
externally tangent to each other and internally
tangent to the largest semi-circle. A circle

(a) 10 centered at P is drawn externally tangent to

(b) 20 the two smaller semi-circles and internally
(c) 30 tangent to the largest semi-circle. Radius of
(d) 40 a
the circle centered at P is where a and
14. Triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle with b
diameter AD . A tangent to the circle at D b are 0 − prime. What is 5a + 6b ?
cuts AB extended at E and AC extended at
F. If AB = 4, AC = 6 , and BE = 8 , find CF

18. The diameter AB of a circle of radius 2 is

extended to a point D outside the circle so
that BD = 3 . Point E is chosen so that ED =
(a) 1 (b) 2 5 and the line ED is perpendicular to the line
(c) 4 (d) 5

GEOMETRY 76
 AD. Segment AE intersects the circle at where
P − 2S ?
P and S are co-prime. What is
19. In ABC, AB = 86 and AC = 97 . A circle with
center A and radius AB intersects BC at
23. Two circles C1 and C2 of radii 10 cm and 8
points B and X . Moreover BX and CX cm respectively are tangent to each other
have integer lengths. What is BC ? A . AD is the diameter
internally at a point
20. Circle C1 has its center O lying on circle of C1 and P and M are points on C1 and
C2 . The two circles meet at X and Y . Point C2 respectively such that PM is tangent to
Z in the exterior of C1 lies on circle C2 C2 , as shown in the figure below. If

and XZ = 13, OZ = 11 , and YZ = 7 . The radius PM = 20 cm and PAD = X , find the

of circle C1 is R . What is R ? value of X .

21. Let AB be a diameter of a circle and C be a

point on AB with 2AC = BC . Let D and
E be points on the circle such that
DC ⊥ AB and DE is a second diameter.
The ratio of the area of DCE to the area of
24. Let CD be a chord of a circle Γ1 and AB a
ABD is 21 . What is  ? diameter of Γ1 , perpendicular to CD at N
y
with AN  NB . A circle Γ2 centred at C
with radius CN intersects Γ1 at points P
and Q, and the segments PQ and CD
intersect at M . Given that the radii of Γ1 and
Γ2 are 61 and 60, respectively, find the length
of AM .
25. Let B be a point on the circle centred at O
22. The figure below shows two circles with
with diameter AC and let D and E be the
centres A and B, and a line L which is a
tangent to the circles at X and Y. Suppose that circumcentres of the triangles OAB and OBC,
XY = 40 cm, AB = 41 cm and the area of the respectively. Given that sin BOC =
4
and
5
quadrilateral ABYX is 300 cm 2 . If a and b
AC = 24 , find the area of the triangle BDE.
denote the areas of the circles with centre A
and centre B, respectively, find the value of 26. Circle A has radius 100. Circle B has an
b integer radius r  100 and remains internally
.
a tangent to circle A as it rolls once around the

GEOMETRY 77
 circumference of circle A . The two circles OA = 2 2 . Segments OC and OD are
have the same points of tangency at the tangent to the circles centered at A and B ,
beginning and end of circle B's trip. How respectively, and EF is a common tangent.
many possible values can r have?
What is the area of the shaded region ECODF
27. Many cathedrals have windows with portions
containing a ring of congruent circles that are to the nearest integer? (Take  = 3.14 )
circumscribed by a larger circle. In the figure
shown, the number of smaller circles is four. If
the ratio of the sum of the areas of the four
smaller circles to the area of the larger circle is
2[ x + 4 y 2] then find the value of x + y .
2 3

31. A circle of radius 1 is tangent to a circle of

radius 2. The sides of ABC are tangent to
the circles as shown, and the sides AB and
AC are congruent. What is the area of
ABC to the nearest integer?
28. Points A and B lie on a circle centered at
O, and AOB = 60 . A second circle is
internally tangent to the first and tangent to
both OA and OB . If the ratio of the area of the
smaller circle to that of the larger circle is
x
then find the value of x 2 + y 2 .
y
32. Circles with centers A and B have radii 3
29. Four circles of radius 1 are each tangent to
and 8, respectively. A common internal
two sides of a square and externally tangent to
a circle of radius 2, as shown. If the area of the tangent intersect at C and D, respectively.
square is x + y 2 , then find the value of Lines AB andCD intersect at E , and
5x AE = 5 . What is 3CD ?
?
x− y

33. Let AB be a diameter of a circle and C be a

point on AB with 2  AC = BC . Let D and
E be points on the circle such that

30. Circles centered at A and B each have radius 2, DC ⊥ AB and DE is a second diameter. If

as shown. Point O is the midpoint of AB , and

GEOMETRY 78
 the ratio of the area of DCE to the area of AB = 1 . What is the radius of the circle (round
x 1 off to nearest natural number)?
ABD is , then find +y.
y x

37. A circle is circumscribed about a triangle with

sides 3, 4, and 5, thus dividing the interior of
the circle into four regions. Let A, B , and C
34. Semi-circle AB has center C and radius 1. be the areas of the non-triangular regions, with
Point D is on AB and CD ⊥ AB . Extend C being the largest. Then − ( A + B − C ) = ?
BD and AD to E and F , respectively, 38. In the adjoining figure, circle K has diameter
AB ; circle L is tangent to circle K and to
so that circular arcs AE and BF have B and
AB at the center of circle K ; and circle M
A as their respective centers and circular
is tangent to circle K , to circle L and to AB .
arcEF has center D . The area of the shaded
The ratio of the area of circle K to the area
( )
"smile", AEFBDA is 2 −  2 − k , find k .
of circle M is

39. A circle with area A1 is contained in the

35. A circle of radius r has chord AB of length
interior of a larger circle with area A1 + A2 . If
10 and CD of length 7. When AB and CD
the radius of the larger circle is 3, and if
are extended through B and C, A1 , A2 , A1 + A2 is an arithmetic progression,
respectively, they intersect at P,
which is and the radius of the smaller circle is given by
outside the circle. If APD = 60 and r.
2
Find r .
BP = 8 , then r =2
40. Two circles of radius 5 are externally tangent
36. A circle with centre O is tangent to the to each other and are internally tangent to a
coordinate axes and to the hypotenuse of the circle of radius 13 at points A and B, as
30 − 60 − 90 triangle ABC as shown, where shown in the diagram. The distance AB can be

GEOMETRY 79
 m
written in the form , where m and n are
n
relatively prime positive integers. What is
m+n ?

44. A circle with center O has area 156 .

Triangle ABC is equilateral, BC is a chord
on the circle, OA = 4 3 , and point O is
41. Six points are equally spaced around a circle outside ABC . What is the side length of
of radius 1. Three of these points are the ABC ?
vertices of a triangle that is neither equilateral 45. In the figure below, ABC is an isosceles
nor isosceles. If the area of this triangle is A, triangle inscribed in a circle with centre O and
4A diameter AD, with AB = AC. AD intersects BC
find . at E, and F is the midpoint of OE. Given that
3
BD is parallel to FC and BC = 2 5 cm , find
42. Circles A, B , and C each have radius 1.
square of the length CD (in cm).
Circles A and B share one point of
tangency. Circle C has a point of tangency
with the midpoint of AB . What is the area
inside Circle C but outside circle A and
circle B?

46. Square ABCD has sides of length 4, and M is

the midpoint of CD . A circle with radius 2
and center M intersects a circle with radius 4
and center A at points P and D. If the distance
43. In the given circle, the diameter EB is parallel a
from P to AD is , then a + b = ?
to DC , and AB is parallel to ED . The b
angles AEB and ABE are in the ratio 4 : 5. If
k
the degree measure of angle BCD is k, find
5
.

47. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral inscribed in a

circle with diameter AC, and let E be the foot
of perpendicular from D onto AB, as shown in

GEOMETRY 80
 the figure below. If AD = DC and the area of 1
revolutions around it. Find rd of the area of
quadrilateral ABCD is 24 cm2, find the square 3
of Length of DE (in cm). the stripe in square feet.

48. Square ABCD has side length 2. A semi-circle

with diameter AB is constructed inside the 53. An ice cream cone consists of a sphere of
square, and the tangent to the semi-circle from vanilla ice cream and a right circular cone that
AD has the same diameter as the sphere. If the ice
C intersects side at E . Find 2CE . cream melts, it will exactly fill the cone.
AD Assume that the melted ice cream occupies
75% of the volume of the frozen ice cream. If
the ratio of the cone's height to its radius is
given by a / b . Find sum of a and b .
54. Eight semi-circles line the inside of a square
with side length 2 as shown. If the radius of
49. A right circular cylinder with its diameter the circle tangent to all of these semi-circles is
equal to its height is inscribed in a right
a −1
circular cone. The cone has diameter 10 and given by , where a and b are prime
b
altitude 12, and the axes of the cylinder and
number. Find the product of a and b .
cone coincide. Then the radius of the cylinder
is R . Find the value of (11R ) .
50. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle of
radius 20 2 . Three of the sides of this
quadrilateral have length 20. What is the
length of the fourth side?
51. A sphere is inscribed in a cube that has a
surface area of 24 square meters. A second cube 1. O and I are the circumcentre and incentre of
is then inscribed within the sphere. What is the ABC respectively. Suppose O lies in the
surface area in square meters of the inner cube?
52. A white cylindrical silo has a diameter of 30 interior of ABC and I lies on the circle
feet and a height of 80 feet. A red stripe with a passing through B, O , and C. What is the
horizontal width of 3 feet is painted on the magnitude of BAC in degrees?
silo, as shown, making two complete [PRE-RMO-2012]
2. PS is line segment of length 4 and O is the
midpoint of PS. A semi-circular arc is drawn

GEOMETRY 81
 with PS as diameter. Let X be the midpoint of 7. The figure below shows a broken piece of a
this arc. Q and R are points on the arc PXS such circular plate made of glass.
that QR is parallel to PS and the semi-circular
arc drawn with QR as diameter is tangent to PS.
What is the area of the region QXROQ bounded
by the two semi-circular arcs? C is the midpoint of AB, and D is the midpoint
[PRE-RMO-2012]
of arc AB. Given that AB = 24 cm and CD = 6
3. In a triangle ABC, let H, I, and O be the
cm, what is the radius of the plate in
orthocentre, incentre, and circumcentre,
centimetres? (the figure is not drawn to scale.)
respectively. If the points B, H , I , C lie on a
[PRE-RMO-2015]
circle, what is the magnitude of BOC in 8. In rectangle ABCD, AB = 8 and BC = 20. Let
degrees? P be a point on AD such that BPC = 90 . If
[PRE-RMO-2013]
r1 , r2 , r3 are the radii of the incircles of
4. Let S be a circle with centre O. A chord AB, not a
diameter, divides S into two regions R1 and R2 triangles APB, BPC , and CPD , what is the
such that O belongs to R2 . Let S1 be a circle value of r1 + r2 + r3 ?
[PRE-RMO-2015]
with centre in R1 , touching AB at X and S 9. The circle ω touches the circle Ω internally at
internally. Let S 2 be a circle with centre in R2 ,
P. The centre O of Ω lies outside  . Let XY
touching AB at Y, the circle S internally and be a diameter of Ω which is also tangent to ω.
passing through the centre of S. The point X Assume PV  PX . Let PY intersect ω at Z
lies of the diameter passing through the center of . IfYZ = 2PZ , what is the magnitude of
S 2 and YXO = 30 . If the radius of S 2 is PYX in degrees?
100, then what is the radius of S1 ? [PRE-RMO-2015]
[PRE-RMO-2013] 10. Let AB and CD be two parallel chords in a
5. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with circle with radius 5 such that the centre O lies
between these chords. Suppose AB = 6, CD =
DA = BDC = 90 . Let the incircles of
8. Suppose further that the area of the part of
triangles ABD and BCD touch BD at P the circle lying between the chords AB and
and Q , respectively, with P lying in CD is ( m + n ) k , where m, n, k are positive
between B and Q . If AD = 999 and integers with GCD(m, n, k ) = 1 . What is the
PQ = 200 then what is the sum of the radii of value of m + n + k ?
the incircles of triangles ABD
and BDC ? [PRE-RMO-2017]
[PRE-RMO-2014] 11. Let Ω1 be a circle with centre O and let AB
6. In a triangle ABC, let I denote the incenter. Let be a diameter of Ω1 . Let P be a point on the
the lines AI, BI, and CI intersect the incircle at
segment OB different from O . Suppose
P, Q, and R, respectively. If BAC = 40 ,
another circle Ω 2 with centre P lies in the
what is the value of QPR in degrees?
[PRE-RMO-2014]
interior of Ω1 . Tangents are drawn from A

GEOMETRY 82
 and B to the circle Ω 2 intersecting Ω1 again 17. Let D be an interior point of the side BC
at A1 and B1 , respectively, such that A1 and of a triangle ABC . Let I1 and I 2 be the
B1 are on the opposite sides of AB . Given that incentres of triangles ABD and ACD ,
AB1 = 15 and OP = 10 , find the radius of Ω1 . respectively. Let AI1 and AI 2 meet BC in
[PRE-RMO-2017]
E and F, respectively. If BI1 E = 60 .
12. In a quadrilateral ABCD , it is given that
What is the measure of CI 2 F in degrees?
AB = AD = 13, BC = CD = 20, BD = 24 . If r
[PRE-RMO-2018]
is the radius of the circle inscribable in the
18. An ant leaves the anthill for its morning
quadrilateral, then what is the integer closest to r?
exercise. It walks 4 feet east and then makes a
[PRE-RMO-2018]
160 turn to the right and walks 4 more feet.
13. Let ABCD be a trapezium in which AB || CD
It then makes another 160 turn to the right
and AD ⊥ AB . SupposeABCD has an and walks 4 more feet. If the ant continues this
incircle which touches AB at Q and CD at pattern until it reaches the anthill again, what
P. Given that PC = 36 and QB = 49 , Find is the distance in feet it would have walked?
[PRE-RMO-2019]
PQ .
19. Let ABC be a triangle and let Ω be its
[PRE-RMO-2018]
circumcircle. The internal bisectors of angles
14. A point P in the interior of a regular hexagon
A, B , and C intersect Ω at A1 , B1 and C1
is at distance 8,8,16 units from three
respectively and the internal bisectors of
consecutive vertices of the hexagon, angles A1 , B1 , and C1 of the triangle A1 B1C1
respectively. If r is radius of the circumscribed
circle of the hexagon, what is the integer inter. sect Ω at A2 , B2 , and C2 ,
closest to r ? respectively. If the smallest angle of triangle
[PRE-RMO-2018] ABC is 40 , what is the magnitude of the
smallest angle of triangle A2 B2C2 in degrees?
15. Let AB be a chord of circle with centre O.
Let C be a point on the circle such that 20. Let AB be a diameter of a circle and let C be
a point on the segment AB such that
ABC = 30 and O lies inside the triangle
AC : CB = 6 : 7 . Let D be a point on the
ABC . Let D be a point on AB such that
circle such that DC is perpendicular to AB .
DCO = OCB = 20 . Find the measure of DE
Let be the diameter through D. If
CDO in degrees.
 XYZ  denotes the area of the triangle
XYZ .
[PRE-RMO-2018]
Find  ABD  / [CDE] to the nearest integer.
16. Triangles ABC and DEF are such that [PRE-RMO-2019]
A = D, AB = DE = 17, BC = EF = 10 and 21. Let ABCD be a convex cyclic quadrilateral.
AC − DF = 12 . What is AC + DF ? Suppose P is a point in the plane of the
[PRE-RMO-2018] quadrilateral such that the sum of its distances
from the vertices of ABCD is the least. If

GEOMETRY 83
 PA, PB, PC, PD = {3, 4 , 6,8} . What is the determine R1 − R2 − R3 − R4 . [Here Ω

maximum possible area of ABCD ? denotes the area of the region Ω in the plane.
[PRE-RMO-2019] [PRE-RMO-2019]
22. A village has a circular wall around it , and the 27. In parallelogram ABCD, AC = 10 and BD = 28 .
wall has four gates pointing north, south east The points K and L in the plane of
ABCD move
and west. A tree stands outside the village, 16
in such a way that AK = BD and BL = AC .
m north of the north gate, and it can be just
Let M and N be the midpoints of CK and DL,
seen appearing on the horizon from a point 48
respectively. What is the maximum value of
m east of the south gate. What is the diameter
cot 2 (BMD / 2) + tan 2 ( ANC/2)?
in meters, of the wall that surrounds the
village? [PRE-RMO-2019]
[PRE-RMO-2019] 28. Let t be the area of a regular pentagon with
23. Let ABC be a triangle with sides 51,52,53 . each side equal to 1. Let P(x) = 0 be the
polynomial equation with least degree, having
Let Ω denote the incircle of ABC . Draw
integer coefficients, satisfied by x = t and the
tangents to Ω that are parallel to the sides of
gcd of all the coefficients equal to 1. If M is
ABC . Let r1 , r2 , r3 be the inradii of the three the sum of the absolute values of the
corner triangles so formed. Find the largest coefficients of P(x). What is the integer closest
integer that does not exceed r1 + r2 + r3 . to M ?(sin18 = ( 5 − 1) / 2)
[PRE-RMO-2019] [PRE-RMO-2019]
24. Let ABC be a triangle such that AB = AC . 29. A friction-less board has the shape of an
Suppose the tangent to the circumcircle of equilateral triangle of side length 1 meter with
ABC at B is perpendicular of AC . Find bouncing walls along the sides. A tiny super
ABC measured in degrees. bouncy ball is fired from vertex A towards the
[PRE-RMO-2019] side BC. The ball bounces off the walls of the
25. The centre of the circle passing through the board nine times before it hits a vertex for the
midpoints of the sides of an isosceles triangle first time. The bounces are such that the angle
ABC lies on the circumcircle of triangle ABC of incidence equal the angle of reflection. The
distance travelled by the ball in meters is of
. If the larger angle of triangle ABC is  and
the smaller one  then what is the value of the form N , where N is an integer. What is
the value of N?
 − ?
[PRE-RMO-2019]
[PRE-RMO-2019]
30. A conical glass is in the form of a right
26. Let R
denote the circular region in the xy - circular cone. The slant height is 21 and the
plane bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 36 . The radius of the top rim of the glass is 14. An ant
lines x = 4 and y = 3 divide R into four at the midpoint of a slant line on the outside
regions, Ri = 1, 2,3, 4 . If denotes the area of wall of the glass sees a honey drop
diametrically opposite to it on the inside wall
the region Ri and if R1  R2  R3 ∣ R4 ∣ ,
of the glass. (see the figure). If d is the
shortest distance it should crawl to reach the

GEOMETRY 84
 honey drop, what is the integer part of d? 32. The incircle G of a scalene triangle ABC
(Ignore the thickness of the glass) touches BC at D, CA at E and AB at F. Let
[PRE-RMO-2019] rA be the radius of the circle inside ABC
which is tangent to G and the sides AB and
AC. Define rB and rC similarly. If rA = 16 ,
rB = 25 and rC = 36 , determine the radius of
G.
[IOQM - 2021]
33. Let X be the set of all even positive integers n
31. Given a pair of concentric circles, chords
such that the measure of the angle of some
AB, BC , CD, of the outer circle are drawn
regular polygon is n degrees. Find the number
such that they all touch the inner circle. If of elements in X. [IOQM - 2023]
ABC = 75 , how many chords can be drawn 1
before returning to the starting point? 34. The ex-radii of n triangle are 10 ,12 and 14.
[IOQM - 2021]
2
If the sides of the triangles are the roots of the
cubic x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 , where p, q, r are
integers, find the integer nearest to p + q + r .

1. (312) 5. (251) 9. (923) 13. (130) 17. (011) 21. (063)

2. (301) 6. (504) 10. (725) 14. (737) 18. (384) 22. (289)
3. (046) 7. (032) 11. (065) 15. (272) 19. (134) 23. (069)
4. (224) 8. (164) 12. (135) 16. (254) 20. (997) 24. (042)

1. (48) 11. (50) 21. (30) 31. (4) 41. (69) 51. (50)
2. (1) 12. (c) 22. (63) 32. (23) 42. (2) 52. (8)
3. (87) 13. (a) 23. (16) 33. (44) 43. (2) 53. (80)
4. (26) 14. (a) 24. (60) 34. (2) 44. (26) 54. (4)
5. (1) 15. (b) 25. (78) 35. (1) 45. (6) 55. (10)
6. (35) 16. (57) 26. (45) 36. (73) 46. (6)
7. (2) 17. (60) 27. (8) 37. (2) 47. (21)
8. (12) 18. (72) 28. (35) 38. (6) 48. (24)
9. (4) 19. (66) 29. (82) 39. (16) 49. (5)
10. (*) 20. (61) 30. (11) 40. (3) 50. (30)

GEOMETRY 85
1. (60) 7. (15) 13. (84) 19. (55) 25. (90) 31. (24)
2. (2π-2) 8. (8) 14. (14) 20. (13) 26. (48) 32. (74)
3. (120º) 9. (15) 15. (80) 21. (55) 27. (2) 33. (16)
4. (60) 10. (75) 16. (30) 22. (48) 28. (16) 34. (58)
5. (799) 11. (20) 17. (30) 23. (15) 29. (31)
6. (55) 12. (8) 18. (36) 24. (30) 30. (36)

Then subtract the areas of the intersections,

2 2
1  1 
which is   + +  :
4  32 
1. 2 2 2 2
1 1 1  1 
12 +   +   +   +  
 2   4   8   16 
 1  2  1  2  1  2  1  2 
−   +   +   +   
 4   8   16   32  
12 12
= 1+ −
2 32
The length of the diagonal is 32 + 42 = 5 (a The majority of the terms cancel, leaving
3 – 4 - 5 right triangle). For each k, Pk Qk is 1 1
1+ − , which simplifies down to
the hypotenuse of a 3 – 4 - 5 right triangle 4 1024
168 − k 168 − k 1024 + (256 − 1)
with sides of 3  ,4 . Thus, its . Thus, m – n = 255.
168 168 1024
168 − k 5(168 − k ) 3. Triangles AOB, BOC, COD, etc. are congruent
length is 5  . Let ak = . We by symmetry (you can prove it rigorously by
168 168
168 using the power of a point to argue that
want to find 2 ak − 5 since we are over exactly two chords of length 1 in the
k =1
circumcircle of the squares pass through B,
counting the diagonal.
43 1
168
5(168 − k ) (0 + 5) 169 ·
2 −5 = 2 −5 etc.), and each area is 99 2 . Since the area of
k =1 168 2 2
= 168 · 5 = 840. a triangle is bh/2, the area of all 88 of them is
86
2. and the answer is 185.
99
4. The rectangle is divided into three smaller
rectangles with a width of 50 mm and a length
80
of mm . According to the Pythagorean
3
The sum of the areas of the squares if they
were not interconnected is a geometric Theorem (or by noticing the 8-15-17
2 2 2 2 Pythagorean triple), the diagonal of the
1 1 1  1 
sequence: 1 +   +   +   +  
2

 2   4   8   16 
 2
 80  170
rectangle is 502 +   = mm . Since
 3  3
that on the lace, there are 6 of these diagonals,
a width, and an extension of at least 200 mm
on each side. Therefore, the minimum of the
1
170 (h / 2)(b + b + 50)
2 2
lace in millimeters is 6 ×
3
+ 50 + 200 × 2 =
1
(h / 2)(b + 50 + b + 100) 3
= 790. 2
5. Call the squares' side lengths from smallest to b + 75 3
 =  b = 75
largest a1, …, a9, and let l, w represent the b + 25 2
dimensions of the rectangle. Construct the perpendiculars from the vertices
The picture shows that of the shorter base to the longer base. This
a1 + a2 = a3 splits the trapezoid into a rectangle and two
a1 + a3 = a4 triangles; it also splits the desired line segment
a3 + a4 = a5
into three partitions with lengths x1, 75, x2. By
a4 + a5 = a6
a2 + a3 + a5 = a7 similar triangles, we easily find that
a2 + a7 = a8 x − 75 x1 + x2 h1
= = .
a1 + a4 + a6 = a9 100 100 h
a6 + a9 = a7 + a8
Expressing all terms 3 to 9 in terms of a1 and
a2 and substituting their expanded forms into
the previous equation will give the expression
5a1 = 2a2.
We can guess that a1 = 2. (If we started with The area of the region including the shorter
a1 odd, the resulting sides would not be base must be half of the area of the entire
integers and we would need to scale up by a trapezoid, so
factor of 2 to make them integers; if we started 1 1
with a1 > 2 even, the resulting dimensions 2  h1 (75 + x) = h(75 + 175)
2 2
would not be relatively prime and we would h
need to scale down.) Then solving gives a9 =  x = 125  − 75.
h1
36, a6 = 25, a8 = 33, which gives us l = 61, w =
h
69. These numbers are relatively prime, as Substituting our expression for from
desired. The perimeter is 2 (61) + 2 (69) = 260. h1
6. Let the shorter base have length b (so the above, we find that
longer has length b + 100), and let the height 12500
x= − 75  x 2 − 75 x
be h. The length of the midline of the x − 75
trapezoid is the average of its bases, which is = 5625 + 12500 – 75x  x2 = 18125
b + b + 100
= b + 50 . The two regions which  x2 
2 The answer is   = 181 .
the midline divides the trapezoid into are two 100 
smaller trapezoids, both with height h/2. Then,

GEOMETRY 2
 9.
7.

Denote the height of ΔACD as h, x = AD =

Since K is the midpoint of PM and AC , CD, and y = BD. Using the Pythagorean
quadrilateral AMCP is a parallelogram, which theorem, we find that h2 = y2 – 62 and h2 = x2 –
implies AM || LP and ΔAMB is similar to 152. Thus, y2 – 36 = x2 – 225  x2 – y2 = 189.
ΔLPB. The LHS is difference of squares, so (x + y)
AM AB AL + LB AL (x – y) = 189. As both x, y are integers, x + y,
Thus, = = = +1.
LP LB LB LB x – y must be integral divisors of 189.
Now let's apply the angle bisector theorem. The pairs of divisors of 189 are (1, 189) (3,
AL AC 450 3 63), (7, 27) (9, 21). This yields the four
= = =
LB BC 300 2 potential sets for (x, y) as (95, 94) (33, 30) (17,
AM AL 5 10) (15, 6). The last is not a possibility since it
= +1 = simply degenerates into a line. The sum of the
LP LB 2
three possible perimeters of ΔACD is equal to
180 5
= 3 (AC) + 2 (x1 + x2 + x3) = 90 + 2 (95 + 33 +
LP 2
17) = 380.
LP = 72
10.
8. Extend CM and CN such that they intersect
line AB at points P and Q, respectively.

Call the vertices of the new square A′, B′, C′,

and D′, in relation to the vertices of ABCD,
and defines to be one of the sides of that
Since BM is the angle bisector of angle B and square. Since the sides are parallel, by
CM is perpendicular to BM, ΔBCP must be an corresponding angles and AA ~ we know that
isosceles triangle, so BP = BC= 120, and M is triangles AA′D′ and D′C′E are similar. Thus,
the midpoint of CP. For the same reason, AQ AA DC
the sides are proportional: =
= AC = 117, and N is the midpoint of CQ. A D C E
1 1− s s
Hence MN = PQ. Since PQ = BP + AQ –  =
2 s 1 − s − CE
AB = 120 + 117 – 125 = 112 so MN = 056. Simplifying, we get that s2 = (1 – s) (1 – s – CE)
90 − 60
EAF is 60 degrees, so BAE = =15.
2

GEOMETRY 3
 6+ 2 1 1
Thus, cos 15 = cos (45 – 30) = = , Since the area of the triangle is equal to bh,
4 AE 2
6− 2 1 1
so AE =
4
 = 6− 2 (5 − s) 2 − (4 − s) 2
Region C 11 2 2
6+ 2 6− 2 = = . Solve
Region B 5 1 (3 − s) 2 − 1 (2 − s) 2
Since ΔAEF is equilateral, EF = AE = 6 − 2. 2 2
ΔCEF is a 45 – 45 – 90Δ, so CE 5
this to find that s = .
AE 6
= = 3 − 1 . Substituting back into the
2 Using the same reasoning as above, we get
equation from the beginning, we get s2 = (1 – s) 1 1
(7 − s) 2 − (6 − s) 2
(2 – 3 – s), so (3 − 3) s = 2 − 3 . Region D 2 2
= , which is
Region A 1
2− 3 3+ 3 3− 3 (1 − s) 2
Therefore, s =  = , and 2
3− 3 3+ 3 6 408.
a + b + c = 3 + 3 + 6 = 12.
13.
11. Let x = BC be the height of the trapezoid, and
let y = CD. Since AC ⊥ BD, it follows that
x 
ΔBAC ~ ΔCBD, so =  x 2 =  11 .
11 x
Let E be the foot of the altitude from A to CD.
Then AE = x, and ADE is a right triangle. By
the Pythagorean Theorem,
We let […] denote area; then the desired value
x 2 + ( y − 11)2 = 1001
m [ DEF ]
 x4 – 11x2 – 112 · 9 · 10 = 0 is =
n [ ABC ]
The positive solution to this quadratic
[ ABC ] − [ ADF ] − [ BDE ] − [CEF ]
equation is x2 = 110. =
[ ABC ]
Using the formula for the area of a triangle
1
ab sin C ,
2
we find that
1
12. Note that the apex of the angle is not on the  p  AB  (1 − r )  AC  sin CAB
[ ADF ] 2
parallel lines. Set up a coordinate proof. Let =
[ ABC ] 1
the set of parallel lines be perpendicular to the  AB  AC  sin CAB
2
x-axis, such that they cross it at 0, 1, 2, …. = p(1 − r )
The base of region A is on the line x = 1. The
[ BDE ]
bigger base of region D is on the line x = 7. and similarly that = q(1 − p)
[ ABC ]
Let the top side of the angle be y = x – s and
[CEF ]
the bottom side be x-axis, as dividing the and = r (1 – q). Thus, we wish to find
angle doesn't change the problem. [ ABC ]

GEOMETRY 4
 [ DEF ] [ ADF ] [ BDE ] [CEF ] 1
= 1− − − are equal, OA = d = OB, and 20x + 15y =
[ ABC ] [ ABC ] [ ABC ] [ ABC ] 2
= 1 – p(1 – r) – q(1 – p) – r(1 – q) 4
600 (2). Solving for y, we get y = 40 – x .
= (pq + qr + rp) – (p + q + r) + 1 3
2 Substituting into (1),
We know that p + q + r = , and also that 2
3  4 
2 2 2 2 x 2 +  40 − x  = 625
(p + q + r) = p + q + r + 2 (pq + qr + p)  3 
2
2 2 5x – 192x + 1755 = 0
2
  −
 pq + qr + rp =  
3 5 1 192  1922 − 4  5 1755
= x= = 15,
117
2 45 10 5
1 2 16
Substituting, the answer is − +1 = , We reject 15 because then everything
45 3 45 degenerates into squares, but the condition
and m + n = 61. that PR ≠ QS gives us a contradiction. Thus
14. 117 44
x= , and backwards solving gives y = .
5 5
The perimeter of ABCD is
 117 44  672
2  20 + 15 + + = , and m + n = 677.
 5 5  5

15.

Let O be the center of the rhombus. Via

parallel sides and alternate interior angles, we
see that the opposite triangles are congruent
(ΔBPQ ≅ ΔDRS, ΔAPS ≅ ΔCRQ). Quickly
we realize that O is also the center of the
rectangle.
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we can solve
for a side of the rhombus; PQ = 152 + 202 =
25. Since the diagonals of a rhombus are
perpendicular bisectors, we have that OP = 15, Take point N inside ΔABC such that CBN =
OQ = 20. Also, POQ = 90°, so quadrilateral 7° and BCN = 23°. MCN = 106° – 2. 23° =
BPOQ is cyclic. By Ptolemy's Theorem, 25 S 60°. Also, since ΔAMC and ΔBNC are
OB = 20 · 15 + 15 · 20 = 600. congruent (by ASA), CM = CN. Hence ΔCMN
By similar logic, we have APOS is a cyclic is an equilateral triangle, so CNM = 60°.
quadrilateral. Let AP = x, AS = y. The Then MNB = 360° – CNM – CNB = 360°
Pythagorean Theorem gives us x2 + y2 = 625 – 60° – 150° = 150°. We now see that ΔMNB
(1). Ptolemy's Theorem gives us 25 · OA – and ΔCNB are congruent. Therefore, CB =
20x + 15y. Since the diagonals of a rectangle MB, so CMB = MCB = 83°.

GEOMETRY 5
 17. We use the Pythagorean Theorem on ABC to
16.
determine that AB = 25.
Let N be the orthogonal projection from C to
AB.
( DM )( MN )
Thus, [CDM] = , MN = BN – BM,
2
24  7 25  (CN )
and [ ABC ] = = .
2 2
We let x = EP = FQ, y = EQ, k = PQ. Since 168
From the third equation, we get CN = .
1 1 25
AE = AB and AD = AC, ΔAED ~ ΔABC By the Pythagorean Theorem in ΔBCN we
2 2
and ED || BC. have
By alternate interior angles, we have PEQ =  24  25   24  7 
2 2

BN =   − 
BFQ and EPQ = FBQ. By vertical  25   25 
angles, EQP = FQB.
24 576
Thus ΔEQP ~ ΔFQB, = 252 − 7 2 =
25 25
EP FB x 1
So =  =  x2 = y 576 25 527
EQ FQ y x Thus, MN = − =
25 2 50
Since ΔEDF is equilateral, EQ + FQ = EF =
In ΔADM, we use the Pythagorean Theorem to
BF = 1  x + y = 1. Solving for x and y using get
5 −1
x2 = y and x + y = 1 gives x =
2
and  25  5
2 DM = 152 −   = 11
 2  2
3− 5
y= . 527  5 11 527 11
2 Thus, [CDM ] = =
Using the Law of Cosines, we get 50  2  2 40
 Hence, the answer is 527 + 11 + 40 = 578
k 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy cos 18. At each point of reflection, we pretend instead
3
2 2
that the light continues to travel straight.
 5 −1   3 − 5 
=   +  
 2   2 
 5 − 1  3 − 5  
−2  
  cos
 2  2  3
= 7 −3 5
We want the ratio of the squares of the sides,
(2)2 4
so = = 7+3 5
7−3 5
2
k
Note that after k reflections (excluding the
so a2 + b2 + c2 = 73 + 32 + 52 = 083. first one at C) the extended line will form an

GEOMETRY 6
 angle kβ at point B. For the kth reflection to be and m + n = 65
just inside or at point B, we must have 20. Extend AD and BC to meet at E. Then, since
180 − 2 BAD = ADC and ABD = DCE, we know
k  180 − 2  k  = 70.27
 that ΔABD ~ ΔDCE. Hence ADB = DEC,
Thus, our answer is, including the first and ΔBDE is isosceles. Then BD = BE = 10.
intersection,
180 − 2 
   + 1 = 071
 

19.

Let E be the midpoint of BC . Since BE = EC, Using the similarity, we have:

then ΔABE and ΔAEC share the same height
AB 8 CD CD 64
and have equal bases, and thus have the same = = =  CD =
area. Similarly, ΔBDE and BAE share the BD 10 CE 16 5
same height, and have bases in the ratio DE: The answer is m + n = 069.
[ BDE ] DE 21. Let X be the intersection of CP and AB .
AE, so = (see area ratios). Now,
[ BAE ] AE
[ ADB] [ ABE ] + [ BDE ] 1 DE
= = + .
[ ABC ] 2[ ABE ] 2 2 AE
By Stewart's Theorem,
2( AB 2 + AC 2 ) − BC 2 57
AE = = , and by
2 2
the Pythagorean Theorem on ΔABD, ΔEBD,
2 Since PQ || CA and PR || CB, CAB =
 57 
BD +  DE +
2
 = 30 PQR and CBA = PRQ. So ΔABC ~
 2 
[PQR]  PX 
2

BD2 + DE 2 =
15 ΔQRP, and thus, =  .
4 [ABC ]  CX 
Subtracting the two equations yields Using mass points:
57 105 12 WLOG, let WC = 15.
DE 57 + =  DE =
4 4 57 Then:
12  CE  1
WA =  WC = 15 = 5
m 1 DE 1 27  AE  3
Then = + = + 57 = ,
n 2 2 AE 2
2
57 38  CD  2
WB =   WC = 15 = 6
2  BD  5

GEOMETRY 7
 WX = WA + WB = 5 + 6 = 11 3(4 3 − 2) 6 3 − 3
WP – WC + WX = 15 + 11 = 26 = =
44 22
PX WC 15
Thus, = = 1 1 6 3 − 3 14 − 6 3
CX WP 26 DC = −x= − = ,
2 2 22 22
[PQR]  15 
2
225 7 − 27
Therefore, =  = , and AE = , so the answer is 56.
[ABC ]  26  676 22
and m + n = 901.
Note: we can just use mass points to get
2
 15  225
  = which is 901.
 26  676
22. Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from A
to CR , so AP || EM . Since triangle ARC is
isosceles, P is the midpoint of CR , and
PM || CD . Thus, APME is a parallelogram
CD
and AE = PM = . We can then use
2 23.
coordinates. Let O be the foot of altitude RO
and set O as the origin. Now we notice special
1
right triangles! In particular, DO = and EO
2
3 1   3 
, so D  , 0  , E  −
 2 ,0  ,
= RO = and
2 2   
 3 1 3
R  0,  ·M = midpoint (D, R) =  , 
 2  4 4 
3 Let QPB = x°. Because AQP is exterior to
4 3 isosceles triangle PQB its measure is 2x and
and the slope of ME = = , so
1 3 1+ 2 3 PAQ has the same measure. Because BPC
+
4 2 is exterior to ΔBPA its measure is 3x Let
1+ 2 3 PBC = y°. It follows that ACB = x + y and
the slope of RC = − . Instead of
3 that 4x + 2y = 180°. Two of the angles of
finding the equation of the line, we use the triangle APQ have measure 2x, and thus the
definition of slope: for every CO = x to the measure of APQ is 2y. It follows that AQ =
x(1 + 2 3) 3 2. AP · sin y. Because AB = AC and AP = QB,
left, we go = up. Thus,
3 2 it also follows that AQ = PC. Now apply the
3 sin 3x
Law of Sines to triangle PBC to find
2 3 BC
x= =
1+ 2 3 4 3 + 2 sin y sin y 1
= = = because AP =
PC 2  AP  sin y 2  BC

GEOMETRY 8
 1
BC. Hence sin 3x = . Since 4x < 180, this 25.
2
implies that 3x = 30, i.e. x = 10.
10 + 70 4
Thus y = 70 and r = = , which
2  70 7
implies that
3
1000r = 571 + . So the answer is 571.
7
24. Let ΔXYZ be a triangle with sides of length x,
Drawing the square and examining the given
y and z and suppose this triangle is acute (so
lengths, you find that the three segments cut
all altitudes are in the interior of the triangle).
the square into three equal horizontal sections.
Let the altitude to the side of length x be of
Therefore, (x being the side length),
length hx, and similarly for y and z. Then we
2 2
have by two applications of the Pythagorean  x  x
x 2 +   = 30, or x 2 +   = 900 .
Theorem we that x = y 2 − hx2 + z 2 − hx2 . As 3 3

a function of hx, the RHS of this equation is Solving for x, we get x = 9 10 and x2 = 810
strictly decreasing, so it takes each value in its Area of the square is 810.
range exactly once. Thus, we must have that
1 1 1 1.
hx2 = and so hx = and similarly hy =
16 4 5
1
and hz = .
6
The area of the triangle must be the same no
matter how we measure it;
Therefore, x · hx = y · hy = z · hz
x y z
gives us = = = 2 A AB′ = 2AB  AB : BB′ = 1 : 1
4 5 6
and x = 8A, y = 10A and z = 12A. CC′ = 2BC  BC : CC′ = 1 : 2
The semi-perimeter of the triangle is AA′ = 3CA  AC : AA′ = 1 : 3
8 A + 10 A + 12 A ar (ΔABC) = 1
s= = 15 A ar (ΔABC) = ar (ΔBB′C) = 1 as AB = BB′
2
so by Heron's formula we have  ar (ΔAB′C) = ar (ΔABC) + ar (ΔBB′C)
 ar (ΔA′B′C) =2
A = 15 A  7 A  5 A  3 A = 15 A2 7
1
1 2 ar (ΔAB′C) = ar (ΔA′B′C) as they have
Thus, A = and x + y + z = 30A = 4
15 7 7
equal height and their base ratio 1:4]
and the answer is 2 + 7 = 009.

GEOMETRY 9
 In ΔCDA
2. 2
tan(45 − t ) =
h
tan 45 − tan t  2
 =
1 + tan 45  tan t  h
From equation (1)
3
1−
 h =2
3 h
1+
ΔABC, BE and CD are midians to sides AC h
and AB respectively. h−3 2
 =
P is centroid h+3 h
 PC : PD = BP : PE = 2 : 1  h2 – 3h = 2h + 6
Let PC = 2x  PD = x  h2 – 5h – 6 = 0
PB = 2y  PE = y  (h – 6) (h + 1) = 0
In ΔPEC h = 6 or h = – 1 (not valid)
y 2 + 4 x 2 = (6 5)2 1
Area of triangle ABC =  6  5 = 15 sq. unit
2
In ΔPBD
x = 15
x 2 + 4 y 2 = (8 5)2
4. AD = 7DB
On adding above equations  AD : DB = 1 : 7
5x2 + 5y2 = 500 BE = 10EC
x2 + y2 = 100  BE : EC = 10 : 1
In ΔBPC
4x2 + 4y2 = BC2
400 = BC2
BC = 20
3.

In ΔABE By Menelaus's theorem

BD AF FC
  =1
DA FE BC
 ar (ΔAB′C) = 4 × ar (ΔAB′C) = 4 × 2 1 AF 1
  =1
 ar (ΔAB′C) = 8 7 FE 11
Let BAD = t°  DAC = (45 – t)° AF
= 77
Let AD = h FE
In ΔBDA  AF = 77 FE = k · FE
3 Hence, k = 77
tan t  = …(1)
h

GEOMETRY 10
 60 + x = 4x
5. 3x = 60
x = 20
EEO = 20°
ar (AMJ )
2
1
7.   = 1
 13   5  12
2
ar (AMJ )
2
 AM 
3
sin A = , cos A =
4   =
 AB  ar (ABC )
5 5
30
a = 39 = BC ar (ΔAMJ) =
We know that 169
ΔBNK ~ ΔBAC
a
= 2R  BN  ar (BNK )
2
sin A   =
 AB  ar (BAC )
5
39  = 2 R
ar (BNK )
2
3 8
  = 1
65  
13  5 6
R= 2
2
64
AH = Distance of orthocenter from vertex  30 = ar (ΔBNK)
169
65 4
= 2R cos A = 2   = 52 ar(CMJKN) = ar(ΔABC) – [ar(ΔBNK)
2 5
+ ar(ΔAMJ)]
 AH = 52
1  64 30 
= 12  5 − 30  +
169 169 
6. Let EO = x
2 
In ΔAOF By Menelaus' theorem
30
 30 − (65)
169
30  5
 30 −
13
 13 − 5 
 30  
 13 
30  8 240
 =  18
13 13
 ar (CMJKN) = 18 (whole part)
Now Menelaus's theorem in ΔBOF 8.
BE OC AF
  =1
EO FC AB
60 + x 20 1
  =1
x 40 2
60 + x 4
=
x 1

GEOMETRY 11
 ΔBDE ≅ ΔCDE By SAS From AIME cyclic we get MEI = MAI =
 BD = 7, DBC = DCB = ABD 45° and MIE = MAE = 45°, so EMI is an
ΔABC ~ ΔADB isosceles right triangle.
AB AD ar (EMI) = 2 we get EM = MI = 2
=
AC AB AEM ≅ CIM
AB2 = AC × AD AEM = 180 – AIM = CIM, EM = IM,
AB2 = 16 × 9 and EAM = ICM = 45°
 AB = 12 Let CI = AE = x
In ΔABD, AB = 12, BD = 7, AD = 9 So AI = 3 – x
Area = 14(2)(7)(15) By Pythagoras on EAI we have,
x2 + (3 – x)2 = EI2 = 8
 14 5 = a 5
Solving this we get
 a = 14
3− 7
x = CI =
2
9.  a + b + c = 3 + 7 + 2 = 12
11. Link PN, extend PN to Q so that QN = PN
Then link QG and QA
 M, N is the middle point of AP and QH
 MN is middle line of PAQ
By Apollonius theorem
 QAP = NMP
AB2 + AC2 = 2 (BM 2 + AM 2)
PHN ≅ QGN
 x2 
12 + 22 = 2  + x 2  As a result QG = AG = HP = 1
 4  AQG = QAG, GQN = NPL
Let BC = x Also, GQN + QPA = QPL + QPA
 AM = BC = x = LPA = 36°
x
BM = 2 QAG = 180° – 56° – 36° = 88°
2
Therefore, QAP = QAG + TAP
5 5 2
= x = 56° + 44° = 100°
2 4 Acute angle between MN and PA
x2 = 2
x= 2= a
 a=2

10.

GEOMETRY 12
12. x = 2 + 13
Case 2: when second longest side is x, we get
x2 = 52 + 42 − 40cos 60  x = 21
Case 3: When second longest side is 4
42 = 52 + x2 – 2(5)(x) cos 60°
x will be imaginary (not valid)
So sum of all possible values of
x = 2 + 13 + 21
By symmetry A′B′C′ is also equilateral
triangle  a + b + c = 36
Let AB = BC = CA = 1 15. In ABC, AB = 13, BC = 14, CA = 15
Therefore BB′ = 3 and BC′ = 4 AFB = ADB = 90°
Also B′BC′ = 120 Quadrilateral ABDF is cyclic
By law of cosine B′C′ = 37
3 2
(1)
ar(ABC ) 4
Therefore =
ar(A BC ) 3
( 37) 2
4
ar(ABC) Q
Hence, = = 37
ar(ABC ) 1
13. Let AD = x, AG = y we need to calculate DE + 1
ar (ABC) = 14  AD = 84
FG which is x + y. ADE, quad (DEFG) and 2
quad (BCFG) have the same perimeters.  AD = 12
Then 3x = x + 2 (y – x) + y = y + 2 (1 – y) + 1  AD = 5
3x = 3y – x = 3 – y 1 1
Area (ADC) =  9 12 = 15  DE
3 – y = 3x, y = 3 – 3x 2 2
On solving these equation, we get 36
9 12 DE =
x= ,y= 5
13 13 Now ABF ~ ADE
21 r
 x+ y = =  r + s = 34 4
AF = 13  , BF = 13 
3
13 s 5 5
14. Angle are in A.P By Ptolemy's theorem
So, angles will be 30°, 60°, 90°
4 3
Side opposite to 60° must be 2nd largest side. 13  DF + (5)(13)   = (12)(13)  
 
5 5
Any of three 4, 5, x could be the second
16 m
longest side DF = =
Case 1: When 2nd longest side is 5, 5 n
By cosine,  m + n = 21
52 = 42 + x2 – 2(4)(x) cos 60° 16. AB = 4BD
x2 – 4x – 9 = 0 AD – BD = 4BD

GEOMETRY 13
 AC = 9CD
AD – CD = 9CD 19.
AD = 10 CD
Also
Multiplying (1) by (2) and subtracting by (2)
AD = 10(BD – CD)
AD = 10 BC = S × BC
 S = 10
17.
Let AEB = M
 EAB = CED = 60 – M
ABE ~ ECD
4 x
=
x 16
x=2×4=8

Let side of ABC = a 20.

Area (ABC) = ar (PBC) + ar (PAC)
+ ar (APB)
3 2 1 1 1
a = a  2 −  a  3 + a 1
4 2 2 2
3
a=3
4
12
a= = AB
3 Construct AD such that it bisect A
 AB2 = 48 Now by angle bisector theorem
18. AB + AC > BC 8 BD
=
b2 – 1 + 2a > a2 6 7 − BD
b2 > a2 + 1 – 2a  BD = 4
b2 > (a – 1)2  DC = 3
b > a – 1, We can not consider other case as Now by cosine rule In BAD
they are positive. AB2 = AD2 + DB2 – 2AD · DB cos ADB
1>a–b …(1) In ADC
Again BC + AC > AB AC2 = AD2 + DC2 – 2AD · DC cos ADB
a2 + 2a > b2 – 1 Multiply first equations by 3 and second by 4
a2 + 2a + 1 > b2 and odd.
(a + 1)2 > b2 3AB2 + 4AC2 = 7AD2 + 3 · 42 + 4 · 32
(a + 1) > b
Hence ADC is isosceles as AD = AC = 6
Thus from (1) and (2)
 AE is angle bisector of DAC and ADC
1 > a – b > –1
is isosceles
Hence a – b = 0 [as a and b are integer]

GEOMETRY 14
  AE ⊥ DC BC CE
2
=
3 BA EA
AE2 = AC2 – EC2 = 36 −  
2 40 CE 4
= =
144 − 9 135 10 EA 1
AE 2 =  Let CE = 4x, EA = x  CA = 5x
4 4
CD = 5x – 13.5, DE = 13.5 – x
 AE 2  4 135
4  = 27 Now in CBE, DF || EB
 5  45
CF 5 x − 13.5
21. = …(1)
FB 13.5 − x
In CBA, FE || BA
CF 4 x
= …(2)
FB x
From equation (1) and (2)
DE is angle bisector of ADB, 5 x − 13  5 4
AD AE =
= …(1) 13.5 − x 1
DB EB 5x – 13.5 = 13.5 × 4 – 4x
DF is angle bisector of ADC 9x = 13.5 × 4 + 13.5
CF DC 9x = 13.5 × 5
= …(2)
AF AD 13.5  5
Multiply above equation x=
9
AD DC AE CF x = 1.5 × 5 = 7.5
 = 
DB AD EB AF  CD = 5x – 13.5 = 5 × 7.5 – 13.5 = 24
AE DB CF
Now  
EB DC FA 23.
DC
From equation (3) put
DB
AE EB  AF CF
   =1
EB AE  CF FA
PDE is right angle triangle
22.
DPE = CPA = 90°
CP : PE = 2 : 1
CP 2
 =
1 5 1
CP = 3
AP : PD = 2 : 1
AP 2
=
2 1
 BE is angle bisector of B
AP = 4

GEOMETRY 15
 1 3
ar (PAC) = ×3×4=6  Area of rhombus = 2  (2 3 − 2) 2
2 4
1 = 8 3 −12 = 8 k − 12
ar (PCD) =  2  3 = 3
2 Hence k = 3
1 3
ar (PAE) =   4 = 3
2 2 27.
1 3 3
ar (PDE) =  2  =
2 2 2
3 3 27
ar (AEDC) = 6 + 3 + 3 + = 12 + =
2 2 2
 2[AEDC] = 27 As we know that
24. The broken flagpole forms a right triangle AH = 2R cos A
with legs and x hypotenuse 5 – x. AH = 2 × 1 cos 60°
So 12 + x2 = (5 – x)2 1
 AH = 2 
x = 2.4 2
 [x] = 2  AH = 1
28. Let the height to side 15 be h1 Height to the
25.
side of length 10 be h2 The area be A, and
unknown height is h3
15h1 = 2A and 10h2 = 2A
Let distance between lines is h From above equations
3h
So there are 3 possible values for area of the h2 = 1
h 3 2
triangle, that are , h, h From the problem
2 2
Hence, 3 possible values. 2h3 = h1 + h2
h3 = 1.25h1
26.
2A 15
Third side = = = 12
1.25h1 5
4

29.

In AFB, FAE = 30, AE = 3

 EF = 1
So EF = HG – 1
 GF = HE – (HG + FE) = 2 3 − 2
 Rhombus GMFN is made up of 2 By similarity ABC, BDE and CEF all are
equilateral triangle of side GF, isosceles triangle

GEOMETRY 16
 AB = AC, BD = DE and EF = CF and from = 12(1 + 2)  a(1 + b )
parallelogram AD = EF
Therefore ab = 12 × 2 = 24
DE = AF = BD
Perimeter of parallelogram ADEF
AD + DE + EF + AF
31.
 AD + BD + AD + BD = 2(AD + DB)
= 2(AB) = 54
30.

1
Area (ABC) =  3  4 = 6 sq. unit
2
1
=  5 h
2
12
First we should find the center and radius of h=
5
the circle we can find the center by drawing
AWZ ~ BAC
perpendicular bisector of wz and xy. And find
12
their intersection point. If happens on mid −x
x 5
point of AB of hypotenuse. =
5 12
Let this point be M.
5
MY2 = MA2 + AY2
12 12
12 x= −x
MA = = 6, AY = AB = 12 5 5 5
2
12x = 60 – 25x
r = MY = 6 5 37x = 60
Let A = b, BC = a. In ACB 60
a2 + b2 = 122 = 144 x= ≈ 2 (closet integer value)
37
Now E by the midpoint of wz and consider
32. If the second size has length x, then the first
right triangle ZEM.
2 2
side has length 3x and we have the third side
a  b which has length 15. By the triangle inequality
  +  a +  = r = 180
2

2  2 we have,
a2 + ab = 144 = a2 + b2 x + 15 > 3x
ab = b2 2x < 15
b=a x < 7.5
This means that ABC is a 45° – 45° – 90° We want greatest perimeter we want the
triangle greater integer x, and if x < 7.5 then x = 7 then,
12 The first side has length 3 × 7 = 21, the second
So a = b = =6 2
2 side has length 7, the third side has length 15,
So perimeter is 21 + 7 + 15 = 43
The perimeter = a + b + ab = 12 2 + 12

GEOMETRY 17
33. AG
AGF ~ EJF, Hence =5
JE
AG
AGD ~ CHD, Hence =3
HC
HC  AG  HC  5
Thus, =  =
JE  JE  AG  3
3HC 5
 = 3 = 5
JE 3
1
Let ar (AEC) = × 12 × 16 = 96 sq meter
2 36.
1
ar (BDC) = × 4 × 9 = 18 sq meter
2
96 1
ar (ΔABF) = × 1 × × 3 = 18 sq meter
4 4
96 1
ar (DFE) = × 3 × × 1 = 18 sq meter We extend CB and DA to meet at E. This
4 4 gives us a couple right triangles in CED and
ar (BDF) = ar (ABC) – [ar (BDC)
BEA. We see that E = 30°, hence BEA and
+ ar (ABF) + ar (DFE)]
DEC are 30° – 60° – 90° triangles.
= 96 – 54
BE = 2BA = 6
ar (BDF) = 42
CE = BC + BE = 4 + 6 = 10, also EA = 3 3
The difference between ACE and DBF
= 96 – 42 = 54 Because DEC ~ BEA
10 CD
34. We see that the bottom row of 2003 small =
triangles are formed from 1002 upwards 3 3 3
facing triangles and 1001 downwards facing 10
CD = 3
triangles. Since each upward-facing triangle 3 3
uses three distinct toothpicks and since the
10
total numbers of upwards facing triangle is CD =
3
1003 1002
1002 + 1001 + … + 1 = = 502503  3CD = 10
2
We have that the total numbers of toothpicks 37.
is = 3 × 502503
N = 1507509$
Sum of digits of N = 27
35.
ABC ≅ DCB
 EBC is isosceles triangle
Hence EM ⊥ BC and BM = MC = 6 In BME
EM
tan 30 =
BM

GEOMETRY 18
 1 MN AM
EM = 6  =
3 BC AC
1 1 MN 2.5
Area (BEC) =  6  12 =
2 3 3 4
 A = 12 3 15
MN = =L
8
 3 A = 36
15
38. Thus, 8L =  8 = 15
8
41.

A and B can be interchanged, but it doesn't

change the solution.
As AM = BM, CHA ≅ CHM By AEA
congruency
1 AC2 = 202 + 212
So AH = HM that means HM = AB
4  AC = 29
CHM = ABC share same altitude Let P be the foot of the altitude from B to AC
ar (ABC) = 4 × 10 = 40 sq. unit Note that BP is shortest possible length of any
39. (a + b + c) (a + b – c) = 3ab segment
(a + b)2 – c2 = 3ab 1 1
So ar (ABC) =  20  21 =  29  BP
a2 + b2 + 2ab – c2 = 3ab 2 2
a 2 + b2 − c 2 = ab 
2 20  21
BP =
2 29
a 2 + b2 − c 2 1 Which is between 14 and 15.
= = cos C
2ab 2 Let the line segment be BX, with x on AC. As
1 you, move x along the hypotenuse from A to P
 cos C = the length of BX strictly decreases, hitting all
2
Thus C = 60° the integer value from 20, 19, …, 15
Similarly moving x from P to C hits all the
40.
integer values from 15, 16, …, 21
This is the total of 13 line segments.
42.

Let the crease be MN

Let the square have side length x. Connect the
AMN ~ ACB
upper right vertex of square S with the two

GEOMETRY 19
OLYMPIAD BOOKLET

vertices of the triangle's hypotenuse. This ar (ABC )

ar (ADE) =
divides the triangle in several region whose 4
areas must add upto the area of the whole 120
triangle. Which is 6. ar (ADE) = = 30 unit2
4
Square S has area x2, and the two twin triangle
Now,  AD : AE = DF : FE = 5 : 1
x(3 − x) x(4 − x)
region have area and . ar (ADF ) 5
2 2 =
ar (ADE ) 6
The final triangular region with the
5
hypotenuse as its base and height 2 has area 5.  ar (ADF ) =  30 = 25 unit 2
Thus we have 6
x(3 − x) x(4 − x) Thus, ar (FDBG) = ar (ABG) – ar (ADF)
x2 + + +5 = 6 = 100 – 25 = 75 unit2
2 2
2 4 44.
Solving gives x = . The area of S is and
7 49
6 − 4 / 49 145
the desired ratio is =
6 147
145 x
=
147 y ABC ~ FBE
 10(y − x) = 10 (147 − 145) = 10 × 2 = 20 BF  AB
=
FE AC
43.
4− x 4
=
x 3
12
x=
7
Similarly A′B′C′ ~ RB′Q
4 3
RB = y & C S = y
AG is angle bisector of A 3 4
AB 50 5 BG  C′B′ = C′S + SR + RB′
 = = = 4 3
AC 10 1 GC  y+ y+ y =5
3 4
BG : GC = 5 : 1
60
ar( ABG) 5  y=
 = 37
ar(GC ) 1
12 60
ar (ABC ) 120 Thus 7  + 37  = 12 + 60 = 72
 ar(ABG ) = 5 = 5 7 37
6 6
45.
= 100 unit $^{2}$
ar (ADE )  AD   1 
2 2

Now =  = 
ar (ABC )  AB   2 
[as ΔADE ~ ΔABC]

GEOMETRY 20
 In ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 Now BFG ~ CFD
AC2 = 32 + 42 BF FG 2 x
=  =  x = 16
AC = 5 unit FC FD 3 24
ABC ~ BEC 47.
 ar (BEC)
2
4
ar (ABC) =  
5
16
 ar (BEC) = × ar (ABC) Draw WZ and XZ. Join A to C
25
In ABC, y and z are mid points of AB and BC
16 1
 ar (BEC) =   3 4 1
25 2 YZ = AC and YZ || AC
2
96
Now ar (BEC) = 1
25 Similarly, XW = AC and XW || AC
2
96 Thus YZ || AC
= 2  ME
25 XWZ and XWP share same base and are in
48 between same parallels.
ME =
25  ar (XWZ) = ar (XWP)
48 75 − 48 27 Now DXZC is parallelogram.
EN = AB − ME = 3 − = =
25 25 25 1
ar (DXZC) = ar (ABCD) …(2)
1 1 27 2
area (ADE) =  AD  NE =  4 
2 2 25 1
ar (XWZ) = ar (DXZC) …(3)
54 2
 =P From (2) and (3)
25
1
 25P = 54  ar (XWZ) = ar (ABCD) …(4)
4
46. From equation (1) and (4)
1
ar (XWP) = ar (ABCD)
4
% Area of (XWP) with respect to
parallelogram ABCD,
AED ~ CEF  25%  25
AD 15
= 48.
FC 9
AD 5
=
FC 3
Let AD = 5y, FC = 3y
 BF = BC – FC = AD – FC = 2y
 BF = 2x

GEOMETRY 21
 M and N are mid point of AD and CD a = 5, b = 1, c = 2
MD = DN = 15 (a + b – c)2 = (5 + 1 – 2)2 = 16
MN = 15 2 50.
In PMN, PS : SM = PR : RN = 2 : 1
PSR ~ PMN
PS SR
=
PM NM
2 SR
=
3 15 2 Base of these triangles are all 1, and by
SR = 10 2 5 5
symmetry their height 4, , 4,
RQ = 10 2 2 2
5 5
TQ = 10 2 Area's will be 2, , 2,
4 4
Similarly 5 5 13
Area of shaded region = 2 + + 2 + =
ST = 10 2 4 4 2
LMA = NMD  Sum of numerator and denominator = 15
Hence, SRQT is square of the side 10 2 . 51. Let BC = X and CD = AD = Y be positive
Area of quadrilateral formed by centroid integers. Drop perpendicular from A to CD to
= (10 2)2 show that using the Pythagoras theorem
x2 + (y – 2)2 = y2, x2 – 4y + 4 = 0
A = 260 sq unit2
 x2 = 4(y – 1), y is one more than a perfect
A
 = 50 square.
4 Perimeter
49. Let a be the short side of rectangle, b be the
P = 2 + x + 2 y = 2 y + 2 y −1 + 2
long side of the rectangle.
Must be less than 2015.
Diagonal of rectangle = a 2 + b2
But y = 312 + 1 = 962 is valid
a b
= On the lower side y = 1 does not work
b a + b2
2
(because x > 0) but y = 12 + 1 does work.
Hence there are 31 valid y (all y such that y =
 a a 2 + b2 = b2
n2 + 1 for 1 ≤ n ≤ 31).
 a 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) = b 4
 a4 + a2b2 – b4 = 0
−b2  5b4
 a2 =
2
a 2 −1  5
 =
b2 2
a2 5 −1
 =
b2 2

GEOMETRY 22
 3b 3b
ar (BGD) = a + −a =
52. 2 2
ar ( BCF ) 1
=
ar ( BFD ) 2
3a + b 1
+ 2b =
3b 2
Extend BA and CD to meet at E 1  3b 
3a + b =  + 2b 
BED = BDC – EBD = 46° – 23° = 23° 2 2 
Thus BDE is isosceles with DE = BD. 3b + 4b
Because AD || BC, it follows that the triangle 6a + 2b =
2
BCE and ADE are similar. 12a + 4b = 3b + 4b
9 BC CD + DE CD
Therefore, = = = +1 12a = 3b
5 AD DE BD a 1
=
9 b 4
 = CD + 1
5 3
ar (BCD) = 3a + 3b + b
4 p 2
CD = =
5 q 3
= 3a + 3(4a) + (4a) = 15a + 6a = 21a
 p2 + q2 = 42 + 52 = 41 2
ar (ABCD) = 21a × 2 = 42a
53.
3b 3
ar (ABGD) = 21a + = 21a +  4a = 27a
2 2
27a 9 m
= =
ar ( ABGD) 14 n
m + n = 9 + 14 = 23
BE 1 CF 1
= , =
AB 3 AB 3 54.
BE = x, CF = x
CE = 2x, FD = 2x
 ar (BEG)
1
ar (EGC) =
2
The area of triangle ADG can be computed as
ar (BEG) = a, ar (EGC) = 2a
DG  AP
ar (BED)
2
ar (DEC)
FPG is right angle triangle (isosceles) with
1
ar (BED) = hypotenuse of length 2. Hence PG = 2 .
2
The same holds for triangle QED and its leg
1
a + ar (BGD) = (2a + 3b) QD. The length of PQ is equal to FE = 2
2
GD = 2 + 2 2 and AP = PD = 2 + 2

GEOMETRY 23
 Area of ADG
57.
DG  AP (2 + 2 2)(2 + 2)
=
2 2
8+6 2
= = 4+3 2 = a+b c
2
55.

PA = 3, PB = 4, AB = 5
In PAD,
A = 90°
PD2 = AD2 + PA2
PD2 = AB2 + PA2
Drop perpendicular from A and B then the PD2 = 52 + 32
triangle DBY is similar to DEF but with PD2 = 25 + 9
corresponding sides of half the length. PD2 = 34
XY = AB = 4 and DX = YC = 3 58. Extend AG to intersect CD to H. Letting
DY = 7 x = HC , we have that
Hence, DF = 17 HCG ~ HDA
CF = DF – DC = 14 – 10 = 4

56.

Let B (0, 0), E (0, 1), D (2, 2), F (1, 0), A (0,
2), C (2, 0) Equation of DE and AF AEQ ~ HFQ and AEP ~ CFP
x EQ 6
y = + 1, y = −2 x + 2  =
2 EF 13
2 6 AE EQ
= 
AE
=
4
=
6
Intersection of DE and AF will be I  , 
5 5 HF QF HF 3 + 5 7
4
2 2
Similarly BD, y = x, so H  ,  AE EP 4
3 3 and = 
CF FP 3
By shoelace theorem
FP 3
1 14 7 =
Area of BEIH =  = FE 7
2 15 15
 PQ  6 3  42 + 39 
k=7 Thus = 1−  +  = 1−  
EF  13 7   91 

GEOMETRY 24
 81 10 AP 2 = AP 2 + PP 2
= 1− =
91 91  Therefore APB = 90° + 45°
 PQ   APP′ + BPP′
 911 − 
 EF  x° = 180 – (90° + 45°)
x° = 45°
 10 
 911 −  = 81 61. Let x be the area of ADE
 91 
ADE is comprised of 7 small isosceles
59. triangles and a triangle similar to ADE with
side length ratio 3 : 4 (so an area ratio of 9 : 16)
9
Thus x = 7 + x
16
x = 16
ar (DBCE) = 40 – x = 24
AC interest BC at a right angle.
So ABC ~ BED. The hypotenuse of right
1. a+b+c=7
triangle BED is 12 + 22 = 5 (i) 7 = 1 + 1 + 5 as 1 + 1 < 5,  triangle not
AC BD AC 2 possible
=  =  AC = 2 BC
BC ED BC 1 (ii) 7 = 2 + 1 + 4 as 2 + 1 < 4,  triangle not
AC BD AC 2 2 possible
=  =  AC = (iii) 7 = 3 + 1 + 3, it is possible
AB BE 1 5 5
(iv) 7 = 2 + 2 + 3, it is also possible
AC = 3BC
(iii) Area of ()
Since ABC is a right angle triangle
1 1 2 1 1 = 3  5(3  5 − 3)(3  5 − 3)(3  5 − 1)
Area =  AC  BC =   =
2 2 5 5 5 35
= = 1.479
4
60. (iv) Area of ()
= 3  5(3  5 − 2)(3  5 − 2)(3  5 − 3)
3 7
= = 1.9843
4
3 7
Rotate ABCD in left keeping B fixed as shown Maximum possible Area of  is sq. unit
Now P′BP = 90° 4

PP = (2a) 2 + (2a) 2

2.
PP = 2 2a, BPP = BP P = 45
Now in triangle APP′
AP′2 = (3a)2 = 9a2
AP 2 + PP 2 = a 2 + (2 2a)2 = 9a 2

GEOMETRY 25
 CM 2 = 72 – 12 = 48 XY = 3 − 1
CM 2 = 82 – (x + 1)2
A1 D1 = A1 M 2 + D1M 2
 64 – (x + 1)2 = 48  x + 1 = 4
 x=3 = 62 + 42 = 52 = A1 B1
 BD = 3 unit AC × BD = (2A1B1) (2A1D1) = 2 (52) = 208
3. 8.

ΔEFG  ΔEAB
ar ( EAB ) AB 2 5 ( 3 + h ) 25
= = = Let ar (AYX) = ar (BYX) = P
ar ( EFG ) FG 2 2h 4
ar( BXYC ) 13 p + q 13
h=2 ar (CYB) = = = =
ar(ABC ) 18 2 p + q 18
1 25
ar ( AEB ) =  5  ( 3 + h ) = p 5
=
2 2 q 8
4. 1
 AC  BC
ar(ABC ) 2 18
= =
ar(BYC ) 1  BC  CY 8
2
AC 9 AY + CY 9
=  =
CY 4 CY 4
In AMY AY 5
=
YM CY 4
tan 60 = CY2 + 122 = BY2
1
CY2 + 144 = AY2 [as BY = AY]
2
 (4x)2 + 144 = (5x)2
3
YM = x=4
2 9. Let second side = a
Similarly In DNX First side = 3a
NX Third side given = 17 unit
tan 60 =
1 By triangle inequality
2 17 + a > 3a
3 a < 8.5
NX =  a < 8.5
2
So maximum possible integer value of a is 8.
XY = MN – XM – YN
Now coming to perimeters,
 3 Maximum value will be when a = 8
= 1 − 2 1 −  = 3 −1
 2  In P = a + 3a + 17 = 4 (8) + 17 = 32 + 17 = 49

GEOMETRY 26
OLYMPIAD BOOKLET

10.  Area = 5 × 5 = 25 sq unit

(ii)

AXY and BXY have same heights  Area = 6 × 6 = 36

ar(AXY ) Ax 1  Smallest possible area = 25 sq unit
= =
ar(BXY ) Bx 2 13. Let the 2 other side be x and y
ar (BXY) = 20 So, x2 = y2 + 122
x2 – y2 = 144
ar(AYB) Ay 30 2
=  = (x – y) (x + y) = 2 × 72
ar(CYB) Cy ar(CYB) 1
(find maximum x + y to get maximum
ar (CYB) = 15 perimeter)
ar (ABC) = 10 + 20 + 15 = 45 x–y=2
11. x + y = 72
2x = 74
x = 37
 y = 35
P = x + y + 12 = 84 unit
14.

XN = 19 and YM = 22
In XON
a2
b2 + = 192 …(i)
4
Let PAB = θ
102
+ a 2 = 222 …(ii)  MBE = θ = PAB
4
In MEB
On adding above equations
MEA = 90 + θ
5 2
(a + b2 ) = 192 + 222  MEB = 180 – (90 + θ) = 90 – θ
4
In AEF
a 2 + b2 = 169  4
AFE = 90 – 2 · θ
(XY)2 = 169 × 4
As AFB is right angle triangle and E is
XY = 26
midpoints of AB
12. (i)
AE = EF
FAE = AFE
θ = 90 – 2θ
3θ = 90
θ = 30°

GEOMETRY 27
 In ACB Which has 7C2 = 21 solutions
8 3 For c = 9, a + b ≥ 2 and 1 ≤ a < b ≤ 8
tan 30 =
AB Which has 8C2 = 28 solutions
8 3 
AB = Total no of solutions = 73
1
17.
3
AB = 24
15. Let a, b, c are sides of triangles.
Let the Area of triangle is A
1
= × Height × Base
2
1 1 1
10  a = 12  b = 15  c = A Clearly PKBT, PMCL and PSAN are
2 2 2
parallelogram, Let
A A 2A
a = ,b = ,c = PT = KB = x
5 6 15 PM = LC = y
From Heron's formula PK = BT = z
A = s(s − a)( s − b)(s − c) KL = MN = ST = l
A  A  A  7 A  ∵ PTM ~ ABC
A=     y 26 − 1
4  20  12  60   = …(1)
65 26
A A 1
A=    7 Again, NKP ~ ABC
2 20 6
Adding equation (1) and (2)
240
A= l 26 − l 78 − l 78 − 3l + 78 − l
7 = + = = 6l
65 26 78 78
A  240  1 60 = 5 (156 – 4l)
S= =  =
4  7 4 7 26l = 5 × 156
16.  a < b < c < 10 5 156
l= = 30
26
 a, b, c, 10 from a quadrilateral if a + b +
But l must be less than 26, hence no solution
c > 10
is possible.
i.e a + b + c ≥ 11
Now 11 ≤ a + b + c ≤ c – 2 + c – 1 + c 18.
3c – 3 ≥ 11  c ≥ 5
 5≤c≤9
For c = 5, a + b ≥ 6 and 1 ≤ a < b ≤ 4
Which has only two solutions
For c = 6, a + b ≥ 5 and 1 ≤ a < b ≤ 5
Which has 5C2 − 2 = 8 solutions 1
xa = 16  xa = 32
For c = 7, a + b ≥ 4 and 1 ≤ a < b ≤ 7 2

GEOMETRY 28
OLYMPIAD BOOKLET

1
b( y − a) = 9  b( y − a) = 18 20.
2
1
y( x − b) = 25  y( x − b) = 50
2
From equation (1) and (2)
32b 18x
by − = 18  b = …(4)
x xy − 32
From (3) and (4)
Let G be centroid D, E, F be mid points of FE
18 xy
 xy − = 50 Let BE = 3x, CF = 3y given AD = 30
xy − 32 Hence, AM = 5, GM = 5, GD = 10, BG = 2x,
Let xy = t GE = x, CG = 2y, GF = y
t 2 − 32t − 18t Now D is mid point of hypotenuse of right
= 50 angle triangle BGC
t − 32
t2 – 100t + 1600 = 0 So D is circumcentre of the triangle
t = 80, 20xy ≠ 20 So BD = GD = 10  BC = 20
 t = xy = 80 Hence, 4 (x2 + y2) = 400
x2 + y2 = 100
area (AEF) = 80 – (16 + 9 + 25) = 30
1
19. 9 (x2 + y2) = [2BC2 + 2AB2 – AC2 + 2BC2
4
+ 2AC2 – AB2]
900 × 4 = 4BC2 + AB2 + AC2
AB2 + AC2 = 3600 – 1600 = 2000
AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2 2400
A A Hence, = = 24
Clearly 1 = 3  A12 = A2 A3 100 100
A2 A1
21.
Now 6 products are
A12 , A22 , A1A2, A1A2, A1A3, A1A3
Reduces to 3 cases only
Case 1: when A12 = 1296 and A1A2 = 576
 2A1 + A2 + A3 = 169
Case 2: when A12 = 576 and A1A2 = 1296
 2A1 + A2 + A3 = 112.66 < 169
AB = 2DC
Case 3: when A12 = 1296 and A1A2 = 576
In HG1G2 and HDE
 2A1 + A2 + A3 = 25 24  169 HG1 G1G2 2
Hence maximum value of = =
HD DE 3
2 A1 + A2 + A3 = 13 2 2  AB  AB
G1G2 = DE =  =
3 3 2  3
G1G2G3 – ABC

GEOMETRY 29
 2
 AB   3  24.
ar(ABC )
2
( AB) 2
= =  = 
ar(G1G2 G3 ) ( G1G2 ) 2
 G1G2   1 
ar(ABC ) = 9  ar ( G1G2G3 )
Area of (ABC) = 9 × 7 = 63
The pairs E1, E2 satisfies condition or E1 =
22.
intersection of CBO with AC and E2 =
intersection of L bisector of B and AC.
 That DE2B = CE2B. and for
E1BE1C = BDC = BCD = BE1D
 AE1 · AC = AD · AB = 7 × 15
AE2 XY
Let AD and BE meet at F =
B AC XC
Now ABF = FBD = and AFB = (For Y is midpoint of OC and X is foot of
2
BFD = 30° and BF is common to triangle altitude from A to CD)
XD 7
ABF and BFD Also = , DY = YC
Hence the two triangles are congruent DY 8
7 XD + DY 15 15
So AF = FD =  = =
2 XC 7 + 8 + 8 23
Also, AB = BD  AB : BC = 1 : 2 XY 15 AE2 15
 =  =
 AE : EC = 1 : 2 XC 23 AC 23
So Area of triangle ABC = 3 (Area of ABE) 15 225  7
= AE1  AE2 =  7 15 =
1 3 7 189 23 23
= 3  AF  BE =   9 = = 47.25
2 2 2 4  225  7 
Hence nearest integer = 47. [] =   = 68
 27 
23.
25.

[ABCA] = [ABD] + [BCA]

3x xH
1 = H +
Area of BGC =  6 10  sin  2 2
2
4x  H
To maximum the Area of BGC, sin θ = 1 [ ABCD] = = 2x  H
2
 Maximum Area of BGC = 30
1
Maximize Area of ABC = 3 × ar (BGC) Also, [CDE ] = [ BDC ]
= 3 × 30 = 90 sq. unit 2

GEOMETRY 30
 1 1 1 y2
=  xH = xH x2 + + xy = 100
2 2 4 4
[ ABCD] xy = 19
 =8
[CDE ] 27. Right angled CED
[ABCD] = 8 × [CDE] CE = 312 − 112 = 72  50 = 6 × 10 = 60
So, n = 8 Hence ABC is isosceles Δ
26. Let AB = CD = x  AF Divide
And AD = BC = y
1
y2 BC = BF + FC (BF = FC) 48 + + 61 = 2 BF
Then, 2 x + y = 20, x 2 + = 81 61
4
1
(20 − 2 x) 2 109 + = 2 BF
 x + 2
= 81 61
4
1 1
 x2 + 100 + x2 – 20x = 81 54 + + = BF
2 122
 2x2 – 20x + 19 = 0
61 + 1
20  400 − 152 54 + = BF
 x= 122
4 31
54 + = BF
10  62 61
x=
2 In right angled AFC
 y = 10 62  31 
2

AC 2 =  54 +  + AF 2 …(1)
(10) 2 − 62  61 
So, Area of rectangle = = 19
2 In right angled AEC
AC2 = (602) + (AE)2
31 1
DF = BF − BD = 54 + − 48 −
61 61
30
= 6+
61
Method II: So in right angled triangle AFD
x + y + x = 20 AD2 = AF2 + DF2
2x + y = 20 (AE + ED)2 – DF2 = AF2
2
 30 
(AE + 11)2 –  6 +  = AF 2
 31 
Equation (i) and (ii)
2 2
 31   30 
 54 +  + ( AE + 11) =  6 + 
2

 61   31 
Square Both side EC (1) = (60) 2 + AE 2
2
 y On solving AE = 25
 x +  = 100
 2

GEOMETRY 31
 29.

b + c = 25
28. CD is the bisector of C 2a + 2b + c + d = 100
AD 4 2 EQA ≅ EBC
 = =
BD 6 3  [ECQ] = a + 2b
∴ AD = 2 and BD = 3 FPC ~ PDQ
Now, DH | BC h1  x
 Area of FCP =
AD AN 2 2
 = =
BD MC 3 h1 x 1 1
= =  h1 = h
3 12 h2 4 x 4 5
 NC =  4 =
5 5 hx 2hx 100
Also DM | AC  [ FCP] = = = = 5  a = 15
10 20 20
BM BD 3
 = = b=5
MC DA 2
c = 20
2 12
 MC =  6 = d = 100 – 2a – 2b – c = 40
5 5
30.
So, DMCM is a rhombus.
6 2 + 4 2 − 52
Now, cos C =
264
2 2
 12   12 
  +   − ( MN )
2

=  5  5
2
 12 
2 
5 Let M, N be the midpoints of AB, AC. Join
On solving integer get PM, NS M is circumcentre of right angled
126 p APB
MN 2 = =
25 q  MAP = MPA = B/2
 |p – q| = 101  BMP = B = MBC
 Sum of the digits of |p – q| = 1 + 0 + 1 = 2  PM || BC
Similarly NS || BC
MN || BC (midpoint theorem)
 P, M, N, S are collinear
Now, join MR, NQ
M is circumcentre of right angled ARB
MR = MB  MRB = MBR = B/2 = RBC

GEOMETRY 32
  MR || BC Area of square ABCD = a2 = 45 sq. units
Similarly NQ || BC 32. a, b, c are prime numbers and a + c = 2b and
M, Q, R, N are collinear a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle.
 PMQRNS is a straight line If L = a + b + c is minimum
Also PR, QS are diameters of cyclic  b is minimum.
quadrilateral APBR, ASCQ = PM = MR and Let b = 2  a + c = 4 No solution
QN = NS b = 3  a + c = 6 No solution
b = 5  a + c = 10
 a = 3, c = 7 or a = 7, c = 3
13 14 Let the largest angle a°.
PM = MR = , QN = NS = = 7 9 + 25 − 49 −1
2 2 cos a = =
13 30 2
 PA = PB = , NA = NC = 7 a = 120
2
 AB = 13  AC = 14 L = 15
a
MN = MR + QN − QR =
13
+7−6 =
15 = 08
2 2 L
 BC = 2MN = 15 (Midpoint Theorem) 33.
Sides are 13, 14, 15
 Area = 84 (Heron's formula)
31.

Let AD = a and AB = 2a
Let DAB = 2θ
So, AW = a cos θ
If DX intersect AB at X′, then AX′ = a
Similarly BX′ = a
MQ = MB + BQ = a (cos θ + sin θ) So, X and X′ are the same points.
In ANC, Similarly, we can prove that Z also lies on CD.
MQ tan (θ – 45°) = 3 [ADW] = [ZDW] = [AWX] = [ZWX] = 5
– a (cos θ – sin θ) = 3 So, area of ABCD = 8 × 5 = 40.
In AMB, 34.
a sin θ = 6
a cos θ = 3
tan θ = 2
a sin θ = 6
2 Let BE = 3K, CF = 3M
a =6
5 3 3 1 1
BY = K , CZ = M = K , ZG = M
a=3 5 2 2 2 2

GEOMETRY 33
 GE = K, FG = M 35. Let A (a, b) C (96 – a, 72 – b) B (0, 0)
ar (ABC) = 480 D (192 – 2a, 144 – 2b)
1 1  3a − 192 + 2a 3b − 144 + 2b 
ar(BEC ) = ar(ABC ) =  480 = 240 E , 
2 2  3− 2 3− 2 
2 2  (5a − 192,5b − 144)
ar(BGC ) = ar(BEC ) =  240
3 3
= 2  80 = 160 in BGC
GY GZ 1
= =
YB ZC 3
ar(GYZ )  1 
2

= 
ar(BGC )  4 
ar(GYZ ) 1
=
160 16 F(–3a, –3b) K(0, 0) G(32, 24)
160
ar(GYZ ) = = 10 GK = (32) 2 + (24) 2 = 8 16 + 9 = 40
16

GEOMETRY 34