Acknowledgement I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our Principal [Link] Raj sir for giving me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Factors on which internal resistance of cell depends” which has helped me in doing a lot of research, I would extend my heartiest thanks to my Physics teacher Mr. Jaya Prakash sir for providing me with all the support I required at all times. T would like to gratefully thank my parents for providing me with all the facilities and a favourable environment at home. I would also thank my friends who have given me support and helped me in finalizing the project in the given time frame.INDEX Topic Introduction includes internal resistance definition Practical Analysis includes © Objective « Apparatus e Theory © Circuit diagram « Procedure « Result and Inferences * Precautions e Sources of error Conclusion Acknowledgment and bibliographIntroduction There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be increased greatly. This project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable. Internal Resistance The resistance within a battery, or other voltage source, that causes a drop in the source voltage when there is a current.Internal resistance Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the ceil to the flow of ions, its 5.1. unit is Ohm (Q). For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit,E=Vt+lIr Internal Resistance r= E-V Practical analysis > OBJECTIVE To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends. > APPARATUS A potentiometer, a battery for battery eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche ceil), a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper,» THEORY The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell « Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes. Let x be the distance between the electrodes, then, rax Js inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte. Let A be the surface area of the electrodes, then, ral/A© Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte. e /s inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte. The internal resistance of a cell is given by: r= (E-V)/I > CIRCUIT DIAGRAMPower Supply 4 The above circuit includes: “A power supply ¥ Two one way keys “A galvanometer vA Resistance Box ¥ A Leclanche cell “A shunt resistance > PROCEDURE1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to the circuit diagram. 2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box. 3. Check the e.m,f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will nat be obtained. To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation 4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm. 5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small. 6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer. 7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure the balancing length (1,) between the null point and the end P. 8. Next introduce plugs in both keys Ki and Kz. At the same time, take out a small resistance (1 - 5W)from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell. 9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point. 10. Measure the balancing length (Iz) from end P. Record these observations. 11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart. 12. Then remove the plugs of keys K; and Kz. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10. 13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations. To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes 14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation. 15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.To study variation of internal resistance with ncen ion r 16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations. 17. Obtain three such observations by repeating Step 7 to 10. Record your readings.> OBSERVATIONS [Link]. Ammeter Position of null paint Shunt Internal Reading (cm) Resistance | Resistance (R) (r) With R Without (hi) R (la) 1. 0.3 660.5 | 35.5 1 | 0.94 2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77 3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51 Table for effect of separation between electrodes: 5. No. Separation | Balancing | Balancing | Internal rid between point point | resistance electrodes Ii(cm) la (em) r(Q) d (cm) dy ee 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 Ri 25 320.7 219.1 0.45 0.38 | 3. | 3.7 1.406 | 0.38 | 660.5 | 350.9Table for effect of temperature: . | Temperature h hb i Internal a Tec) (cm) (cm) Resistance r (a) 326.6 | 276.9 | 0.456 | 0.38 as 3.7 660.5 | 350.9 | 1.406 | 0.38 | 283.87>» RESULT AND INFERENCES © The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E£ = 0.98 Volt. © The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation between the electrodes. rad © The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte. rai/A © The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes. rat ® The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte. rai/c> PRECAUTIONS The connections should be neat, clean and tight. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E; and £2 should all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires. . The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose. » SOURCES OF ERROR © The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged. © The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material density throughout its length. e End resistances may not be zero.Flowchart CONCLUSION | Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell Distance Area of Temperature Concentration between the electrodes of of Electrolyte electrodes Saversely Electrolytes Inversely Directly Proportional Inversely Proportional Proportional ProportionalBibliography [Link] [Link] www. [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]