Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU), Varanasi
MA101 Engineering Mathematics I: Even Semester 2022-23
Tutorial sheet 2: Sequences
20.
Exercise 1: Let x0 2 Q. Show that there exists a sequence {xn }n2N such that xn ! x.
Hint: Use Density theorem.
O Take
constant
no."
Exercise 2: Let {xn }n2N be a sequence in R. Prove or disprove the following statements:
sequence
(i) If xn ! 0 and {yn } is a bounded sequence then xn .yn ! 0.
(ii) If xn ! 1 and {yn } is a bounded sequence then xn .yn ! 0.
Hint: Definition of a convergent sequence.
Exercise 3: Let {xn }n2N be a sequence of positive real numbers. Prove or disprove the following statements:
(i) If xn+1 xn ! 0 then xn converges.
(ii) If |xn+2 xn+1 | < |xn+1 xn | for all n 2 N, then xn converges.
(iii) If {xn }n2N satisfies the Cauchy criterion, then there exists an ↵ 2 (0, 1) such that
|xn+2 xn+1 | ↵|xn+1 xn | for all n 2 N.
Exercise 4: For any constant k, prove that
kn
lim = 0.
n!1 n!
Hint: Use Squeeze/Sandwich theorem.
Exercise 5: Check the convergence of the following sequences:
1
(i) a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + 5n .
n2023
(ii) an = (2024)n .
(iii) an = n sin( n1 )
there
Given any real numbers, exists a
sequence
and a irrational
sequence of
numbers
of rational numbers
to
converging
2.
Let xt IR.
Recall that
a
sequence (n.) converges to (if
exists
for every 240, there a natural number
n> Na.
No such that Un-L/<5
7Un eR and 9's.t
ByDensity theorem,
ynt
Un, ynt(x -
1, x h)
+
tneN.
nEIN.
IUn-x/<
=>
and lyn-x1c + veN.
Let 2700
It follows 12-2 KE
that when i
nst. i.e
Let
Na=[I] in smallest
the
integer greaten
to
than as
equal 12.
In-no <E n, Ns.
.
im Similarly Wyn
2. u
=
-> m
=
n- 0
and is bad.
& is un->o as new
you
sequence, IT
bounded I
Since [Yn] is a
5: 1Yu/<Tf n eN.
Let2300 Since him un =
0,7 NCCN S.A
n- a
Na.
<4/X
>
(l u
:Ian yn-01 -lunllal
fn>Na
<E. #
>E n>Nc.
f
=> him snyn
=
0.
n+0
and is bod
(ii) in- ye
m
&q: -
2 =
In:in (in can be
any constant
= N
->-$13n) 1/0n
Clearly sun
and 2n·7n n
=
-> 0.
93) (i) False
&
xn [Link].
=
to 0.
Then Sun] diverges
1 s)
2n 2u H -
v(a
m
-
b)(a b)
+
an
-
= =
1
+
-a
=
+E
>o (: nsv)
clearly,
an -0 and in
diverges.
ii) False. (same Eg.)
nn 0
=
xu+3 - 2 1
+
(+2
=
- 1
=
Mu+ - x 1
= -
F
r
=
·. πc + T
=
ππ π * neN
i.9 (utz -0nn) (nx-2nl NZEN.
is
but
an not
a
convergentsequence.
(iii) False. (The converse is true.
letus assume thatun
== and I a t10.)
Sit (2n+ -
xu+ 1) =</2n +1
-
2u)tneN
=
(x- 1=c) -
plnius -eN
i
=)
=>
hm z 1 2
=) 11xX
is
943
--
K a constant.
Is:-
-> 0.
=) I MEN s. + M-1CK M.
air -
In ↓ n=M.
PMI:
Proofby -
When him,
I am
let
us assume that
= (m) I
n) M.
for some
Then
Is= - -"
I ()"
-
() asmal
-
()
M
II.
-
slaim:
-
-
((** 0.
=
(Use def")
By Sandwich, in: 0.
Ms
at:I:
Lim
it
t
= 0 < 1
n+ x
-s him an 0.
=
(By th 3.2.11 (Bartle)
Pg-69).
n+ 0
155,is an
e
im = (*)2023.
-Sen
im
->
an 0.
=
&3)(iis::x since -
=>
-as sinceI
I
=> I -
2 sint? I
lim
=>
n - 0
usint=1 (By Squeeze Thm)
I
⑤5) (is a, =
1;Ant = an+
5
un
Let230 and nimeN s.t nym.
I am -am:1am-ant Qu-Qura+an-z
. . . . .
am+
+
-
am I
law-anrl+ant-arzl+...+1amt-and
↓
=Butsureen
>mE()" =
-x
5m
:5m
1
-E when
4<5(m-
i.e
log (na)<(m-1). log(s)
i.e, my
are +
Tya),it
Take Na =
F n,m>Na
Then 12-cul >&
is
=> [Un] a
camely sequence
Sun is
convergent. (By Cauchy convergent
Critical
->