Chapter 6: Calculus

TMUA MAT STEP

Introduction

Calculus, that is, differentiation and integration, lies at the heart of seemingly

every aspect of pure mathematics. Knowing rates of change, finding maximum

and minimum values of a function and finding the area under a curve are just

some of the many applications.

Differentiation

The MAT specification (but not the TMUA specification), requires you to know

about differentiation from first principles, namely that for a function f(x) as shown

in the diagram, the gradient of the tangent to y = f(x) at the point A(x, f(x)) is

approximated by the chord AB. The approximation becomes increasingly accurate

as B moves towards A, or equivalently as h tends to 0.

Thus .

In this way, f ′(x) is a function that computes the gradient of the tangent to a curve

given the x coordinate of the point on the curve. The gradient of the normal can

then also be found by using the result that if m1 and m2 are the gradients of two

perpendicular lines (neither being vertical) then m1m2 = -1.

f ′(x) is a function that computes the gradient of the tangent to a curve given the x

coordinate of the point on the curve. The function f ′ is called the derivative of f

because it is derived from the function f. This notation was introduced by Joseph-

Louis Lagrange with second and third derivatives denoted by f ′′ (x) and f ′′′ (x).

For even higher derivatives, the primes (dashes) are often replaced by numerals in
(4)
brackets, e.g. f (x) for the fourth derivative.
Leibnitz used the notation in place of f ′ (x) when y = f(x). Using this notation

it is not always clear that is a function; it looks more like a fraction. When

evaluating the derivative at, for example, x = 2, Lagrange’s notation gives f ′ (2)

whereas when using Leibnitz’s notation we either write when x = 2, , or

we write

There are some advantages to Leibnitz’s notation. If, in the above diagram, you

denote h by ∆x, and let ∆y = f(x + ∆x) - f(x), so that ∆y is the small change in y

caused by the small change ∆x in x, then is the limit of as ∆x → 0. So,

although is definitely not a fraction, it is defined in terms of the limit of a

fraction. This explains why appears to behave like a fraction in, for example,

the chain rule, where if z = f(y) and y = g(x), then, provided all of the derivatives

exist, . The corresponding result using Lagrange’s notation is the

rather cumbersome (fg)′ = f ′(g(x))g ′(x).

You need to be familiar with both Lagrange’s and Leibnitz’s notations. In

addition, be aware that is really a shorthand version of . This is why the

second derivative is written as and not .

You are expected to know and use the results that for any

rational n (MAT and TMUA) and that for any real k (MAT only).

Try it out

You should already know how to differentiate some functions from the work you

have covered in school. Make sure you know how you would deal with each of

the questions below.

For the MAT and TMUA

In questions 1 and 2, differentiate each of the following functions with respect to

x.

3 The function f(x) is defined for x > 0 by .

Find the value of f ′(9).

4 Find the gradient of the normal to the curve at the

point where x = 16.

5 The normal to the curve is drawn at the point on the curve, P, where x

= 1. This line cuts the x axis at A and the y axis at B. Simplify the ratio AP :

PB.

2
6 The line y = mx - 15, where m < 0, is tangent to the curve y = 2x - 5 at the

point (p, q).

What is the value of p?

3 3
7 The curves with equations y = x + c and y = x touch (that is, meet

tangentially) at a single point. Find all the possible values of c.

For the MAT only

Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x.

x 3
1 (e )

3
Stationary points

The derivative of a function is used to calculate the gradient of the tangent at any

point on the graph of the function. Of particular interest is when the tangent is

horizontal, and therefore the derivative is zero, since this is true at any local

maximum or local minimum on the graph. (The word ‘local’, sometimes omitted,

is used to clarify that the maximum or minimum is achieved just in a

neighbourhood around the point and not necessarily on the whole domain of the

function.) The points on the graph of a function where the derivative is zero are

called stationary points. Assuming the curve is not a horizontal line, stationary

points are characterised by whether the gradient of the tangent is positive or

negative on either side, as shown in the diagram.

The number of roots of a polynomial equation

There are various methods for finding the number of solutions of a given

equation, and some are discussed elsewhere in this book.

In the case of a polynomial, thinking of its graph and the location of its stationary

points allows you to determine how many real roots it has.

Example 1

Question

(i) Show that

(ii) How many real roots does the equation

Solution

(i)

Want to show

i.e.

which is > 0.

Hence

5 4 3 2
For part (ii) let f(x) = 4x + 35x + 60x + 130x − 600x + 300. Since the
5
coefficient of x is positive, you know that as x → -∞ then f(x) → -∞ and as

x → ∞ then f(x) → ∞. You may also know that a degree 5 polynomial

curve has at most four stationary points (since f ′(x) = 0 is a quartic

equation).

(ii) Let .
Since adding the coefficients of the left-hand side gives zero, you can

quickly spot that (x - 1) is a factor of the quartic polynomial.

Now the reason for the first part of the question starts to become clear:

since it is equivalent to substituting x = -6 into the cubic factor you

have just found.

3 2 2 3
(-6) + 8 × (-6) + 17 × -6 + 30 = 8 × 6 + 30 - (6 + 17 × 6)

It follows that (x + 6) is a factor of the cubic giving

has no real roots since its discriminant is negative.

x - 1 and x = -6 are the only real roots of the equation f ′(x) = 0 and x = -6.

The curve will have precisely two stationary points.

Stationary points at x - 1 and x = -6.

The second derivative can be used to find the nature of these stationary

points.

x = 1,

(1, -71) is a local minimum point.

This is equivalent to the second result that you proved in the first part

of the question.

f ′′(-6) < 0 from part (i)

There is a local maximum at x = -6.

When x = -6, y > 0

f(x) = 0 has three real roots.

Even though you haven’t found the actual y value when x = -6, you

know enough to roughly sketch the curve and find the number of roots.
 Although the sketch gives a not-to-scale simplification of the actual shape

of the graph, all that matters is where the gradient is positive, negative and

zero.

Just from the sketch of the curve you have established that the equation f(x)

= 0 has three real roots.

Example 2

Question

How many real roots does the equation have?

Solution

9 3 3 6 3 3 3
It is easier to consider f(x) = 9x - 9x = 9x (x - 1) = 9x (x - 1)(x + 1)

first.

It is clear that f(x) = 0 has three real roots, x = 0, x = 1 and x = -1 but you

actually have f(x)+ 2 = 0 here so you need to know about the stationary

points of the graph of y = f(x).

The graph of y = f(x) has three stationary points and these can be used to

sketch the graph of the function.

The stationary points have to be, from left to right, a local maximum, a point of

inflection and a local minimum, as this is the only way to draw a continuous

curve through both the x intercepts and the stationary points.

has three real roots.

The key observation here is that (as ). Translating the graph 2

units parallel to the y axis to give y = f(x) + 2 will not raise the point
 above the x axis so the graph of y = f(x) + 2 will cross the x axis in

three distinct places.

Try it out

By using first derivatives and considering long run behaviour, sketch the graphs

of the following functions and hence determine the number of roots in each case.

Hint

For number 3 be very careful when you are finding the stationary points.
The second derivative

can be thought of as the gradient function of the function y. It is a

function in its own right and so the process of differentiation can be applied again:

. This cumbersome notation is abbreviated to the more convenient

form . If y = f(x) then this may also be written as f ″(x). For

, the first derivative and the second

derivative .

The second derivative can possibly be used to determine the nature of stationary

points. In particular, if, at a point on the curve, and then the

stationary point must be a local minimum, whereas if and then it

must be a local maximum. If then all you can conclude is that you

have a stationary point and not what type of stationary point it is. For example,
3 3 4 4
the curves y = x , y = -x , y = x and y = -x all have zero first and second

derivatives at the origin.

Higher derivatives such as and can be computed and do have

applications such as approximating functions, but this is not something you will

encounter on MAT or TMUA papers.

Exercise 1

1 How many real roots does each of the following equations have?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

2 How many stationary points do each of the following functions have?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

3 2 2
3 Find the value(s) of k for which the function y = (k - 8) x - 8 (3k + 6k + 8) x

+ 56 (2 - k) is a quadratic function with a maximum turning point at x = -2.

4 For what value(s) of the real number k does the graph

have exactly one real stationary point?

5 has a turning point that is a

minimum when x = -1, precisely for

(a) all values of k.

(b) .

(c)

(d) .

(e) .

(f) all values of k except for 0.

6

has a turning point, that is a maximum, when x = 1, precisely for

(a) -4 < k < 7

(b) k = 1 or 7

(c) k > 7

(d) k = -4 or 7

(e) k < 1

(f) k = -4 or 1

(g) k < -4

(h) k = -4, 1 or 7

4 3
7 How many possible stationary points could the graph of y = 3x + 4(k − 2)x +
2
12(2 − k)x - 96x + 11 have?

Give the value or values of k that result in each number of stationary points.
Integration

In your school course, you will have been introduced to both indefinite integration

(sometimes called anti-differentiation), that is reversing the differentiation

process, and definite integration, that is evaluating the integral at given limits and

finding the difference.

An example of indefinite integration is

For an indefinite integral, c can be any constant and it is referred to as ‘the

constant of integration’.

An example of definite integration is

One application of definite integration that you meet in school is that

computes the signed area between the curve y = f(x), the x axis and the lines x = a

and x = b. The area is signed in the sense that it is positive when the curve is

above the x axis and negative when it is below.

Consider the definite integral . This is shown by the shaded area in the

diagram.
The definite integral equates to 0.

The area is clearly .

This happens because (the area is above the x axis) and

(the area is below the x axis) so adding these gives zero. If you are interested in

the actual total area between a function and the x axis, you need to split the

integral into different sections according to when the graph is above or below the

x axis.

For the example above the area is equal to

Note that this can also be written as . Swapping the limits for the

integration changes the sign of the definite integral.

Try it out
Find the area enclosed by the curve , the x axis and the lines x

= -2 and x = 2.

Hint

You need to know where the curve is above or below the x axis. Sketch the curve

to see what the areas look like.

The area between two curves

In addition to using definite integration to calculate the area between a curve and

some straight lines, you may also need to find the area between two or more

curves. For two curves this involves using the integral of the difference between

the two functions.

The area between y = g(x) and y = f(x) from x = a to x = b is

The order of subtraction in the integrand does affect whether the answer is

positive, so if the graph of y = f(x) is above the graph of y = g(x) then the area

would be .

A good question to ask would be whether this formula for the area between two

curves is also valid if the graphs of one or both of the functions lie all or partly

below the x axis. The answer is yes, as the following diagram shows for one

particular case.
Just as care is needed when finding the area between the x axis and a curve that

intersects the x axis, care is needed when finding the area between two curves that

intersect.

Try it out

3 2
Find the area between the curve y = x - x and the line y = 2x from x = -1 to x =

2.

Hint

This is clearly not the area. A sketch of both graphs will show you what you

need to calculate.
Example 3

Question

By means of a sketch show that

for any real numbers and and any f(x) which is defined on the

interval .

Find the area enclosed by the curve , the line and the x

axis.

Solution

The graph of y = f(x - c) is a translation of the graph of y = f(x) by c units

parallel to the x axis. If the limits, x = a and x = b are also translated, the two

definite integrals correspond to the same area.

The prime factorisation 962 = 2 × 481 = 2 × 13 × 37.

 is a translation of one unit to the right.

The straight line y = x - 31 has positive gradient and passes through the

points (0, -31) and (31, 0). It intersects the curve at a single point. The first

thing to do is to find that point of intersection.

This seems to give two values of x but you need to appreciate that only one of

them is valid. If x = 37 then and but if x =

26, and . Squaring both sides of an equation

often introduces new solutions that are not valid in the original equation.

2 2 2 2
In general, A = B implies that A = B but A = B does not imply that A = B. It

is true that but it is also true that

. x = 26 is a solution of .

From the work in the first part of the question, taking , a = 0, b =

36 and c = 1 it follows that .

Example 4

Question

The area enclosed by the graphs of the functions

where a is a real number is 32 square units.

Find all possible values of a.

Solution
If the graphs intersect, the x coordinates of any points of intersection must
2 2
satisfy x + 6ax + a = a − 2x

If a > 0, the enclosed area is

If a < 0, the enclosed area is

For a > 0
For a < 0

For there to be a positive enclosed area, a = 0. Since the coefficient of x is

positive for one quadratic and negative for the other, you know that, for the
2 2 2
enclosed area, the graph of y = a - 2x is above that of y = x + 6ax + a.

The only possible values of a are a = 2 or a = -2.

Simultaneous integrals

For any function f(x) defined on the interval ,

This can be thought of in simple terms as ‘the area from x = a to x = c is the same

as the area from x = a to x = b added to the area from x = b to x = c.’

If you recall that then you realise that this result holds

whether or not b lies in the interval [a, c]. This result lends itself to a specific type

of question that has appeared on past MAT papers.

Example 5

Question

The function f(x), defined on the real numbers, satisfies the condition that f(-x) =

f(x).

It is given that

Calculate the value of

Solution
Why have you been told that f(-x) = f(x)? It must be for a reason. What

does it mean?

For every point on the curve, (x, f(x)), there is a corresponding point, (-x, f(x)),

that is a reflection in the y axis. Since this is true for each point on the curve, it

follows that the graph of the function is a reflection in the y axis. In terms of

the integrals, this means that

Since , this means that

You know from the question and have just found . All that

remains is . This will be the same as

Piecewise functions

A piecewise function is a function that is formed by piecing together different

functions, each defined on different intervals of the real number line. For example,

consider

For this example, the function is continuous in the sense that there are no ‘jumps’

when sketching the graph, but this need not always be the case.

A sketch graph of y = f(x) is shown in the diagram.

The graph of y = f(x) defined above.

The graph with each of the functions used to define f(x).

Piecewise functions are integrated by piecing together integrals just as you piece

together functions.

Try it out

Use the sketch of y = f(x) above to find the value of the following definite

integrals.

5
Hints

2
For 4 and 5, think about what type of function x is. What will that tell you
2 2
about the features of the graph of y = f(x )? At what values will x be equal to 0,

2 or 3?
The trapezium rule

The trapezium rule provides an approximate value for a definite integral for which

there is no analytical solution. It is part of the A level course but is often taught in

school after the date of the TMUA or MAT examinations. You may wish to do

some preparatory work for it on your own.

To approximate the definite integral the interval on the x axis,

, is broken into n segments of equal width (calculated by ).

Trapezia of equal width are formed by drawing vertical segments from the axis to

the curve and then joining successive points.

The area of a trapezium is calculated using the formula

At A level you use the trapezium rule formula

where

You need to be able to apply this formula but also to appreciate two key points.

Increasing the number of trapezia usually gives a more accurate estimate of the

actual area.

One trapezium
Ten trapezia

The gradient of the graph of the function can indicate whether the trapezium rule

provides an underestimate or an overestimate of the actual area.

The gradient of the curve is increasing.

The trapezium rule overestimates the area.

The gradient of the curve is decreasing.

The trapezium rule underestimates the area.

Increasingly accurate overestimates will decrease in value towards the actual area

and increasingly accurate underestimates will increase in value towards the actual

area.

All areas in the diagrams have been drawn above the x axis. If any of the graph is

below the x axis then the trapezia below the x axis will have negative area. The

trapezium rule provides an estimate of the definite integral whether the

graph of y = f(x) is above or below the x axis.

Example 6

Question

The trapezium rule is used to estimate the integral by dividing the

interval into N intervals of equal width. Find a simplified expression

for the estimate.

Solution
Writing 3 + 2 instead of 5, allows the 2 to be associated with the

terms giving a geometric progression with

first term 2, common ratio and N terms. The sum of this progression is

simpler than the sum of the alternative geometric progression

that has first term , common ratio

and N - 1 terms.
Exercise 2

1 Find the area enclosed by the graphs of the following functions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

2 For a particular function, f(x), the trapezium rule with three ordinates (i.e. two

equal width trapezia) approximates the definite integral as 8. With

five ordinates (four trapezia) the approximation is 8.4.

What would the trapezium rule approximation with two ordinates (one

trapezium) of be?

3 Using the trapezium rule with five trapezia of equal width provides an

overestimate for both and . Prove that using the trapezium

rule with five trapezia of equal width also provides an overestimate for

What can you say, if anything, about the trapezium rule estimate, using five

equal width trapezia again, for each of the following definite integrals?

(a)

(b)

(c)
When is a calculus question not a calculus

question?

In both the MAT and TMUA examinations there are questions presented using the

language of calculus, which obviously require you to understand how the language

relates to areas and gradients, but which are, in fact, best answered by not

employing calculus techniques at all.

Example 7

Question

The expression polynomial of

what degree?

Solution

2 3 5 2 3 5 11
The highest power of x in (x - 1) (2x - 1) is (x ) × (2x) = 32x .
10 9
Differentiating this once gives a term in x and a second time gives a term in x .

2 5 5 10
The highest power of x in (2x - 1) is (2x) which gives a term in x .
9
Differentiating this gives a term in x .

9
As both are x terms, it is worth checking that they don’t cancel each other out.

11 10 9
For 32x , differentiating gives 352x and differentiating again gives 3520x .

10 9
For 32x , differentiating once gives 320x .

9
The x terms will not cancel so the expression is a polynomial of degree nine.

This only requires the highest power of x in the expression above, so it

would be a waste of time to actually perform the differentiation.

Example 8

Question
Find the area bounded by the graphs of the functions

Solution

The main clue to the fact that this question does not require you to integrate is

that you don’t know how to integrate . There must be an alternative

way to think about the question.

is a semicircle, centred at (3, 0) with radius 3, for which y ≥ 0.

The straight line crosses the x axis at (6, 0), passes through a

point on the circumference of the semicircle and then meets the y axis at

. It has a negative gradient. The area bounded by the two graphs

will be the area of a minor segment of the semicircle.

There is no need to find the points of intersection of the two graphs. The

gradient of the line is so the line makes an angle of 60° with the x axis.

This means that there is an equilateral triangle with vertices that are the centre

of the circle, the point (6, 0) and the point where the line intersects the

semicircle.

square units

Example 9

Question

This example requires radians and so would not appear on a MAT paper.

Which of these integrals has the largest value?

You are not expected to calculate any of the integrals exactly.

A

Solution

You are not expected to calculate any of these integrals, so your options for

dealing with a question like this are limited. You should think about the graphs

of the functions and decide which has the greatest area above the x axis

between x = 0 and .

All of the integrals A to D can be thought of as integrals of functions of cos x.

passes through (0, 1) and so E < C. This can be shown on a

sketch graph.
 n
Reflecting the graph of gives sin x and vice versa (since

). This means that and

For

This means that

Since it follows that B is the largest value.

This answer has been reached without integrating at all. Very little working was

needed, just an appreciation of the symmetry of the graphs of the functions

being integrated.

Example 10

Question

This example requires radians and so would not appear on a MAT paper.
Which of the following is true?

A T = 0

B T < 0

C T > 0

Solution

The definite integral, , is positive since,

between and x = π, there is twice as

much area above the x axis as below.

In a similar fashion, a quick sketch of the graph of y = sin x shows that the

definite integral, , is negative, since more of the identified area is

below the x axis than above it.

y = cos 3x is a one-way stretch of the graph of y = cos x, with scale factor

parallel to the x axis.

You only need to know whether or not the value of T is positive, negative or

zero. You are therefore only interested in whether the graphs are above or

below the x axis between the limits of the integral.

The graph shows that is negative, since more

of the area is below than above the x axis.

T is the product of one positive and two negative numbers, therefore T must be

positive.

Example 11

Question

This example requires radians and so would not appear on a MAT paper.

How many real solutions does each of the following equations have in the

interval 0 < x ≤ 2π?

(a)

(b)

Solution

(a) As x varies between 0 and 2π, cos x varies between -1 and 1. For y = cos(cos

x) you will be finding the cosine of values between -1 and 1.

Since π is just a little bit larger than 3, 1 radian is just a little smaller than

radians so cos 1 is just greater than .

cos(cos x) is an even function that must be bounded by cos 1 and 1. When x

= 0, π, 2π, etc.

cos(cos x) = cos 1 and when etc. cos(cos x) = cos 0 = 1.

 You don’t know how to integrate cos(cos x), so there must be an

alternative approach. It is important that you are working in radians.

As this is an unusual function a sketch will help.

For part a the equation is written as .

To appreciate the meaning of this, change the x axis to a t axis and consider

the area between the t axis and the graph of y = cos(cos t) between t = 0

and t = x, where x can be any value in 0 < x ≤ 2π.

The integral is positive for all values of x in 0 < x ≤ 2π so

there are no solutions to

has no real solutions.

Once this is clear, the solution to part a comes with relative ease.

(b)

For part b consider the area of the rectangular region below the graph from

t = 0 to t = 2π. A height of 0.5 can be used as this is just below the graph.
Since this rectangle has an area of , it follows that the area

is greater than π.

is 0 when x = 0 and a value greater than π when x = 2π. The

area will always increase as x moves from 0 to 2π so it follows that

for precisely one value of x. The equation has precisely

one solution in the interval 0 < x ≤ 2π.

has one real solution.

You can answer this question without actually saying what the solution is.
Differential equations

A differential equation is an equation that involves derivatives such as

as well as x and y. You are likely to be more familiar with these by

the end of your school studies, but you do need to be able to handle basic

questions on the TMUA and the MAT. The TMUA explicitly states that you need

to be able to solve differential equations of the form . If you see an

unusual looking differential equation on a MAT or TMUA paper, it is likely that it

can be solved using simple differentiation or integration or even by considering a

graph.

Example 12

Question

The function y is a function of x that satisfies the conditions that y = 45 when x =

8 and

Solution
Even if you have not studied differential equations before, you might realise that

in order to solve this problem you need to reverse the differentiation process; in

other words, you need to integrate. A common challenge when differentiating

or integrating on TMUA and MAT questions is the need to rewrite the function

before you can begin the differentiation or integration.

Example 13

Question

kx kx
The MAT syllabus requires you to know that the derivative of e is ke .

kx
For precisely which values of k does the function y = e satisfy the differential

equation

Solution

Even if you have studied differential equations before, you are unlikely to have

seen one presented like this. Do not be put off by questions of this sort, instead

think about what you do know and what you are expected to know.

kx kx kx
The derivative of e is ke . Starting with y = e and differentiating it

to find and again to find is really the only thing you can do. Once

you have these values, they can be substituted into the equation.
 2kx 2
e is never 0 so this means that you are looking for values that satisfy 2k − k −

6 = 0

The equation is satisfied when .

Example 14

Question

For all real numbers x, the function f(x) satisfies the equation

Find the value of .

Solution

Since you do not even know what the function f(x) is, this may initially seem to

be an impossible question. The first thing to appreciate is that

are the same value. The variable t was just introduced as

x was already in use.

 will give a value. If you let then the equation becomes 8 -

4
f(x) = 3f(-x) + Kx which is already looking more friendly.

This ‘new’ mathematical statement says that the function 8 - f(x) is an

4
identical function to 3f(-x) + Kx ; they give the same output value for any

real value of x, they have the same graphs and, in particular, they give the

same answer when integrated between the same two limits. Why integrate?

4
You want to find so integrating both sides of 8 - f(x) = 3f(-x) + Kx

between -1 and 1 with respect to x will result in at least one term that is

At this stage you are close but you have both .

Since the graph of y = f(-x) is a reflection in the y axis of the graph of y =

f(x), it follows that . You also know that

Exercise 3

1 This question is suitable for the TMUA.

Is the value of T where

zero, positive or negative?

2 What is the degree of the polynomial

Find the coefficient of the highest power of x.

3 For what values of k does the function satisfy the differential equation

4 This question is suitable for the TMUA only.

Which of the following integrals has the largest value?

5 Find the area bound by the line x + y = 7 and

the curve .

6 How many positive value solutions for x does

 the equation have?

7 The function f(x) satisfies the equation

What is the value of ?

Exercise 4

Admissions test multiple choice questions

TMUA style questions

1 Find the value of .

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

F 12

2 A curve has equation y = (2a − x)(2a + x) where a is a constant.

A different curve has the equation y = (2a − x)(3a + x).

Find the value(s) of a for which the maximum point on the first curve is

closest to the maximum point on the second.

A 0

D ±0.8

E ±1

3 A function f is such that

The value of is
 A 2

B 3

C 5

D 8

E 11

F 12

4 The trapezium rule approximation for

using four trapezia is equal to

F 30

3 2
5 Find the complete set of values of k for which the cubic equation 2x − 3x −

36x + k = 0 has three distinct real solutions.

A x < 44

B x < 81

C −81 < x < 44

D −44 < x < 81

E x > 44

F x > 81
MAT style questions

4
6 The equation x − 4000x = 40 000 has

(a) no real solutions.

(b) exactly one real solution.

(c) exactly two real solutions.

(d) exactly three real solutions.

(e) an infinite number of real solutions.

2
7 If f(x) = 4x − 12x + 18, what are the coordinates of the minimum point of

(a)

(b)

(c) (4, 3)

(d) (6, 3)

(e)

2 2
8 The diagram shows the ellipse 4x + y − 24x = 32.
 The point P moves on the ellipse. What is the greatest possible distance of P

from the origin?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

9 Which of these gives the greatest value?

(a)

(b)

(c)
 (d)

(e)

10 Sketch the graph of . ( denotes the largest integer

less than or equal to x.)

(a) Use your graph to find when

(i) a = 4

(ii) a = 2.5

Show that .

(b) Find .

Show that

if k and n are both positive integers.

Find the exact value of .

Give you answer in the form

where a and b are positive integers.

Full worked solutions can be found to all of the questions from Exercise 4 at

[Link]/step-mat-tmua-answers