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1. Aim of the Practical
The aim of this practical is to determine the elastic and non-elastic properties of steel, as well as
its behavior under load and at the fracture point.
2. Summary of Theory
The tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a static or slowly applied force. The test
provides data on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stress. The key
properties determined from the tensile test include:
Stress: Force per unit area, measured in MPa.
Strain: Deformation per unit length.
Modulus of Elasticity: Ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.
Yield Stress: Stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS): Maximum stress a material can withstand.
Percentage Elongation: Measure of ductility.
Percentage Reduction in Area: Measure of ductility.
True Fracture Stress: Stress at the point of fracture.
3. Sketch of the Apparatus
Include a clear sketch of the tensile testing machine, indicating the specimen, load cell, and
extensometer.
4. Procedure
1. Measure the initial dimensions of the specimen: initial length (38.1 mm) and initial
diameter (3.4 mm).
2. Place the specimen in the tensile testing machine.
3. Apply the tensile load until the specimen fractures.
4. Measure the final dimensions: final length (40.4 mm) and final diameter (2.2 mm).
5. Record the load and extension data.
5. Experimental Data & Observations
Tabulate the load and extension data collected during the test.
6. Calculations
Stress and Strain
1. Initial Cross-sectional Area (A₀): $$A₀ = \pi \left(\frac{d₀}{2}\right)^2 = \pi \left(\frac{3.4
\text{ mm}}{2}\right)^2 = 9.08 \text{ mm}^2$$
2. Final Cross-sectional Area (A₁): $$A₁ = \pi \left(\frac{d₁}{2}\right)^2 = \pi \left(\frac{2.2
\text{ mm}}{2}\right)^2 = 3.80 \text{ mm}^2$$
3. Stress (σ): $$\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$$
4. Strain (ε): $$\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L₀} = \frac{40.4 \text{ mm} - 38.1 \text{ mm}}{38.1
\text{ mm}} = 0.0604$$
Tensile Properties
1. Modulus of Elasticity (E): $$E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon}$$
2. Yield Stress: Stress at the yield point.
3. Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS): Maximum stress observed.
4. Percentage Reduction in Area: $$% \text{ Reduction in Area} = \frac{A₀ - A₁}{A₀} \times
100 = \frac{9.08 - 3.80}{9.08} \times 100 = 58.16%$$
5. Percentage Elongation: $$% \text{ Elongation} = \frac{\Delta L}{L₀} \times 100 = 6.04%$$
6. True Fracture Stress: $$\sigma_f = \frac{F_f}{A_f}$$
7. Results
Tabulate the calculated stress, strain, and tensile properties.
8. Graph
Using Excel, plot the stress-strain curve. Make sure to label the axes and include units.
9. Discussion and Conclusions
Discuss the results, comparing the experimental data with theoretical expectations. Highlight
the brittle nature of the fracture and the implications for the material properties of steel.
Would you like me to create the Excel graph for you? If so, please provide the load and extension
data, and I can generate the graph accordingly.