CE 355 Fall 2024
CE 355 Structural Analysis
II
Approximate Methods
Deflected Shapes
Frames
Draw the moment diagram for the tapered frame shown. Assume the support at A is a
roller and B is a pin.
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Frames
• “Sign Convention” for frames
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Frames
• What does + mean?
Frames
• To avoid confusion, we’ll sketch the moment
diagrams by indicating curvature (sense of
bending
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Internal Force Diagrams
Internal Force Diagrams
• Is the system stable & statically determinate?
• If so, can start by determining the reaction
forces.
• FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
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Internal Force Diagrams
Internal Force Diagrams
Fvertical 0 Ra Re 3q
Fhorizontal 0 Ha He
3q 3q
M @a 0 Re 2 Ra
2
• How do we determine the horizontal reactions?
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Internal Force Diagrams
2q
M @C 0 He
3
2q
Ha
3
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Internal Force Diagrams
• Moment diagram – can now construct
element by element
• In general, when you cut a frame element
you release three internal resultants –
moment, shear force & axial force
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Internal Force Diagrams
2q 2
Mba
3
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Internal Force Diagrams
Mde q 2
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Internal Force Diagrams
2q 2
Mbc
3
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Internal Force Diagrams
Mdc q 2
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Internal Force Diagrams
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Internal Force Diagrams
F 0
2q
Vba 0.67q
3
3q
Nba 1.5q
2
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Internal Force Diagrams
2q
Nbc cos Vbc sin
3
3q
Nbc sin Vbc cos
2
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Nbc q 1.01q
6 17
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Vbc q 1.29q
6 17
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Internal Force Diagrams
32q 25q
Vcb 2q cos , N cb 2q sin
6 17 6 17
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Internal Force Diagrams
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Internal Force Diagrams
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APPROXİMATE ANALYSİS
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APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The analysis when using a model must satisfy both the conditions of:
• Equilibrium
• Compatibility of displacements at joints
For an initial design, member sizes are not known & statically indeterminate analysis
cannot be done
A simpler model, i.e. statically determinate analysis, must be developed
The analysis of this model is known as an approximate analysis
The preliminary design of the members can be made
After which, the more exact indeterminate analysis can be performed & the design
refined
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TRUSSES
In the case shown, the truss is indeterminate to the third degree
# of unknowns: 16+3=19
# of equations: 8*2=16
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TRUSSES
Assumptions may be made with regards to the following:
• When 1 diagonal in the panel is in tension, the corresponding cross diagonal will be
in compression
Two methods of analysis are generally acceptable:
Method 1
• If the diagonals are intentionally designed to be long & slender, it is reasonable to
assume they cannot support compression force
• Otherwise, they may easily buckle
• Hence, the compressive diagonal is assumed to be a zero-force member
Method 2
• If the diagonals are intended to be constructed from large rolled sections such as
angles or channels, they may be equally capable of supporting a tensile & compressive
force
• We will assume that tension & compression diagonals each carry half the panel shear
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TRUSSES
Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss. The
diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and compressive forces,
and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel shear. The support
reactions have been computed.
Assume that FAE=FFB=F
Fy 0
3
20 10 2 F 0 F 8.33kN
5
FFB 8.33kN(T)& FAE 8.33kN(C)
MA 0
4
8.33 (3) FFE (3) 0 FFE 6.67 kN(C)
5
MF 0
4
8.33 (3) FAB (3) 0 FAB 6.67 kN(T)
5
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TRUSSES
From Joint A,
Fy 0
3
F AF 8 . 33 10 0 F AF 15 kN(T)
5
Assume that FDB=FEC=F
FDB 8.33kN(T), FED 6.67 kN(C)
FEC 8.33kN(C), FBC 6.67 kN(T)
From Joint D&E
FDC 5 kN(C)
FEB 10 kN(T)
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VERTICAL LOADS ON FRAMES
Building frames often consist of girders that are rigidly connected to columns
This is to allow the structure to better able to resist the effects of lateral forces
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VERTICAL LOADS ON FRAMES
Assumptions for approximate analysis
• The column supports at A & B will each exert 3 reactions on the girder
• The girder will be statically indeterminate to the third degree
• 3 assumptions would be needed to perform an approximate analysis
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Assumptions for approximate analysis
- If the columns are stiff, no rotation at A & B will occur
- However, if the column connections at A & B are very flexible, then zero moments will
occur at the supports
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Assumptions for approximate analysis
• Columns will provide some flexibility at the supports
• Point of zero moment occurs at the average point between the two
extremes (0.21L+0) / 2 ≈ 0.1L from each support
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Assumptions for approximate analysis
• In summary the 3 assumptions are incorporated:
• There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the left support
• There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the right support
• The girder does not support an axial force
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EXAMPLE 8
Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by members EF and
CD of the building bent.
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EXAMPLE 8
For an approximate analysis, the frame is modeled as shown.
Note that the cantilevered spans supporting the center portion of the girder have a
length of 0.1L = 0.5 m
Equilibrium requires end reactions of center portion = 32 kN
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EXAMPLE 8
Cantilevered spans are subjected to moment of:
M 8(0.25) 32(0.5) 18kN • m
This approximate moment with opposite direction acts on the joints at E & C.
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PORTAL FRAMES
Portal frames are used to transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of frame to the
foundation
For pin-supported columns, assume horizontal shear are equal
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PORTAL FRAMES
For fixed-supported columns, assume horizontal reactions are equal and a point of
inflection occurs on each column, midway between base of column & the lowest point
of truss member connection to column
Compare with the
previous example
Effect of lateral load
on moment
distribution &
design approach
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LATERAL LOADS ON BUILDING
FRAMES
A building bent deflects in the same way as a portal frame
Each bent of the frame can be considered as a series of portals
The interior columns would represent the effect of 2 portal columns & would carry 2x
the shear V as the exterior columns
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LATERAL LOADS ON BUILDING
FRAMES
The portal method for analyzing fixed supported building frames requires the
following assumptions:
• A hinge is placed at the center of each girder
• A hinge is placed at the center of each column
• At a given floor level, the shear at the interior column hinges is 2x that at
the exterior column hinges
These assumptions provide an adequate reduction of the frame to one that is
statically determinate and yet stable under loading
This method is more suitable for buildings having low elevation and uniform framing
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EXAMPLE 9
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame. Use
the portal method of analysis.
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EXAMPLE 9
Applying the first 2 assumptions of the portal method, we place hinges at the centers
of the girders & columns of the frame.
A section through the column hinges at I, J, K & L yields the free body diagram. The
third assumption regarding the column shear applies.
Fx 0; 6 6V 0 V 1kN
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EXAMPLE 9
Using this result, we proceed to dismember the frame at the hinges & determine their
reactions.
As a general rule, always start analysis at the corner or joint where the horizontal load
is applied.
The free-body diagram of segment IBM is shown.
The 3 reactions components at the hinges are
determined by applying
M M 0; Fx 0; Fy 0
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EXAMPLE 9
The adjacent segment MJN is analyzed next.
This is followed by segment NKO and OGL.
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EXAMPLE 9
Using these results, the free body diagram of the columns with their support reactions
are shown.
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EXAMPLE 10
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Frames
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Frames
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Deflected Shapes
• In frames, the axial deformations are significantly
smaller than deformations due to flexure
• When sketching the deflected shape, a joint can only
move perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
bar.
• If the joints are rigid (and we’ll assume they are unless
there is a pin), the original angles are preserved, even
though the whole joint may rotate.
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Deflected Shapes
• What if beam very flexible or extremely rigid?
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Deflected Shapes
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Deflected Shapes
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Joints
• Joints MUST be in equilibrium!!!
• End moments & external moments at the
joint must sum to zero.
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 2
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Example 2
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Inflection Points
• Can we estimate the location of the inflection
points? Why is this important?
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Inflection Points
• If columns were infititely rigid, inflection points
(ip) would be at about length/5 (i.e. 0.21L) to the
two ends
• If columns were extremely flexible, ips would
move to the supports
• The ip will be located somewhere between
these two extremes depending on the relative
rigidity of the members
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